SiO2改性超长羟基磷灰石晶须的制备及研究

通过水热共沉淀反应法成功制备出超长羟基磷灰石晶须,并通过溶解正硅酸乙酯与羟基磷灰石晶须烧结得到二氧化硅表面改性羟基磷灰石.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD),红外分析(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的晶相组成、形貌、晶须长度进行了表征.结果表明:所得晶须的平均长度为230 μm,SiO2球形颗粒均匀的分布在晶须表面,其直径为600 nm,二氧化硅改性羟基磷灰石晶须可显著提高义齿基托树脂的抗拉强度.     

反应烧结碳材料表面异质外延生长SiO2晶体的研究

利用高温反应烧结在不同结构碳材料表面热蒸发进行二氧化硅(SiO2)晶体的外延生长.采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子能谱仪(EDS)分析和研究了碳材料表面生成物的物相组成与显微形貌,探讨了SiO2晶体的外延生长机理.研究结果表明,不同结构碳材料表面能外延生长SiO2晶体,但形态不同.在碳纤维表面形成颗粒和短晶须状SiO2晶体,在石墨片上形成凸起团聚状SiO2晶体,而在金刚石表面首先形成了Si-O涂层,然后在Si-O涂层上生长棒状SiO2体.碳材料外延生长SiO2晶体是首先通过热蒸发法使Si沉积到碳材料表面,然后Si与体系中的O反应形成SiO2晶核,在不同结构碳材料表面生长SiO2晶体.     

磷酸盐结合法制备Al2O3多孔陶瓷及性能

以煅烧α-Al2O3粉为骨料、磷酸二氢铝为高温烧成粘结剂、石蜡为成型助剂,通过模压成型、干燥、烧结等工序制备了氧化铝多孔陶瓷,研究了烧成温度和磷酸二氢铝含量对氧化铝多孔陶瓷微观形貌、物相组成、线收缩率、孔隙率和弯曲强度的影响,探讨了磷酸盐结合法烧结机理.结果表明:氧化铝多孔陶瓷物相由α-Al2 O3和AlPO4构成,在较低温度下,氧化铝颗粒仅依靠AlPO4的粘结作用而形成多孔陶瓷,氧化铝多孔陶瓷线收缩率和弯曲强度随磷酸二氢铝含量的增加而缓慢增大,孔隙率则缓慢降低;随着烧结温度的提高,AlPO4的存在促进了氧化铝颗粒间的液相烧结,线收缩率和弯曲强度随烧结温度的升高而显著增大,孔隙率也明显降低.     

原位生长莫来石增强磷酸铬铝复相陶瓷的制备及性能

以磷酸铬铝粘接剂、熔融石英、氢氧化铝为原料制备莫来石原位增强磷酸铬铝复相陶瓷,采用热分析、XRD、SEM、EDS、矢量网络分析测试等手段,研究不同温度对烧结体物相、显微结构、机械及介电性能的影响,并探讨莫来石原位生长和增强机理.结果表明:在1250 ～ 1500℃范围内,随温度升高,材料的致密度、抗弯强度、维氏硬度和介电常数均升高.1500℃煅烧可得致密的原位合成莫来石/磷酸铬铝复相陶瓷,材料晶粒发育比较完善,短棒状莫来石和球状磷酸铬铝晶粒清晰可见,基体致密程度受游离SiO2控制.复合材料介电常数、弯曲强度、维氏硬度分别达到3.7、117 MPa和5.3 GPa.当煅烧至1600℃时,晶粒快速长大,材料的强度降低.磷酸铬铝与莫来石颗粒间通过弥散强化、细晶强化、晶粒拔出等机制对复合材料起到增强的作用.     

利用不同硅前体制备超疏水性白炭黑膜

以稻壳灰和水玻璃为前驱体,以氨基硅油(amino silicon oil-ASO)为改性剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同性能的超疏水性白炭黑及其膜.主要研究不同前驱体和改性剂用量对白炭黑疏水性膜性能的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和润湿接触角进行性能表征.研究结果表明,以稻壳灰或水玻璃为前驱体,采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法均能制备出接触角大于160°的SiO2超疏水膜;采用相同的改性剂,可以得到颗粒形态完全不同的SiO2膜;改性剂的作用对SiO2表面改性作用是一种接枝反应,将疏水性基团接枝替代SiO2表面的羟基,而使SiO2表面疏水,且能起到模板作用,引导水玻璃溶胶颗粒聚合成棒状或纤维状结构.     

