Promotion of the lower limit of detection of gamma emitting nuclides in radioaerosol samples after Fukushima accident

Through placement in a few hours after collecting radioaerosol samples (in Shanghai) after Fukushima nuclear power plant (NPP) accident, radionuclides with gamma-emitting rays can be found to be nuclides (¹³²I/¹³²Te, ¹²⁹I/¹²⁹Te) other than ¹³¹I, ^134,137Cs because of the decrease in background baseline after the daughter nuclides (i.e. ²¹⁴Bi, ²¹⁴Pb and etc.) of radon makes decay sharply. Based on aerosol sample collected by passing through 1,300 M³ air in 24 h, the lower limit of detection (LLD) of ¹³²I/¹³²Te, ¹²⁹I/¹²⁹Te can be decreased from 6.11 × 10⁻⁵, 3.46 × 10⁻⁴ Bq m⁻³ after half an hour sampling to 1.64 × 10⁻⁵, 8.19 × 10⁻⁵ Bq m⁻³ after sampling 48 h sampling. Similarly, LLD can be decreased from 9.63 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.41 × 10⁻⁵ Bq m⁻³ for ¹³¹I, 7.72 × 10⁻⁵ to 9.96 × 10⁻⁶ Bq m⁻³ for ¹³⁴Cs and 9.67 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.45 × 10⁻⁵ Bq m⁻³ for ¹³⁷Cs after the same time sampling. In the same time, the activities of daughter nuclides such as ²¹⁴Pb and ²¹²Bi from the decay of their parent nuclides ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn can sharply decrease from 2.45 × 10⁻², 2.57 × 10⁻² Bq m⁻³ to be ~10⁻⁴ Bq m⁻³ while the activities of the concerned nuclides ¹³²I/¹³²Te, ¹²⁹Te, ¹³¹I, ^134,137Cs were almost constant. As our knowledge, it is the first time to report such case which is very helpful to monitor the leaked nuclides from NPP by aerosol sampling in both normal operation case and emergency case.     

Possibilities of the determination of3H,14C and131I individually and in mixtures,by the method of amplitude attenuation using liquid scintillators

Possibilities of the determination by radioactivity measurements of³H,¹⁴C and¹³¹I are described for the individual nuclides and their mixtures, with the use of liquid scintillators. The changes in the counting efficiency have been determined as a function of the parameters of the measuring equipment, and parameters are suggested which make possible the determination of³H,¹⁴C and¹³¹I individually, or in the pairs³H−¹⁴C,³H−¹³¹I,¹⁴C−¹³¹I, and finally, in the triplet³H−¹⁴C−¹³¹I.     

Radioiodination of insulin using N-succinimidyl 5-(tributylstannyl)-3-pyridine-carboxylate (SPC) as a bi-functional linker: Synthesis and biodistribution in mice</p> </p>

Summary Insulin receptors are overexpressed on a number of human tumors, leading to significant affinity of insulin to these tumors. It is appealing to receptor-targeted radiotherapy for malignant tumors if insulin is labeled with suitable radionuclide. In this paper, N-succinimidyl 5-(tributylstannyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylate (SPC), a potential bi-functional linker for radioiodination of proteins or peptides, was synthesizedby using 5-bromonicotinic acid as the starting material. Then, with this bi-functional linker, insulin was conjugated with ¹³¹I, and the tissue distribution of the labeled insulin (¹³¹I-SIPC-insulin) in normal mice was investigated. The results showed that insulin ^</span> could be conjugated with¹³¹I using SPC as the linker ^</span> in a labeling yield of40-58%, and with radiochemical purity of more than 98% after purification bySephadex?G-10. Even kept at room temperature for 72 hours, the radiochemical purity of ¹³¹I-SIPC-insulin was still more than 97%, implying that the conjugated insulin was constantly stable in vitro.Meanwhile, in order to evaluate the in vivo stability of the conjugated compounds, insulin was also labeled with ¹³¹I by a direct method using chloramine-T (Ch-T) as the electrophilic agents.Biodistribution of¹³¹I-SIPC-insulinin micesuggested that ¹³¹I could clear rapidly from the blood,mainly excreted by kidney. However, ¹³¹I uptake of mice with¹³¹I-SIPC-insulin in some key organs, especially in thyroid and stomach, were much less (150 or 30 times) than that with the direct labeled insulin (¹³¹I-insulin). Additionally, it was noted that ¹³¹I-SIPC-insulin hasmuch betterinvivo stability than¹³¹I-insulin.</p> </p>     

