MOVPE生长m面GaN薄膜的表面吸附研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的Materials Studio中的CASTEP模块,对金属有机物气相外延MOVPE生长m面GaN薄膜的表面反应前体的吸附过程进行研究.针对吸附粒子GaCH3和NH3在m面GaN表面不同的初始吸附位,优化计算了GaCH3和NH3在表面的吸附能、与近邻原子的距离、态密度、电荷密度分布、电子布居.计算结果表明,GaCH3在表面Ga brg2位优化之后的位置最稳定,吸附能最低,GaCH3中的Ga原子与表面邻近的N原子、Ga原子分别形成Ga-N、Ga-Ga共价键.NH3在表面N brg2位最稳定,吸附能最低,NH3中的N原子与表面邻近的Ga原子形成N-Ga共价键.通过对比在最佳吸附位的MMG中的Ga原子和NH3中的N原子与表面原子的电荷分布情况和布居数,证明上述吸附粒子与表面确实存在共价作用,形成共价键.     

GaN的MOVPE生长中台阶表面吸附的 量子化学计算

利用量子化学的密度泛函理论,计算GaN的MOVPE生长中主要的表面反应前体NH3、GaCH3(简写为MMG)在GaN(0001)面台阶处的吸附特性,并与理想平台表面对比.结果表明,在台阶吸附时,NH3有分子吸附和分解吸附两种结构,MMG只有两种分子吸附结构.NH3分子吸附时,吸附能在台阶处大于在平台表面;NH3分解吸附时,吸附能在平台表面大于在台阶处.说明NH3在台阶处容易发生分子吸附,而在平台表面容易发生分解吸附.MMG在台阶处的吸附能均大于在平台表面,说明它们在台阶处吸附比理想表面更容易.     

AlN的MOCVD生长中表面吸附的量子化学研究

利用量子化学的密度泛函理论(DFT),对AlN的MOCVD生长中表面反应前体MMAl、DMAlNH2分别在理想、NH2覆盖AlN (0001)-Al面的吸附进行研究.通过分析表面吸附位、吸附能、分波态密度图等,确定可能的稳定吸附结构和吸附倾向.研究发现:在理想和NH2覆盖的AlN(0001)-Al面,MMAl吸附在T4位和H3位,吸附概率相近,MMAl与表面形成3个Al-Al8键(理想AlN表面)或3个Al-N8键(NH2覆盖的AlN表面).在理想AlN表面,DMAlNH2吸附在Top-Top位,与表面形成N-Al8键和Al-Al8键;在NH2覆盖的AlN表面,DMAlNH2吸附在Top位,与表面形成Al-N8键.对比两种粒子在理想和NH2覆盖表面的吸附能,发现在理想表面DMAlNH2的吸附能大于MMAl,即DMAlNH2优先吸附;在NH2覆盖表面,MMAl的吸附能明显大于DMAlNH2,即MMAl优先吸附.     

S吸附对SiC表面不同重构结构的影响

SiC表面重构的发生会引起表面态密度增加,极大地影响SiC功率器件的性能.本文对4H/6H-SiC(0001)-Si端的(3×3)R30°和(3×3)重构结构及3C-SiC(0001)-Si端的(3×2)和(2×1)重构结构分别进行了S原子的吸附研究.结果表明:吸附S原子可以打开表面重构键,不同重构结构均有向体结构恢复的趋势.(3×3)R30°和(3×3)重构的最佳吸附率分别是1/2ML和1/3ML,S吸附对(3×3)R30°重构的作用更大.(3×2)重构表面在1/6ML下的H3位吸附、(2×1)重构表面在1/2ML下的B位吸附时吸附能最低.S钝化后,3C-SiC比4H/6H-SiC体系表面吸附能小,更稳定,重构结构恢复更理想.     