铝粉添加量对自结合碳化硅材料结构与性能的影响

以3种粒度的α-SiC颗粒为骨料,以硅粉、石墨粉为β-SiC基质的原料,以铝粉为添加剂,通过埋粉烧结法制备自结合碳化硅材料.研究了铝粉添加量对自结合碳化硅的相组成、形貌以及性能的影响.采用XRD、SEM等测试手段对材料的组成、结构与性能进行了表征,探究铝粉促进SiC晶须原位合成的机理.研究结果表明:铝粉的加入对改善SiO气体分压起着重要作用.随着铝粉加入量的增加,SiC晶须生成量逐渐增加,晶须长径比增大,样品吸水率、气孔率呈下降的趋势,体积密度、抗折强度呈上升趋势.当铝的加入量为2.5wt;时,SiC晶须生成量最多,晶须形貌光滑,长径比最大,材料性能最优.样品吸水率、气孔率达到最小值,分别为7.96;、18.4;,样品体积密度、抗折强度达到了最大值,分别为2.32 g/cm3、70.1 MPa,热膨胀系数为4.62×10-6/C-(室温～1000℃).     

β-TCP/HAP多孔生物陶瓷的制备

以牛松质骨为原料,采用低温煅烧工艺,通过调整浸泡溶液浓度及煅烧温度等工艺参数,制备出具有良好生物活性,并保持天然骨多孔结构的β-TCP/HAP双相生物陶瓷。并采用XRD,SEM等手段对其成分、微观结构进行表征。结果表明:所制备的β-TCP/HAP多孔生物陶瓷的大孔孔径在300~500μm之间,微孔孔径在1~5μm之间,具有良好的生物活性和生物可降解性。通过控制煅烧温度和浸泡溶液浓度,制备出含较高TCP的β-TCP/HAP多孔生物陶瓷,而煅烧温度或浸泡溶液浓度过高会导致制备的样品中TCP的含量降低,焦磷酸钙的含量增加。     

白云石制备碳酸钙晶须及其机理的研究

以白云石为原料,采用气液接触法制备碳酸钙晶须.研究了煅烧条件对白云石分解的影响;同时对碳酸钙晶须的制备以及机理进行了研究,采用XRD、SEM等分析手段对产品进行表征.结果 表明,白云石在煅烧温度850℃,升温速率10℃/min,煅烧时间4h的情况下,分解效果最佳;反应温度、通气速率和搅拌速率对碳酸钙晶须的生成具有显著作用,通过对结晶过程以及晶体的生长理论来解释碳酸钙晶须的生成.     

合成温度对碳热还原法合成碳化硅晶须形貌的影响

以SiO2微粉为硅源,炭黑为碳源,氧化硼为催化剂,采用碳热还原法分别在1500 ℃、1550 ℃、1600 ℃制备了SiC晶须.通过扫描电镜,电子探针和透射电镜等分析手段,研究了合成温度对SiC晶须形貌的影响,探讨了晶须的生长机理.结果表明:当合成温度为1500 ℃时,所合成的SiC晶须形貌呈竹节状,选区电子衍射分析发现孪晶等面缺陷在晶须的生长方向上周期性出现;当合成温度在1550 ℃以上时,哑铃状晶须的数量会急剧增多,分析表明晶须表面包裹的串珠小球为β-SiC.在晶须的顶端发现催化剂熔球,由此推测生长机理为VLS机理,但当合成温度超过1550 ℃时,SiC会以VS生长机理沿径向沉积生成哑铃状晶须.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备CaCO3/SiO2复合粒子

采用复分解法制得纺锤形CaCO3,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,通过溶胶-凝胶法对其进行SiO2包覆改性,制备出CaCO3/SiO2复合粒子.通过改变反应温度、氨水用量和TEOS用量,探究了包覆改性的最佳工艺条件.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对样品的形貌、结构、物相、化学组成和包覆性质进行了分析和表征.结果表明:当温度为45℃,氨水用量为10 mL,TEOS用量为3 mL时,制备的复合粒子耐酸性最好.SiO2包覆不会改变CaCO3形貌与结构.在包覆界面处,SiO2通过形成Ca-O-Si化学键包覆于CaCO3表面.     

