气相色谱-质谱法分析乳制品中的三种乳化剂

运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,建立了乳制品中的乳化剂单棕榈酸甘油酯、单油酸甘油酯和单硬脂酸甘油酯分析新方法。乳制品中目标物用二氯甲烷提取,经硅烷化试剂(BSTFA+1%TMCS)进行衍生,对提取及衍生化条件进行了优化。在优化条件下,单棕榈酸甘油酯、单油酸甘油酯和单硬脂酸甘油酯分别在1～20 mg/L、5～100 mg/L和10～200 mg/L范围具有良好的线性,相关系数R~20.992,检出限和定量限分别在0.262～1.203 mg/L和0.873～4.010 mg/L范围内。三个目标物在乳制品中的加标回收率为63.5%～111.7%,相对标准偏差小于3%(n=6)。将建立的方法用于鲜奶和酸奶等乳制品中乳化剂单棕榈酸甘油酯、单油酸甘油酯和单硬脂酸甘油酯的测定,结果较好。     

油酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚微乳液体系的研究

以油酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚作为乳化剂制备水包油型微乳液.通过拟三元相图、粒径大小及粒径分布确定较优配方:复配表面活性剂(由油酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚和吐温20组成)的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)为15,助表面活性剂为正丁醇,复配表面活性剂与助表面活性剂的质量比(Km值)为1,混合表面活性剂与正辛烷的质量比(S/O值)=1∶...     

脂肪酶修饰丝网印刷电极测定三油酸甘油酯

制备了用于快速检测三油酸甘油酯的脂肪酶修饰丝网印刷电极(SPE)电化学传感器单元。用循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法(CC)研究了三油酸甘油酯在脂肪酶修饰SPE上的电化学行为,确定了测定甘油酯的最优条件,建立了测定三油酸甘油酯浓度的电化学方法。其中CV法的线性范围为0.01～5 g.L-1,检出限为2.5 mg.L-1;CC法的线性范围为0.001～5.50 g.L-1,检出限为0.2 mg.L-1。以CV法考察样品的加标回收率,6个葵花籽油样品的加标回收率为94%～105%。     

Using Lipase Modified Screen-printed Electrode as Glyceryltrioleate Biosensor

制备了用于快速检测三油酸甘油酯的脂肪酶修饰丝网印刷电极(SPE)电化学传感器单元.用循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法(CC)研究了三油酸甘油酯在脂肪酶修饰SPE上的电化学行为,确定了测定甘油酯的最优条件,建立了测定三油酸甘油酯浓度的电化学方法.其中CV法的线性范围为0.01～5 g,L-1,检出限为2.5 mg· L-1; CC法的线性范围为0.001～5.50 g·L-1,检出限为0.2 mg· L-1.以CV法考察样品的加标回收率,6个葵花籽油样品的加标回收率为94％ ～ 105％.     

气相色谱法测定油脂中棕榈酸单甘油酯与油酸单甘油酯含量

建立了一种利用气相色谱法测定油脂中棕榈酸单甘油酯与油酸单甘油酯含量的方法。样品中加入六甲基二硅氨烷,于９５℃水浴中完成硅烷化反应。样品的平均加标回收率分别为９６．３０％与９７．８２％,ＲＳＤ分别为１．８％与２．１％。最低检出限分别为０．０１μｇ／ｇ与０．１μｇ／ｇ。     

离子迁移谱法分析食用油中的油酸甘油酯含量

油脂是食物的重要组成部分,也是食品中同等质量的成分产生能量最高的营养物质。油脂的主要用途是供食用,是生命活动所必需能量的重要来源。此外,油脂还广泛用于制造肥皂、脂肪酸、甘油、油漆、油墨、乳化剂、润滑剂等。油酸甘油酯是油酸(十八烯酸)和甘油(丙三醇)聚合的产物,属于不饱和甘油酯,可在酸性或碱性条件下水解,也可以和氢气加成,与硝酸发生硝化反应等。油酸甘油酯在工业主要用于表面活性剂、润滑剂、医药原料等。油酸甘油     

气相色谱法测定面包中三种单甘油酯含量

建立了气相色谱法检测面包中3种单甘油酯(单辛酸甘油酯、单癸酸甘油酯和单月桂酸甘油脂)含量的分析方法。样品以二氯甲烷-正己烷(1∶1)提取,提取液经浓缩后,用正己烷饱和乙腈萃取,气相色谱测定,外标法定量。3种单甘油酯在20～1 000 mg/L范围内呈良好线性,相关系数(r)大于0.999。3种单甘油酯的定量下限分别为35.2、23.3、12.8 mg/kg,加标回收率为81.1%～95.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.9%～8.8%。该法操作简便、灵敏度高、重现性和选择性好,可用于面包中3种单甘油酯的检测。     