Radiation measurements and radioecological aspects of fallout from the Fukushima nuclear accident

Fallout from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident has been monitored for about 1 month in Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Three different radionuclides, one short-lived, one relatively long-lived and one long-lived fission product were identified in air, precipitation, soil, grass and milk samples. The ¹³¹I, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs activity concentrations in air reached 497, 145 and 126 μBq m⁻³, respectively on 4 April, 2011. The external exposure dose rate to humans of the order of 14.4 pSv per day due to ¹³⁷Cs deposited on the ground was very small compared to the normal background level. The accumulated dose equivalent to the adult thyroid from inhaled ¹³¹I varied from 0.4 to 3.5 nSv per day was insignificant and there was not any problem for the Greek population and no preventive measures were needed to be provided against the nuclear accident according to the Greek Atomic Energy Commission, the official agent of the Greek Government. Some special radioecological aspects in the air-grass-cow-milk-man pathway for ¹³¹I were particularly studied.     

Halogen speciation in the rat thyroid: Simultaneous determination of bromine and iodine by short-term INAA

The study describes a mode of non-destructive simultaneous determination of bromine and iodine concentrations, by reactor instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in the regime of short-term activation. Under the conditions of 1-minute activation in the neutron flux of 8.0·10¹³ n·cm⁻²·s⁻¹, it was possible to determine reliably as little as 5·10⁻⁸ g bromine and about 10⁻⁷ g iodine in matrices of a given type and of the mass of about 5 mg dry weight. We applied this method for the determination of Br and I concentrations in the whole rat thyroid gland as well as for the halogen speciation in fractions separated from this organ.     

The role of subcellular localization in assessing the cytotoxicity of iodine-125 labeled iododeoxyuridine,iodotamoxifen, and iodoantipyrine

There is abundant evidence that Auger effects from¹²⁵I are singularly damaging if localized within DNA as the thymidine analogue¹²⁵I-iododeoxyuridine (¹²⁵IUdR). Recent work with¹²⁵I-labeled intercalating agents and steroid sex hormones extends these observations by showing cytotoxicity with¹²⁵I in sites other than the DNA backbone. We have compared the cytotoxicity of¹²⁵IUdR,¹²⁵I-iodotamoxifen, a non-steroidal antiestrogen that is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of receptor containing cells, and¹²⁵I-iodoantipyrine, a biological indicator of the body water space, in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and report that cytotoxicity is critically dependent upon subcellular localization. When clonogenic survival of MCF-7 cells is expressed as a function of the concentration of¹²⁵IUdR,¹²⁵ITAM and¹²⁵IAP in the culture media, the D₃₇ values are 8·10⁻⁴, 2.3 and 68 μCi/ml, respectively. However, when survival is expressed as a function of the nucleic acid and protein subcellular fraction,¹²⁵ITAM is just about as toxic as¹²⁵IUdR localized within the DNA backbone.     

Preparation of <Superscript>131</Superscript>I–betulinic acid and its biodistribution in murine model of hepatocellular tumor

The aim of this study was to examine the radioiodinating condition of betulinic acid and understand the possibility of ¹³¹I–betulinic acid (¹³¹I–BA) as a potential tumor radiotherapy agent through in vitro uptake and in vivo biodistribution studies ¹³¹I–BA was prepared by the reaction of betulinic acid with Na¹³¹I in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and then purified by HPLC. The labeling yield was about 80%, and the radiochemical purity was greater than 95%. ¹³¹I–BA was found to be stable at 4 °C in saline containing 1% ethanol. In vitro studies showed that ¹³¹I–betulinic acid accumulated in the cancer cell lines (BEL-7402 and NCI-H446) in comparison with free ¹³¹I⁻. In vivo biodistribution study in KM mice bearing HepA tumor showed that ¹³¹I–BA stayed longer time in tumors than free ¹³¹I⁻. A significant differences were seen in tumor/muscle ratio at 4 h postinjection between ¹³¹I–BA and free ¹³¹I⁻. In vivo and in vitro studies showed the higher fraction of ¹³¹I–BA can be utilized for therapy and a higher dose will be delivered per targeting event. ¹³¹I–BA is a promising radiopharmaceutical in nuclear medicine, especially for hepatocellular tumor targeted radionuclide brachytherapy.     