机械力活化对脱硫石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的影响

对脱硫石膏原料进行机械力活化,然后采用降温重结晶法制备出硫酸钙晶须.借助扫描电镜、图像粒度分析仪和相关软件进行表征,并初步讨论了机械力活化对晶须成核和生长过程的影响.结果表明:经过机械力活化的脱硫石膏可以制备有较大长径比的硫酸钙晶须.在水浴反应温度为75℃,硫酸浓度为2.5 mol/L,机械力活化时间为3.5 h,浆料浓度为2;的条件下,制备的硫酸钙晶须平均长径比为150,平均直径为2.1μm.     

煅烧和除碳温度对氮化硼晶须的影响

以三聚氰胺和硼酸为原料通过水浴加热合成晶须前驱体,然后经高温烧结成功制备出BN晶须.扫描电镜显示制备的BN晶须为针状结构,其直径和长径比分别为2～3 μm和40～100.通过X射线衍射分析,制备的BN晶须为六方晶相,晶格参数为a=0.2524 nm和c=0.6592 nm.红外光谱图谱表明在1383 cm-1和 812 cm-1处存在两个明显的B-N特征吸收带.晶须的烧成制度以及除碳温度对晶须形貌和性能的影响研究结果表明,当烧成温度为1700 ℃、除碳温度为600 ℃时可制备出形貌良好和结晶度高的氮化硼晶须.     

环氧树脂/石墨双极板复合材料的性能分析

以固态环氧树脂(EP)粉与石墨(G)粉混合物为原料,通过低温热压烧结制得一种双极板材料.研究了EP/G复合材料的弯曲强度和电导率随环氧树脂含量、模压温度和保温时间的影响变化.结果表明:随着环氧树脂含量的增加,EP/G复合材料的弯曲强度呈先上升后下降趋势,在EP含量为10;(质量分数)时达到最大,而电导率呈下降趋势;随模压温度的升高,EP/G复合材料的弯曲强度逐渐变大,电导率则先增长后降低;随着保温时间的延长,EP/G复合材料的弯曲强度和电导率都呈现先增长后降低的变化趋势;环氧树脂含量为10;质量分数,模压温度为275 ℃,保温时间为100 min时,所得复合材料弯曲强度为53.11 Mpa,电导率达到209.25 S/cm.     

Hot melt adhesives for glass containers by the sol-gel process

Based on organically modified silicates prepared by the sol-gel process, a sealing medium for glass surfaces was developed which overcomes basic difficulties of a hot sealing process performed with conventional thermoplastic organic polymers. The new polymers form a moisture resistant bond to the glass surface and the sealing strength is not affected by water layers usually present on those surfaces. The mechanical and thermal properties can be tailored by composition of the multicomponent system and by reaction conditions. A technical procedure based on the new material can be performed.     

单分散SiO2微球的制备及疏水改性研究

采用改进的凝胶-溶胶法制备了200~800 nm的单分散SiO2微球,并通过真空冷冻干燥法得到不易团聚的单分散SiO2粉体,采用乙醇超临界方法对制备的SiO2微球进行疏水改性.通过扫描电镜和氮吸附-脱附分析仪对SiO2微球的表面形貌、粒径以及孔径分布进行表征;用傅里叶红外变换测试和测量接触角对疏水改性的SiO2微球进行分析.结果表明SiO2微球粒径随二次加入TEOS体积增加呈先增大后减小.经过乙醇超临界处理,SiO2微球表面成功接枝上了疏水烷基,微球尺寸越小,疏水性越好,其接触角高达149°,单次SiO2微球处理量对结果无明显影响.采用本方法可以单次处理12 g以上的SiO2微球,接触角均在140°左右,可充分满足实验室使用需求.经过真空冷冻技术和乙醇超临界技术得到疏水单分散SiO2微球粉体,具有不易团聚及单分散性良好的优点,能够作为胶体晶体原料和三维有序材料(3-DOM)模板剂进行广泛应用.     