MOCVD生长AlN/GaN化学反应路径的量子化学研究

应用量子化学的密度泛函理论,对MOCVD生长GaN/AlN薄膜的反应路径进行理论计算和分析,特别是针对Ⅲ族TMX(X=Ga,Al)与V族NH3的反应路径与温度的关系进行研究.计算结果表明:当温度T≤473.15 K时,反应自由能△G＜0,TMX与NH3自发生成配位加合物TMX∶ NH3;当T≥573.15 K时,△G＞0,TMX∶ NH3将重新分解为TMX和NH3.在473.15 K≤T≤573.15 K区间,将存在△G=0,即加合反应达到平衡,反应为双向可逆.随着温度的升高,从加合物变为氨基物DMX∶ NH2的反应概率加大.TMX和MMX的直接热解反应均需要高温激活,而DMX变为MMX则较容易发生.当T＞873.15 K时,DMGa变为MMGa的热解反应将自发进行;当T＞1273.15 K时,DMAl变为MMAl的热解反应将自发进行.在自由基CH3参与下,TMX→DMX(X=Ga、Al)的能垒仅为TMX直接热解能垒的一半,约为30 ～ 40 kcal/mol;在自由基H参与下,TMGa和TMAl的热解反应能垒更低,约为16～ 20kcal/mol.因此,自由基H的产生将大大促进TMX的热解.     

不同反应气氛下氢终止金刚石表面的活化性能

为了探究金刚石沉积过程中不同反应气氛下萃取基团对金刚石表面活化的影响,基于金刚石的同质外延生长机理,采用第一性原理平面波赝势方法分析了三种萃取基团(H、OH、Cl)在氢终止的金刚石[100]表面的吸附难易程度;并通过过渡态搜索计算,获得了CH4/H2,CH4/H2/CH3 COCH3,C2 H5 Cl/H2三种反应气氛下金刚石氢终止表面产生活性位点的反应热及活化能.经对比分析后发现,H、OH、Cl在氢终止金刚石表面的吸附能逐渐增强,且Cl萃取金刚石表面氢原子产生活性空位的能垒最低.因而,在传统的CH4/H2气氛中引入氧元素或氯元素能有效降低金刚石表面活化所需的能量.     

缺陷双层石墨烯吸附碱金属原子的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函的色散修正方法研究了Li、Na、K、Rb吸附在单空位缺陷(SV)双层石墨烯(BLG)表面的体系,对吸附体系的晶体结构、吸附能、电荷转移、扩散行为和电子结构进行了计算和分析.结果表明,碱金属原子更容易吸附在缺陷区域空位上方;使BLG平均层间距减少了0.0100～0.0137 nm;吸附体系的Bader电荷、电荷密度差分和电子结构的计算结果表明,碱金属原子与BLG之间结合属于离子键.通过计算扩散能垒发现,脱离缺陷所需激活能比朝向缺陷扩散的能垒大0.300～0.640 eV,表明SV缺陷能够捕获Li、Na、K、Rb原子.     

MOVPE生长AlN的气相反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

利用量子化学的密度泛函理论,对MOVPE生长AlN的气相反应路径进行理论计算和分析,特别针对氨基物DMAlNH2形成后的多聚反应、多聚物消去甲烷反应、以及温度的影响关系进行研究.通过对不同反应路径的吉布斯自由能和反应能垒的计算,分别从热力学和动力学上确定最可能的末端气相反应前体.研究发现,氨基物通过与NH3的双分子碰撞,很容易越过较低的能垒,形成稳定的Al(NH2)3.在385 K＜T＜616 K,三聚物(DMAlNH2)3消去CH4变成(MMAlNH)3的反应容易发生.在641 K＜T＜1111 K,二聚物(DMAlNH2)2消去CH4变成(MMAlNH)2的反应容易发生.而(MMAlNH)2、(MMAlNH)3继续消去CH4生成(AlN)2、(AlN)3的反应,由于吉布斯自由能差都大于零,而且能垒也很大,故很难发生.因此,在AlN的MOVPE过程中,Al(NH2)3、(MMAlNH)2和(MMAlNH)3是最可能的三种末端气相反应前体,它们将决定AlN的表面反应生长.     

WO3（001）极性表面及氢吸附特性的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法对WO3 (001)的极性表面及其氢吸附特性进行了理论计算.通过对比WO表面和纯氧表面的表面化学势研究了两个极性表面的热力学稳定性,并分别计算了表面的几何结构和电子结构.结果表明:在贫氧环境中WO表面比较稳定,而在富氧环境中纯氧表面更稳定,WO表面和纯氧表面分别呈现n型半导体和p型半导体特性,表面原子通过调整W-O键长和键角实现表面弛豫.氢原子在两个极性表面不同吸附位置的计算表明:对WO表面和纯氧表面,W5c位和O1c位分别是稳定的吸附位置,且两者具有不同的反应特性.     