Determination of iodide in common salts consumed in Turkey by isotope dilution analysis

Iodide traces in common salts consumed in Turkey have been determined by isotope dilution analysis. Iodide was precipitated by stoichiometric amount of AgNO₃. Iodide-131 was used as tracer. Electrophoresis was performed to separate Ag¹³¹I from excess¹³¹I⁻. Zone of Ag¹³¹I was cut off electrophoresis paper and counted with a NaI(Tl) scintillation counter. Count rates were plotted versus added KI concentrations. Unknown iodide amounts were found by using these linear plots. Iodide concentrations found in analyzed salts were 9–58 μg/g.     

Study of valence state of iodine in simulated fuel solution of medical isotope production reactor

The effects of temperature, heating-time, concentration of HNO₃ and γ-ray irradiation on the valence states of iodine in a simulated fuel solution of a medical isotope production reactor (MIPR) were investigated. About 83% of I⁻ was oxidized to IO₃ ⁻ and 10% of I⁻ was oxidized to I₂ in uranyl nitrate solution after heating at 70 °C for 6 hours. Heating and existence of oxidant, U and ionizing radiation accelerate the oxidation process of iodine, and results in most of the iodine being produced in high oxidation states such as in IO₃ ⁻ and IO₄ ⁻. The results indicate that the production of ¹³¹I by MIPR can be carried out by extraction of iodine in high oxidation states from the fuel solution.     

Determination of human serum albumin using aurothiomalate as electroactive label

A new electroactive label has been used to monitor immunoassays in the determination of human serum albumin (HSA) using glassy-carbon electrodes as supports for the immunological reactions. The label was a gold(I) complex, sodium aurothiomalate, which was bound to rabbit IgG anti-human serum albumin (anti-HSA-Au). The HSA was adsorbed on the electrode surface and the immunological reaction with gold-labelled anti-HSA was then performed for one hour by non-competitive or competitive procedures. The gold(I) bound to the anti-HSA was electrodeposited in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ HCl at −1.00 V for 5 min then oxidised in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ solution at +1.40 V for 1 min. Silver electrodeposition at −0.14 V for 1 min followed by anodic stripping voltammetry were then performed in aqueous 1.0 mol L⁻¹ NH₃–2.0×10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ AgNO₃. For both non-competitive and competitive formats, calibration plots in the ranges 5.0×10⁻¹⁰ to 1.0×10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹ and 1.0×10⁻¹⁰ to 1.0×10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ HSA, respectively, with estimated detection limits of 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹ (10 ng mL⁻¹) and 1.0×10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹ (7 ng mL⁻¹), respectively, were obtained. Levels of HSA in two healthy volunteer urine samples were also evaluated, using both immunoassay formats.     

Iodide interaction with natural pyrite

¹²⁹I is one of the major dose-determining nuclides in the safety analysis of deep storage of radioactive waste. Iodine forms anionic species that hardly sorb on the surfaces of common host-rock minerals. Recently, interest has arisen on the role of pyrite, an accessory mineral capable of binding anionic selenium. Whereas the interaction of selenium with pyrite is well documented, corresponding results on iodine sorption are still scarce and controversial. Pyrite is present in argicilleous rocks which are being considered in many countries as potential host rocks for a radioactive waste repository. The uptake of iodide (I⁻) on natural pyrite was investigated under nearly anoxic conditions (O₂ < 5 ppm) over a wide concentration range (10⁻¹¹–10⁻³ M total I⁻) using ¹²⁵I as the radioactive tracer. Weak but measurable sorption was observed; distribution coefficients (R _d) were less than 0.002 m³ kg⁻¹ and decreased with increasing total iodide concentration. Iodide sorption was connected to the presence of oxidized clusters on the pyrite surface, which were presumably formed by reaction with limited amounts of dissolved oxygen. The results obtained indicated that pyrite cannot be considered as an effective scavenger of ¹²⁹I under the geochemical conditions prevailing in underground radioactive waste geologic storage.     