陶瓷纤维/莫来石晶须原位增强堇青石-莫来石轻质隔热材料

以蓝晶石、粘土、氧化镁粉为原料,以淀粉为造孔剂和固化剂,引入适量的硅酸铝陶瓷纤维或多晶莫来石纤维和AlF3,通过莫来石晶须在陶瓷纤维表面的原位形成,制备了具有陶瓷纤维/莫来石晶须互锁结构的堇青石-莫来石轻质隔热材料.研究了陶瓷纤维在AlF3的作用下对材料显微结构观察、常温力学性能和导热系数的影响.研究表明:在AlF3的作用下,莫来石晶须在硅酸铝纤维表面垂直生长,部分穿插在发育良好的堇青石晶粒中;这种具有陶瓷纤维/莫来石晶须互锁结构的的陶瓷材料,其力学性能得以提高并降低了材料的导热系数.     

Growth mechanism of copper whiskers by the hydrogen reduction of cuprous iodide

A small quantity of cuprous iodide (less than 30 mg) was reduced by hydrogen at 650 or 700°C for various periods of time (15 sec to 4 min) and quenched to interrupt whisker growth. This was done in order to examine the nature of the growth of copper whiskers. Scanning electron microscopic observation and X-ray microanalysis revealed that almost all the whiskers quenched after the growth for 30 sec or less had cuprous iodide droplets at their tips and also the lateral surfaces were covered by thin cuprous iodide layers. The manner in which the copper crystals grow is similar to growth by the droplet mechanism or by the VLS mechanism in that the nutrient is supplied by a liquid drop on the tip of the whisker. Whiskers thicken during and after the growth in length. The whiskers quenched after the growth for 1 min or more had well-developed lateral surfaces and did not have the droplets at the tips. Preferential condensation and reduction were found to occur at the whisker edges. Based on the observed facts, a growth mechanism is presented. Secondary whisker growth on the whisker tips was also investigated.     

Controlled growth of filamentary crystals and fabrication of single-crystal whisker probes

The growth of filamentary crystals (whiskers) on a single-crystal substrate through the vapour-liquid-solid mechanism is described. The possibility of fabricating oriented systems of whiskers on the basis of this mechanism of crystal growth is noted. A phenomenon that is important for nanotechnology is noted: the existence of a critical diameter of whiskers, below which they are not formed. The phenomenon of radial periodic instability, which is characteristic of nanowhiskers, is described and the ways of its elimination are shown. The possibility of transforming whiskers into single-crystal tips and the growth of crystalline diamond particles at their apices are noted as important for practice. Possible applications of systems of whiskers and tips are described briefly. Particular attention is paid to the latest direction in whisker technology—fabrication of single-crystal whisker probes for atomic force microscopy.     

Sodium acetate tri-hydrate whiskers

A new kind of whisker, which has not been previously reported in the literature, was grown on membranes which were in contact with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium acetate, using several techniques. Cellulose acetate membranes were used in all the cases and growth was successful at 25 ± 2°C and 45–55% relative humidity. A dense colony of whiskers, sometimes stuck together in bundles, usually up to 5 cm in length and ranging in width from 0.3–100 μm, developed within 72 h of growth. The whiskers were identified as sodium acetate tri-hydrate by means of Debye-Scherrer X-ray powder method. Laue transmission photographs indicated the existence of twin crystals within the individual single crystal whiskers as proved by electron diffraction in TEM. Some whiskers included internal and external channels, and there were several secondary effects, such as thickening in the middle of a whisker, formation of arrow-heads or spirals at the tips and various modes of branching. The whisker morphology and the various growth phenomena may be explained as a whisker growth process from their bases, when we consider a continuous crystallization from material which is supplied through and over the membrane.     

添加CaSO4·2H2O为晶种制备磷石膏半水硫酸钙晶须

以固体废弃物磷石膏为原料,在传统常压醇水热法的基础上添加CaSO₄·2H₂O为晶种制备半水硫酸钙晶须。采用单因素试验法探究了晶种含量、丙三醇含量和磷石膏质量分数对晶须结构和形貌的影响,确定晶须的最佳制备工艺条件。采用SEM和XRD对样品进行表征分析,实验结果表明:添加CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种制备晶须的长径比(49.29)比只添加丙三醇的样品的长径比(30.99)提高了近60%;当丙三醇与水的体积比(V)为1、晶种含量为1%、磷石膏质量分数为5%时制备的晶须的平均直径为0.65 μm,长径比达到了62.15,晶须的尺寸均匀。这说明添加1%CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种、V为1的丙三醇和质量分数为5%的磷石膏在常压下能制备出高长径比和尺寸均匀的半水硫酸钙晶须。