Ge在Si(100)-2×1表面化学吸附的第一性原理研究

应用密度泛函理论,构造了具有非对称二聚体结构的Si(100)-2×1重构表面,在系统研究了其表面结构及特性的基础上,计算了Ge在不同吸附位置的表面吸附能,以及吸附前后的表面投影态密度.计算结果表明:Ge原子在基位(pedestal)吸附最稳定.另外,在吸附Ge原子之后,我们得到了一个具有完整对称性的特殊Si原子二聚体结构.此结构中相邻的两个二聚体链互相平行且分别与Si表面平行,每对二聚体Si原子呈对称分布.     

Modelling the growth of nitrides in ammonia‐rich environment

Surface properties and the principal processes at the growth of gallium nitride on GaN (0001) face in ammonia‐based are modeled using DFT (density functional theory – SIESTA code) ab initio calculations and 2‐d diffusion analysis. The GaN growth methods are: ammonia‐source MBE, MOVPE, and also HVPE. The adiabatic trajectories, calculated for hydrogen‐rich and hydrogen‐free state of the GaN(0001) surface, include the adsorption of NH₃, GaCl and HCl molecules and the desorption of Ga atoms. The adsorption of ammonia and GaCl has no energy barrier. Thus, in contrast to the results concerning Plasma‐Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy (PA MBE), proving that the GaN(0001) surface remains in metal‐rich state, these results indicate that, in the ammonia‐rich environment, typical for HVPE and MOVP growth, the GaN(0001) surface remains in the nitrogen‐rich state. In the case of HCl adsorption, the energy barrier depends on the surface coverage, and could reach 2.0 eV. The direct desorption of single Ga atom has the energy barrier, close to 7 eV. This indicates that Ga surface diffusion (growth controlling process) length is very large, leading to strong interaction of the step kinetics and the diffusion on the terraces. This interaction leads to double–step intertwined structures both in the case of dislocation‐mediated spiral growth and in the step flow growth mode. These morphologies, proposed by the geometric arguments, are observed in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) scans of the GaN(0001) surface. Additionally we have compared the interaction energy of two hydrogen atoms obtained in the DFT SIESTA and the high precision Gaussian in coupled cluster singles, double and perturbation triples CCSD(T) approximation. Both approaches yielded virtually identical interaction energy confirming the validity of DFT analysis of ammonia‐rich growth of GaN. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Theoretical investigation on the decomposition process of GaN(0 0 0 1) surface under a hydrogen atmosphere

The activation energies for Ga and N desorption from a GaN surface were calculated using the density functional theory to understand the detailed decomposition process of the hydrogen terminated GaN(0 0 0 1) Ga and N surfaces under a hydrogen atmosphere. It was found that the Ga atoms on the hydrogen terminated GaN(0 0 0 1) Ga surface desorbed as GaH molecules from the surface while the N atoms on the hydrogen terminated GaN(0 0 0 1) N surface desorbed as NH₃ molecules from the surface. The desorption energies of GaH and NH₃ on the hydrogen terminated surface were more consistent with the previous experimental values than those on the ideal surface. These results suggest that the initial surface structure of the GaN(0 0 0 1) surface is terminated with hydrogen.     

6H-SiC衬底片的表面处理

相比于蓝宝石,6H-SiC是制作GaN高功率器件更有前途的衬底.本文研究了表面处理如研磨、化学机械抛光对6H-SiC衬底表面特性的影响.用显微镜、原子力显微镜、拉曼光谱、卢瑟福背散射谱表征了衬底表面.结果表明经过两步化学机械抛光后提高了表面质量.经第二步化学机械抛光后的衬底具有优异的表面形貌、高透射率和极小的损伤层,其表面粗糙度RMS是0.12nm.在该衬底上用MOCVD方法长出了高质量的GaN外延膜.     

表面处理对蓝宝石衬底的影响

蓝宝石衬底是目前最为普遍的一种衬底材料,是生长GaN、ZnO材料最常用的衬底.本文用光学显微镜、原子力显微镜(AFM)和高分辨X射线双晶洐射对蓝宝石衬底进行了分析测试,系统研究了经过机械抛光、化学机械抛光、化学腐蚀等表面处理对蓝宝石衬底表面性能的影响.结果表明经过化学机械抛光随后再经腐蚀后的蓝宝石衬底的表面性能最好.     