Simultaneous voltammetric measurement of ascorbic acid and dopamine on poly(caffeic acid)-modified glassy carbon electrode

A poly(caffeic acid) thin film was deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by potentiostatic technique in an aqueous solution containing caffeic acid. The poly(caffeic acid)-modified electrode was used for the determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and their mixture by cyclic voltammetry. This modified electrode exhibited a potent and persistent electron-mediating behavior followed by well-separated oxidation peaks toward AA and DA at a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹ with a potential difference of 135 mV, which was large enough to determine AA and DA individually and simultaneously. The catalytic peak current obtained was linearly dependent on the AA and DA concentrations in the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁵−1.2 × 10⁻³ and 1.0 × 10⁻⁶−4.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ in 0.15 mol L⁻¹ phosphate buffer (pH 6.64). The detection limits for AA and DA were 9.0 × 10⁻⁶ and 4.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹, respectively. The modified electrode shows good sensitivity, selectivity, and stability and has been applied to the determination of DA and AA in real samples with satisfactory results.     

Construction of different types of ion-selective electrodes and validation of direct potentiometric determination of phenytoin sodium

The construction and performance characteristics of phenytoin sodium selective electrodes are detailed. Two types of electrodes: plastic membrane I and coated wire II, were constructed based on the incorporation of phenytoin sodium with tungstosilicic acid. The influence of membrane composition, kind of plasticizer, pH of the test solution, soaking time and the electrodes’ foreign ions were investigated. The electrodes showed a Nernstian response with a mean calibration graph slope of 30.9±0.1 and 28.9±0.1 mV decade⁻¹ at 25°C for electrode I and II respectively, over a phenytoin sodium concentration range of 5×10⁻³−5×10⁻⁶ M and 1×10⁻³−1×10⁻⁶ M with a detection limit 1.3×10⁻⁶ M and 2.5×10⁻⁷ M for electrode I and II, respectively. The electrodes gave average selective precision and were usable within the pH range 6–10. Interference studies from common cations, alkaloids, sugars, amino acids and drug excipients are reported. The results obtained by the proposed electrodes were also applied successfully for the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.     

Simple and rapid determination of piperacillin and ceftazidime in human plasma samples by HPLC

Summary A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of therapeutic levels of piperacillin (I) and ceftazidime (II) in human plasma. Plasma and p-propionamidophenol (internal standard) were precipitated with methanol (I) or 20% trichloroacetic acid (II). The supernatant was analysed on a 5 μm Spherisorb ODS C₁₈ column with acetonitrile-0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 3.8 as mobile phase and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The calibration graph was linear from 10 to 250 μg mL⁻¹, for (I), and from 5 to 200 μg mL⁻¹ for (II). Intra and inter-day CV did no exceed 2.29% for (I), and were 10.76–11.13%–2.00–5.62 for (II) at concentrations of 10 μg mL⁻¹ and 250 μg mL⁻¹.     

α-Halostilbenes related to diethylstilbestrol

Some new estrogens based on the diethylstilbestrol structure have been prepared for use as diagnostic, radiopharmaceuticals. By the use of structure activity relationships the optimal position for the introduction of iodine was determined to be the α position. The new α-halostilbestrols were prepared as their dimethoxy, monomethoxy and dihydroxy forms. These forms were successfully labelled using⁸²Br,¹²⁵I,¹²⁸I and¹³¹I. A rationale for the mode of incorporation of¹²⁵I and¹³¹I was developed which also explained the stereochemistry of incorporation. This incorporation required the use of the cuprous ion as a catalyst. It was found that in the absence of such a catalyst the incorporation of radioiodide proceeded very slowly and without stereospecificity whereas in the presence of cuprous ion it was rapid and the configuration of the substrate was maintained.     