一种去除亲脂性有机物的新型吸附剂制备及其性能表征

研究开发了一种新型含有生物类脂(三油酸甘油酯)的球形复合吸附剂, 该球形吸附剂是醋酸纤维素固定三油酸甘油酯形成的. 对其制备方法、形态结构及其对水中2种低浓度有机氯农药的吸附性能进行了研究. 结果表明, 所制备的新型生物类脂复合吸附剂性能稳定, 浸泡456 h后三油酸甘油酯无泄漏; 对水中低浓度的狄氏剂、艾氏剂两种有机氯农药有很强的吸附能力, 对正辛醇-水分配系数(logK_ow)较大的艾氏剂具有更快的吸附速度. 说明该吸附剂对水中亲脂性的有机物具有较高的吸附效能.     

超高效合相色谱-质谱法快速分离测定4种单脂肪酸甘油酯

采用超高效合相色谱-质谱(UPC² -MS)技术,建立了一种快速分离植物油单脂肪酸甘油酯中单软脂酸甘油酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、单油酸甘油酯和单亚油酸甘油酯4种单甘酯的测定方法。以葵花籽油为原料,通过脂肪酶催化甘油解反应制备单甘酯。样品用正己烷/异丙醇(体积比7:3)溶解,采用超临界CO₂-甲醇/乙腈(体积比1:1)梯度洗脱,经ACQUITY UPC² BEH 2-EP(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)色谱柱分离,通过质谱检测器在正离子电喷雾模式下对目标化合物进行分析,外标法定量。结果表明,4种单甘酯化合物在线性范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数(R²)均大于0.9983;目标物的检出限(S/N≥3)为0.036~0.093 mg/L;3个加标水平下的回收率在88.50%~110.00%之间,相对标准偏差为1.01%~4.04%。本方法具有检出限低、分析速度快、分离效果好、分析成本低等优点,为脂肪酸酯类物质的分离测定提供了新的色谱技术平台。     

脂肪酶Novozym 435催化合成单月桂酸甘油酯

生物酶催化的有机化学反应具有选择性高、反应条件温和、环境友好等优点,本项目通过对酶催化合成单月桂酸甘油酯的反应条件和产物分离条件进行详细研究,将酶催化反应引入本科实验教学,使学生学习先进的知识技术。本项目的合成部分采用月桂酸:甘油=1:3.5(摩尔比)的投料比、5%酶用量,在52℃反应80 min;回收脂肪酶后,洗涤除去甘油,蒸馏除去叔丁醇,最后用石油醚重结晶可得到纯度90%以上的高含量产品,分离产率47%–53%,实验的稳定性和重现性好,很适合作为一个大学本科有机实验项目。     

Preparation and physical properties of novel nonionic surfactants and their grafting copolymers with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)

Three nonionic surfactants, S1, S2, and S3 and their acrylates, AS1, AS2, and AS3, were synthesized with poly(ethylene oxide) and diols such as glycol, 1,6‐hexanediol, and 1,10‐decanediol as the main starting materials. Their chemical structures were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ¹H NMR. The surface activity and surface tension (γ) of S1, S2, and S3 were evaluated by a drop weight method. The surface tension was found to decrease with the length of the lipophilic spacer in the molecular chains (γ_S1 < γ_S2 < γ_S3). AS1, AS2, and AS3 were adopted as functionalizing monomers and grafted onto linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with a melt reactive extrusion procedure. The graft degrees of LLDPE were determined by FTIR. Three grafted LLDPE samples with grafting degrees of 1.16% (AS1), 0.82% (AS2), and 0.71% (AS3) were prepared. Thermal and rheological properties of grafted LLDPE samples were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and a rotational rheometer. Crystallization rates of grafted LLDPE were faster than that of plain LLDPE at a given crystallization temperature because graft chains could act as nucleating agents. The isothermal crystallization behavior of grafted LLDPE was in accordance with the Avrami model only in the first stage, and deviated from the model with an increase in the crystallization time. Shear thinning at high shear rates and shear thickening at low shear rates were observed for the grafted LLDPE. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 314–322, 2005     

Preparation,Characterization and Properties of Reactive Type Dripping Agent Tween 60-IAH and Their Grafting Copolymer With Linear Low Density Polyethylene

A kind of reactive type dripping agent (Tween 60-IAH) was synthesized with polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) and itaconic anhydride (IAH) as main starting materials. The chemical structure of Tween 60-IAH was characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The effect of reaction time on conversion of Tween 60-IAH was studied. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement demonstrated that Tween 60-IAH exhibited a better thermal stability than Tween 60. Grafting copolymer of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with Tween 60-IAH was prepared in twin-screw extruder. Thermal and rheological properties of grafted LLDPE samples were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rotational rheometer. Crystallization temperatures of grafted LLDPE were higher than that of LLDPE. Complex viscosities of grafted LLDPE at high shear rates were lower than that of LLDPE. The dripping properties of film samples were investigated at 60°C.     