Effects of SiO2 overlayer at initial growth stage of epitaxial Y2O3 film growth

We investigated the dependence of the Y₂O₃ film growth on Si surface at initial growth stage. The reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray scattering, and atomic force microscopy showed that the film crystallinity and morphology strongly depended on whether Si surface contained O or not. In particular, the films grown on oxidized surfaces revealed significant improvement in crystallinity and surface smoothness. A well-ordered atomic structure of Y₂O₃ film was formed on 1.5 nm thick SiO₂ layer with the surface and interfacial roughness markedly enhanced, compared with the film grown on the clean Si surfaces. The epitaxial film on the oxidized Si surface exhibited extremely small mosaic structures at interface, while the film on the clean Si surface displayed an island-like growth with large mosaic structures. The nucleation sites for Y₂O₃ were provided by the reaction between SiO₂ and Y at the initial growth stage. The SiO₂ layer known to hinder crystal growth is found to enhance the nucleation of Y₂O₃, and provides a stable buffer layer against the silicide formation. Thus, the formation of the initial SiO₂ layer is the key to the high-quality epitaxial growth of Y₂O₃ on Si.     

NbB2（0001）表面性质的第一性原理研究

应用密度泛函理论的第一性原理的方法分析了两种不同终端的NbB2(0001)表面的几何结构和电子结构。结果表明:两种不同终端的(0001)表面结构弛豫主要发生在前三层,并且硼终端的表面弛豫程度小于铌终端表面的弛豫。表面能分析结果表明,终止于硼终端的(0001)表面结构在更宽的范围内具有较低的表面能,即硼终端的(0001)表面比铌终端的表面更稳定。进一步分析NbB2(0001)两种终端表面的电子结构表明:在金属铌和硼之间发生了电子转移,加强了化学键的相互作用,导致第一间层向内弛豫。对于铌终端的表面第一层铌转移到第二层的电子数比硼终端表面第二层铌转移到第一层的电子数多,这是导致铌终端表面弛豫程度大于硼终端表面的主要原因。     

SAPO-34提升铁钒基催化剂抗碱性能研究

采用浸渍法制备Fe-VO_x/SAPO-34和Fe-VO_x/TiO₂脱硝催化剂,探究SAPO-34分子筛与TiO₂两种载体负载铁钒基氧化物催化活性及抗碱性能的差异。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、原位红外漫反射(in-situ DRIFTs)等表征手段对催化剂的骨架结构、表面物化性质、氧化还原能力以及对反应气体的吸脱附情况进行分析。结果表明:SAPO-34分子筛内部特定的孔道结构和稳定的骨架,有利于活性组分在载体上均匀分散,降低碱金属对表面活性中心的物理覆盖作用;同时其表面丰富的酸位点能够作为碱金属捕获位,保护催化剂表面的活性中心,保证催化剂的吸附-反应过程能够正常进行,从而使Fe-VO_x/SAPO-34表现出良好的抗碱金属能力。     

Structural contribution to the roughness of supersmooth crystal surface

Technological advances in processing crystals (Si, sapphire α-Al₂O₃, SiC, GaN, LiNbO₃, SrTiO₃, etc.) of substrate materials and X-ray optics elements make it possible to obtain supersmooth surfaces with a periodicity characteristic of the crystal structure. These periodic structures are formed by atomically smooth terraces and steps of nano- and subnanometer sizes, respectively. A model surface with such nanostructures is proposed, and the relations between its roughness parameters and the height of atomic steps are determined. The roughness parameters calculated from these relations almost coincide with the experimental atomic force microscopy (AFM) data obtained from 1 × 1 and 10 × 10 μm areas on the surface of sapphire plates with steps. The minimum roughness parameters for vicinal crystal surfaces, which are due to the structural contribution, are calculated based on the approach proposed. A comparative analysis of the relief and roughness parameters of sapphire plate surfaces with different degrees of polishing is performed. A size effect is established: the relief height distribution changes from stochastic to regular with a decrease in the surface roughness.