Simultaneous determination of the advanced glycation end product <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis><Superscript>ɛ</Superscript>-carboxymethyllysine and its precursor,lysine, in exhaled breath condensate using isotope-dilution–hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Analysis of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method for investigating the effects of different diseases or exposures, on the lungs and airways. N ^ɛ-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is an important biomarker of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). A method has been developed for simultaneous determination of CML and its precursor, the amino acid lysine, in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). After addition of labelled internal standards (d-4-CML; d-4-lysine), the EBC was concentrated by freeze-drying. Separation and detection of the analytes were performed by hydrophilic-ion liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass-spectrometric detection (HILIC–MS–MS). The limits of quantification were 10 pg mL⁻¹ EBC and 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ EBC for CML and lysine, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the within-series precision was between 2.8 and 7.8% at spiked concentrations between 40 and 200 pg mL⁻¹ for CML and between 6 and 20 ng mL⁻¹ for lysine. Accuracy for the analytes ranged between 89.5 and 133%. The method was used for the analysis of EBC samples from ten healthy persons from the general population and ten persons receiving dialysis. CML and lysine were detected in all EBC samples with median values of 19 pg mL⁻¹ CML and 11.9 ng mL⁻¹ lysine in EBC of healthy persons and 25 pg mL⁻¹ CML and 9.5 ng mL⁻¹ lysine in EBC of dialysis patients.     

Qualitative and quantitative measurements of radioiodines

Some methods for measurements of radioiodines are discussed. Three isotopes of iodine are presented in detail;¹²⁵I,¹²⁹I and¹³¹I. Limited discussions of¹²³I and¹²⁶I are also given. Measurements of these isotopes are examined for both the NaI(TI) and liquid scintillation systems. The properties of the decay schemes are utilized to explain the mode of measurements of the isotopes in these two types of detectors. Methods of standardization of the radioiodines are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the direct standardization of¹²⁵I as compared to so called “Mock¹²⁵I” standards.     

Ion-pair formation in the outer-sphere electron transfer reactions between tris-(1, 10) phenanthroline iron(II) and the halopentacyanocobaltate(III) complexes in aqueous acidic solutions

The kinetics of the reactions between Fe(phen) ₃ ²⁺ [phen = tris–(1,10) phenanthroline] and Co(CN)₅X³⁻ (X = Cl, Br or I) have been investigated in aqueous acidic solutions at I = 0.1 mol dm⁻³ (NaCl/HCl). The reactions were carried out at a fixed acid concentration ([H⁺] = 0.01 mol dm⁻³) and the second-order rate constants for the reactions at 25 °C were within the range of (0.151–1.117) dm³ mol⁻¹ s⁻¹. Ion-pair constants K _ip for these reactions, taking into consideration the protonation of the cobalt complexes, were 5.19 × 10⁴, 3.00 × 10² and 4.02 × 10⁴ mol⁻¹ dm⁻³ for X = Cl, Br and I, respectively. Activation parameters measured for these systems were as follows: ΔH* (kJ K⁻¹ mol⁻¹) = 94.3 ± 0.6, 97.3 ± 1.0 and 109.1 ± 0.4; ΔS* (J K⁻¹) = 69.1 ± 1.9, 74.9 ± 3.2 and 112.3 ± 1.3; ΔG* (kJ) = 73.7 ± 0.6, 75.0 ± 1.0 and 75.7 ± 0.4; E _a (kJ) = 96.9 ± 0.3, 99.8 ± 0.4, and 122.9 ± 0.3; A (dm³ mol⁻¹ s⁻¹) = (7.079 ± 0.035) × 10¹⁶, (1.413 ± 0.011) × 10¹⁷, and (9.772 ± 0.027) × 10²⁰ for X = Cl, Br, and I respectively. An outer – sphere mechanism is proposed for all the reactions.     

