Transparent encryption techniques for H.264/AVC and H.264/SVC compressed video

Transparent encryption of video content requires to provide a video preview that is left in plaintext, while the enhancement information is encrypted. In this paper we propose three algorithms that provide transparent encryption. The first two ones are based on the idea of generating controlled drift in such a way as to obtain the desired quality level, while the third algorithm employs scalable video coding. We provide experimental results on several video sequences, as well as a security analysis, showing that the proposed algorithms provide an effective framework to perform transparent encryption.     

基于H.264/AVC的视频信息隐藏算法

在H.264/AVC的帧内预测环节,调制H.264/AVC编码中I帧4×4亮度块的帧内预测模式实现信息隐藏.这种调制基于该模式与待隐藏比特之间的映射规则进行.宿主4×4块的具体位置由各块自身特点结合密钥所指定的嵌入位置模板确定.信息的提取过程不需要原始视频内容,也不需完全解码,而只要对码流中的帧内预测模式进行解码即可.     

A real-time dual watermarking algorithm of H.264/AVC video stream for Video-on-Demand service

A real-time dual watermarking algorithm of H.264/AVC compressed video is proposed for Video-on-Demand (VOD) service. The copyright information and user information are modulated by CDMA spreading strategies as watermark. At the encoder side, copyright information is embedded into the first non-zero coefficient of Intra 4 × 4 coded blocks in the luminance components of I frames. An effective error compensation mechanism is simultaneously introduced into the embedding process, which strictly restricts the distortion caused by quantization and watermark embedding within a step size of quantization. At the server side, a XOR based mapping rule is utilized for watermark embedding because the number of non-zero coefficients after quantization is quite less in P frames. Every two bits of the private user information is mapped to three non-zero coefficients of P frames. Experimental results on test sequences demonstrate that the proposed approach has just slight influence on bit rate and PSNR with real-time performance for VOD services, and achieves the dual purposes of copyright protection and pirate tracking.     

H．264／AVC率失真优化（RDO）策略研究

本文对H.264/AVC中所运用的率失真优化策略进行了深入研究。首先介绍了率失真理论及率失真优化模型,然后参照JM 8.4代码详细分析了H.264/AVC各模块的代价函数,并重点研究了其编码过程中率失真代价函数的运用策略。最后通过对JM 8.4代码的测试,得出率失真优化的性能,并对其优缺点进行了分析,提出进一步改进和优化的方向。     

H.264/AVC中的SP/SI帧技术

SP/SI帧是最新的视频压缩标准ITU-T H.264(也称ISO/IEC MPEG-4/Part 10-AVC)中定义的两种新类型帧.探讨了SP帧技术的主要特性,即使使用不同的预测参考帧也能解码恢复出相同的SP帧;介绍了一般与SP帧联合使用的SI帧技术;分析了SP帧在流间切换、拼接和随机接入等应用中取代I帧的原理.通过仿真结果表明,在提供相同功能时SP帧的编码效率远远高于I帧.     

无SRAM的H.264/AVC去块效应滤波器

针对H.264/AVC中的去块效应滤波器,该文提出了一种新的滤波处理顺序,能够显著减小片上数据缓存容量,并以此为基础设计了一种去块效应滤波器的VLSI硬件新结构。该结构利用数据复用机制减少对片外存储的访问量、节省处理时间,同时不使用片内SRAM,将对片内SRAM的访问降为0。仿真结果显示,该电路在工作频率为100MHz时对HDTV能较好地实现实时滤波;在0.18m工艺下,综合后的等效逻辑门数只有16.8k。     

视频编码H.264/AVC新技术及其优化

本文详细介绍了视频编码新标准H.264/AVC中的运动估计和运动补偿、预测、证书变换、量化、熵编码环路滤波、帧切换等技术及其优化设计.     