Controlled migration of antifog additives from LLDPE compatibilized with LLDPE grafted maleic anhydride

This paper summarizes a study of controlled migration of an antifog (AF) additive; sorbitan monooleate (SMO), from linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) films containing a compatibilizer, LLDPE grafted maleic anhydride (LLDPE‐g‐MA). LLDPE/LLDPE‐g‐MA/SMO blends were prepared by melt compounding. Bulk and surface properties of compression molded LLDPE films containing SMO and LLDPE‐g‐MA were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Thermal properties were investigated using a thermal gravimetric analyzer. Diffusion coefficient (D) was calculated, and AF properties were characterized using a “hot fog” test. Compression molded films were characterized for their morphology using high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, and rheological properties were measured using a parallel‐plate rotational rheometer. It was found that the LLDPE/LLDPE‐g‐MA/SMO systems are characterized by a slower SMO migration rate, a lower diffusion coefficient, and lower contact angle values compared with LLDPE/SMO blends. These results are well correlated with results of a hot fog test. Morphological studies revealed a very fine dispersion of SMO in the LLDPE films, when 3 phr LLDPE‐g‐MA was combined with 1 phr SMO. Thermal analysis results show that the incorporation of 3 phr LLDPE‐g‐MA and 1 phr SMO significantly increases the decomposition temperature of the blend at T > 400°C. At high shear rates, the LLDPE blends show that the AF and the compatibilizer have a lubrication effect on LLDPE. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of different types of polyethylene on the morphology and properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyethylene compatibilized blends

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R‐PET) was blended with four types of polyethylene (PE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE; LL0209AA, Fs150), low density polyethylene (LDPE; F101‐1), and metallocene‐LLDPE (m‐LLDPE; Fv203) by co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. Maleic anhydride‐grafted poly(styrene‐ethylene/butyldiene‐styrene) (SEBS‐g‐MA) was added as compatibilizer. R‐PET/PE/SEBS‐g‐MA blends were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical property testing. The results indicated that the morphology and properties of the blends depended to a great extent on the miscibility between the olefin segments of SEBS‐g‐MA and PE. Due to the proper interaction between SEBS‐g‐MA and LDPE (F101‐1), most SEBS‐g‐MA, located at the interface between two phases of PET and LDPE to increase the interfacial adhesion, lead to better mechanical properties of R‐PET/LDPE (F101‐1) blend. However, both the poor miscibility of SEBS‐g‐MA with LLDPE (LL0209AA) and the excessive miscibility of SEBS‐g‐MA with LLDPE (Fs150) and m‐LLDPE (Fv203) reduced the compatibilization effect of SEBS‐g‐MA. DSC results showed that the interaction between SEBS‐g‐MA and PE obviously affected the crystallization of PET and PE. DMA results indicated that PE had more influence on the movement of SEBS‐g‐MA than PE did. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation of anion exchanger by amination of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene nonwoven fiber and its ion-exchange property

To develop the polymeric adsorbent that possess anionic exchangeable function, PP-g-AA-Am fibers were prepared by photoinduced grafting of acrylic acid (AA) onto polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fibers and subsequent conversion of carboxyl group in grafted AA to an amine (Am) group by reaction with diethylene triamine (DETA). The amination of grafted AA increased with increase in the degree of grafting, the reaction time and temperature of the chemical modification process. Catalytic effect of metal chlorides such as AlCl(3) and FeCl(3) on the amination of grafted AA was significant but not essential to lead the amination. FT-IR and solid (13)C NMR data indicate that amine group was introduced into PP-g-AA fiber through amide linkage between grafted AA and DETA. The anion exchange capacity of PP-g-AA-Am fiber increased with increase in the degree of amination, but reached maximum value at about 60% amination of 150% grafted AA. PP-g-AA-Am fiber showed much higher maximum capacity for PO(4)-P and a similar capacity for NO(3)-N compared to commercial anion resins. Furthermore, the PP-g-AA-Am fiber also has adsorption ability for cations because of unaminated residual carboxyl group.     