Infrared characteristic bands of highly dispersed silica

Summary Infrared studies were carried out for several silica modifications. On powdering bulk silica in air, new bands were observed to appear at 3400 cm⁻¹ and 950 cm⁻¹ irrespective of its inner crystallographic structure. In addition to the bands observed for bulk silica, bands were observed for silica gel at the following frequencies: 3400, 1650, 1120, 950, and 870 cm⁻¹. Assignment of these band was made by using a deuteration technique and by preparing a transparent film of silica gel on a rock salt plate from tetramethoxy-silane and water vapor. The band at 3400 cm⁻¹ is νOH of silanol or sorbed water; 1650 cm⁻¹, δOH of sorbed water; 1120 cm⁻¹, δOH of silanol; 950 cm⁻¹,ν SiO of slanol; 870 cm⁻¹, νSiOSi of bridged ≡SiOSi≡ link on the surface.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden Infrarot-Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Silica-Modifikationen ausgeführt. Wenn man festes Silica an Luft pulvert, werden neue Banden bei 3400 cm⁻¹ und 950 cm⁻¹ unabh?ngig von der inneren Kristallstruktur beobachtet. Zus?tzlich zu diesen Banden ergeben sich weitere in Silica-Gel bei den Frequenzen 3400, 1650, 1120, 950 und 870 cm⁻¹. Die Zuordnung dieser Banden lie? sich mit Deuterierungs-methode und durch Herstellung transparenter Filme von Silica-Gel auf Steinsalzplatten aus Tetramethoxysilan und Wasserdampf erreichen. Die Bande bei 3400 cm⁻¹ entspricht dem νOH von Silanol oder sorbiertem Wasser. 1650 cm⁻¹ dem δOH von sorbiertem Wasser, 1120 cm⁻¹ dem δOH von Silanol, 950 cm⁻¹ den δSiO vom Silanol, 870 cm⁻¹ dem νSiOSi der Brückenbindung an der Oberfl?che.

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The authors wish to express their thanks to Dr.Y. Miura, a chief of this Laboratory, for his encouragement in the course of this study, to Dr.I. Teraoka, a researcher of this Laboratory, for the preparation of sample and to Dr.R. Soda of the National Institute of Industrial Health, for his valuable discussions.     

An alternative intraarterial therapeutic agent for hepatic tumors:131I lipiodol/histoacryl mixture

Lipiodol has excellent retainable ability in hepatoma cells. This agent can be labeled with radioisotope (¹³¹I) and mixed with tissue adhesive (Histoacryl), and then alttached on the lesion of liver by intrahepatic arterial administration. In this study, we attempt to obtain the optimal ratio of Lipiodol to Histoacryl and evaluate the consolidation of blood in vitro and toxicity and biodistribution in vivo. The ratio of¹³¹I Lipiodol/Histoacryl mixture (L/H), concentration of heparin and flow rate of blood are varied by simulating the installation of bloodstream to test the time of consolidation. In addition, the optimal ratios of the L/H mixtures are assessed in vitro in heparinized human blood. According to those results, Lipiodol and Histoacryl mixed with 1∶1 or 2∶1 ratio have an ideal time of 13 to 15 seconds in vitro; in addition, 1.2∶1 ratio is an optimal ratio in the biodistribution study. Interestingly, heparin and acetic acid does not alter the consolidation time, in addition, no variation occurs when varying the flow rate of blood. The consolidation of L/H mixture with blood is incubated in the 37°C, normal saline bath for 24 hours. No dissociation of free¹³¹I is found. The optimal mixture is also injected into the hepatic artery of the Sprague-Dawley rats carrying for 24 hours. No dissociation of free¹³¹I is found. The optimal mixture is also injected into the hepatic artery of the Sprague-Dawley rats carrying hepatocellular carcinoma (NIS1 cell line). Radioactive consolidate is well confined in the tumor without evidence of leakage of the mixture to the lung or distribution of free¹³¹I in the thyroid. In conclusion, this mixture has the merits of both irradiation and embolization of the tumor. The¹³¹I Lipiodol/Histoacryl mixture (1.2∶1) is a promising alternative for intrahepatic arterial administration to treat hepatic tumors. Histoacryl can confine the¹³¹I and, also, embolize the tumor vessels.