H.264/AVC率失真优化技术综述

基于视频标准H.264/AVC,对率失真优化技术进行了较为详细的介绍,分析了其运动估计和宏块编码模式的率失真优化,并对当前的率失真优化算法进行了总结,给出了测试模型JM7.6的率失真优化算法及改进算法.     

H.264/AVC高保真扩展的概述

联合视频组JVT最近刚刚完成对H.264/AVC标准的一系列功能扩展,这些扩展提供了许多更强大的功能,被统一命名为高保真扩展(FRExt).对高保真扩展进行了概述,并重点说明了高保真扩展的几个主要特征和功能.     

Adaptive video coding control for real-time H.264/AVC encoder

In this paper, we present a new adaptive video coding control for real-time H.264/AVC encoding system. The main techniques include: (1) the initial quantization parameter (QP) decision scheme is based on Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) operators; (2) the MB-level QP calculation is based on the spatio-temporal correlation, in which the computation is less than the quadratic model used by H.264/AVC; (3) the adaptive GOP structure is proposed, in which the I-frame is adaptively replaced by an enhancement P-frame to improve the coding efficiency; (4) the scene change is detected with the complexity of adjacent inter-frames and the appropriate QP is re-calculated for the scene-change frame. The proposed algorithm is not only to save the computational complexity but also to improve coding quality. Compared to the JM12.4 reference under various sequences testing, the proposed algorithm can decrease coding time by 64.5% and improve PSNR by 1.52 dB while keeping the same bit-rate.     

H.264/AVC可变尺寸帧间预测块模式决策研究

文章对H．264／AVC中可变尺寸帧间预测块模式决策进行了深入研究。首先对JM8．4程序所采用的全搜索模式决策方法的步骤及率失真优化策略进行了分析。然后将日前巳提出的优化方法归类．并重点介绍和阐述了几种典型方法的理论依据以及决策思路。在理清思路的基础上，总结、归纳各类方法的优化思路。并比较了其优缺点，提出了最佳优化策略。     

H.264/AVC在视频监控系统中的应用

H.264/AVC是由国际电信联盟(ITU)和国际标准化组织(ISO)共同制定的新一代视频编码标准,首先指出目前采用其他标准设计视频监控系统的不足,介绍和分析H.264/AVC采用的新编码技术,最后根据视频监控系统的特点,主要讨论H.264/AVC在视频监控应用中涉及的关键技术,包括SP/SI帧技术和分层编码技术。     

无线环境中H.264/AVC结构的改进

研究无线环境的视频传输是3G发展的关键.无线视频压缩编码不仅要求高压缩性能还要求适应无线网络的特征,这使得H.264/AVC成为目前惟一可选的编解码标准.文章介绍了H.264/AVC中适合用于无线视频传输的错误掩盖和抗误码的方法,讨论了基于无线网络如何应用这些方法,展望了无线环境中H.264/AVC需要的进一步改进.     

Content-adaptive bitstream-layer model for coding distortion assessment of H.264/AVC networked video

Bitstream-layer models are designed to use the information extracted from both packet headers and payload for real-time and non-intrusive quality monitoring of networked video. This paper proposes a content-adaptive bitstream-layer (CABL) model for coding distortion assessment of H.264/AVC networked video. Firstly, the fundamental relationship between perceived coding distortion and quantization parameter (QP) is established. Then, considering the fact that the perceived coding distortion of a networked video significantly relies on both the spatial and temporal characteristics of video content, spatial and temporal complexities are incorporated in the proposed model. Assuming that the residuals before Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) keep to the Laplace distribution, the scale parameters of the Laplace distribution are estimated utilizing QP and quantized coefficients on the basis of the Parseval theorem firstly. Then the spatial complexity is evaluated using QP and the scale parameters. Meanwhile, the temporal complexity is obtained using the weighted motion vectors (MV) considering the variations in temporal masking extent for high motion regions and low motion regions, respectively. Both the two characteristics of video content are extracted from the compressed bitstream without resorting to a complete decoding. Using content related information, the proposed model is able to adapt to different video contents. Experimental results show that the overall performance of CABL model significantly outperforms that of the P.1202.1 model and other coding distortion assessment models in terms of widely used performance criteria, including the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC), the Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (SROCC), the Root-Mean-Squared Error (RMSE) and the Outlier Ratio (OR).     