铯钨青铜的合成及其对甘油脱水制丙烯醛的催化性能

以仲钨酸铵、硝酸铯为原料,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)为模板剂和还原剂,采用水热法合成了铯钨青铜,考察了EDTA用量、水热前驱液浓度、铯钨比等条件对水热产物组成及形貌的影响,并以所得产物为催化剂在固定床反应器中进行甘油脱水制丙烯醛的反应研究,发现铯含量对催化性能有较大影响,在Cs/W摩尔比为0. 2∶1时催化性能最好,甘油转化率达到81. 3%,丙烯醛的选择性达到92. 9%。     

Selective Oxidation of Propane by Lattice Oxygen of Vanadium-Phosphorous Oxide in a Pulse Reactor

Selective oxidation of propane by lattice oxygen of vanadium-phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts was investigated with a pulse reactor in which the oxidation of propane and the re-oxidation of catalyst were implemented alternately in the presence of water vapor. The principal products are acrylic acid (AA),acetic acid (HAc), and carbon oxides. In addition, small amounts of C1 and C2 hydrocarbons were also found, molar ratio of AA to HAc is 1.4-2.2. The active oxygen species are those adsorbed on catalyst surface firmly and/or bound to catalyst lattice, i.e. lattice oxygen; the selective oxidation of propane on VPO catalysts can be carried out in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser reactor. For propane oxidation over VPO catalysts, the effects of reaction temperature in a pulse reactor were found almost the same as in a steady-state flow reactor. That is, as the reaction temperature increases, propane conversion and the amount of C1 C2 hydrocarbons in the product increase steadily, while selectivity to acrylic acid and to acetic acid increase prior to 350℃ then begin to drop at temperatures higher than 350℃, and yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid attained maximum at about 400℃. The maximum yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid for a single-pass are 7.50% and 4.59% respectively, with 38.2% propane conversion. When theamount of propane pulsed decreases or the amount of catalyst loaded increases, the conversion increases but the selectivity decreases. Increasing the flow rate of carrier gases causes the conversion pass through a minimum but selectivity and yields pass through a maximum. In a fixed bed reactor, it is hard to obtainhigh selectivity at a high reaction conversion due to the further degradation of acrylic acid and acetic acid even though propane was oxidized by the lattice oxygen. The catalytic performance can be improved inthe presence of excess propane. Propylene can be oxidized by lattice oxygen of VPO catalyst at 250℃, nevertheless, selectivity to AA and to HAc are even lower, much more acetic acid was produced (molar ratio of AA to HAc is 0.19:1-0.83:1) though the oxidation products are the same as from propane.     

RADICAL GRAFTING REACTIONS ONTO STARCH AND OTHER WATER-SOLUBLE COPOLYMERS IN ISOLATED GEL DROPLETS

A novel radical grafting copolymerization process has been designed for water-soluble polymers which avoids the problems of conducting grafting reactions in highly viscous polymerization media. A variety of water-soluble graft copolymers having starch or dextran as the backbone chain with grafted side chains of polyacrylamide (—AM—), poly (acrylic acid ) (—AA—), poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (—AM—NH_4AA—) or poly ( acrylamide-co-2-acryiamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulphinic acid) (—AM—AMPS—) have been synthesized in gel droplets using aceric sulphate redox initiator, and their properties compared. The reaction conditions were optimized taking into account reaction kinetic data and the observed properties of the products produced under different reaction conditions. The effects of the ratios of [backbone]/[graft monomer], [ AM]/[ AA]/[AMPS] , [Ce~(4+)]/[ S_2O_8=] and pH value on the reaction rate , conversion, grafting degree, grafted chain length and the product molecular weight have been investigated.     

Synthesis of acrylic acid-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization

Acrylic acid (AA)-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) sulfate (SPS) was prepared by inverse-emulsion polymerization. The disperse phase was prepared by dissolving AA and crosslinking monomer in aqueous SPS solution. Toluene was used as the continuous phase in which oil-soluble initiator and emulsifiers were dissolved. Sorbitan monooleate and ethyl cellulose were used as emulsifiers. The maximum water and saline absorbencies were 5041 and 211.4 g/g, respectively.     

MODIFICATION OF POLYETHYLENE BY in situ FORMED SODIUM ACRYLATE

To improve the water tree resistance of PE, linear low-density polyethylene （LLDPE） was compounded with sodium acrylate （NaAA） for in situ polymerization, in which NaAA was fbrmed through the neutralization of acrylic acid （AA） with sodium hydroxide （NaOH） before adding dicumyl peroxide （DCP） to initiate the in situ graft polymerization and homo polymerization. A series of LLDPE/NaAA compounds were investigated for their water absorption ratio （WAR） measurement, water treeing, mechanical and dielectric properties. The results strongly suggest that NaAA can improve the water tree resistance of LLDPE. In addition, the LLDPE/NaAA compounds possess satisfactory mechanical properties and dielectric properties. Characterization of LLDPE/NaAA compounds by using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry （FTIR） suggests that the neutralization and polymerization reaction could be achieved effectively. Using adequate DCP content is the key factor for controlling the polymerization of NaAA with precise conversion ratio.