一种基于H.264/AVC的高效块匹配搜索算法

本文针对H.264/AVC的编码特点,提出了一种利用时空域运动相关性的快速块匹配搜索算法.该算法充分利用了视频序列的运动程度与宏块编码模式间的关联特性以及运动矢量的统计特征,明显减少了运动估计的搜索复杂度.实验表明,本文方法的搜索速度分别比FS和DS算法平均提高了77.96%和32.19%;重建图像的PSNR比DS算法平均提高了0.06dB,更接近FS算法的编码质量.     

基于半脆弱水印的H.264/AVC视频流的内容级认证

针对低码率的H.264/AVC视频流,提出了一种基于半脆弱水印的内容级视频认证方案.利用I帧内块组之间能量不变的特点构建基于内容的特征码,并根据DCT系数特点,通过符号编码方式嵌入到幅值较小的DCT系数.为了保持嵌入前后视频流码率的基本恒定,引入了误差准则函数.此外,根据P帧中低频AC系数的正负符号统计特性,将帧号嵌入到AC系数.通过对提取出的水印信息和重构的认证码进行比较可实现篡改检测.仿真实验结果验证了本方案的有效性.     

基于SoC平台设计的H.264/AVC CAVLC解码器

提出了一种基于SoC平台的CAVLC解码器.在尽量减少时钟消耗的前提下,此解码器可以解码每个变换块中变换系数的熵编码码流,并将结果按照块扫描顺序并行输出.通过在XILJNX的ISE6.0 FPGA开发软件下仿真及分析表明,在120MHz时钟时可以满足10 Mb/s码率下H.264标准中Level3.0的性能要求.     

H．264/AVC解码器中去块效应滤波系统

本文介绍了H．264/AVC编解码器中块效应产生的原因及去块效应滤波的算法原理,提出了基于FPGA平台实现的H．264/AVC解码器中的去块效应滤波系统的硬件设计方法,并通过了仿真验证。     

SSIM-based error-resilient rate-distortion optimization of H.264/AVC video coding for wireless streaming

The SSIM-based rate-distortion optimization (RDO) has been verified to be an effective tool for H.264/AVC to promote the perceptual video coding performance. However, the current SSIM-based RDO is not efficient for improving the perceptual quality of the video streaming application over the error-prone network, because it does not consider the transmission induced distortion in the encoding process. In this paper, a SSIM-based error-resilient RDO scheme for H.264/AVC is proposed to improve the wireless video streaming performance. Firstly, with the help of the SSE-based RDO, we present a low-complexity Lagrange multiplier decision method for the SSIM-based RDO video coding in the error-free environment. Then, the SSIM-based decoding distortion of the user end is estimated at the encoder and is correspondingly introduced into the RDO to involve the transmission induced distortion into the encoding process. Further, the Lagrange multiplier is theoretically derived to optimize the encoding mode selection in the error-resilient RDO process. Experimental results show that the proposed SSIM-based error-resilient RDO can obtain superior perceptual video quality (more structural information) to the traditional SSE-based error-resilient RDO for wireless video streaming at the same bit rate condition.     

新一代视频编码标准H．264／AVC的关键技术研究

H.264/AVC是继H.263之后的新一代视频编码新标准,它采用了大量的新技术,适合各种媒体的传输和存储,可以面向交互式和非交互式应用.这里主要介绍了它的关键技术,通过仿真实验研究了H.264/AVC的优越性.实验结果表明,H.264/AVC在改善编码性能和提高编码效率以及传输鲁棒性方面与现有的任何标准相比,在同样保真度的条件下,可节省码率50%以上.