Preparation of a PTE simulacrum based on surface molecular imprinting

Firstly,we synthesized N-methacryloyl-histidine monomer and N-methacryloyl-histidine-Cu²⁺ complex(MAH-Cu²⁺).Then the molecular imprinting polymers（MIP） has been prepared by surface grafting on uniform polystyrene（PS） core using reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization（RAFT） with MAH-Cu²⁺ as the functional monomer,methyl paraoxon as the template to simulate phosphodiesterase（PTE）.Finally,we have investigated the catalytic hydrolytic activities of MIP and non-imprinting polymers（NIP） to the template methyl paraoxon and the template analogue ethyl paraoxon respectively by UV spectrophotometry.The results showed that the catalytic hydrolytic activity of MIP to the template methyl paraoxon was highest and the value of k is 8.67×10^-5 mmol L^-1 min^-1,3.89-fold higher than MIP to the template analogue ethyl paraoxon,2.79-fold higher than NIP to the template methyl paraoxon.The K_M,r_m of MSP are also determined,and K_M = 3.95×10^-4mol/L,r_m = 2.12μmol/ min.The MIP can be reused with only lose 7%of catalytic activity for four cycles.     

基于抗原决定基的胰岛素分子印迹电化学传感器

采用抗原决定基法制备了胰岛素电化学分子印迹传感器.以胰岛素C端多肽作为模板分子,定向自组装在Au电极上,以邻苯二胺为功能单体,电化学聚合制备分子印迹聚合膜.以NaOH为洗脱液,洗脱模板分子,形成的与胰岛素C端多肽三维结构相匹配的分子印迹孔穴能特异性识别胰岛素.重吸附胰岛素分子后,以K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6]为探针,通过测量探针在电极表面产生的电流大小实现胰岛素的间接测定.在1.0 × 10-14~5.0 × 10-13 mol/L浓度范围内,传感器的电流响应值与胰岛素浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为7.24 × 10-15 mol/L(3σ).此传感器具有较好的选择性和稳定性,并成功用于血清样品中胰岛素的测定.     

A connection between the binding properties of imprinted and nonimprinted polymers: a change of perspective in molecular imprinting

In the current paradigm for molecular imprinting, the imprinted binding sites exist as a consequence of the polymerization process around templates, and the properties of nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) have largely been overlooked. Thus, nothing can be affirmed a priori concerning the binding properties of NIPs. We propose an alternative view where the imprinting effect is due to the presence of a template molecule that enhances the pre-existing binding properties of a polymer. If a NIP shows no binding properties toward a target molecule, the corresponding imprinted polymer (MIP) will show a weak imprinting effect. On the other hand, if a NIP shows binding properties toward a target molecule, the corresponding MIP will show a significant imprinting effect. To verify this hypothesis, we prepared a 96-member combinatorial polymeric library in the absence of any template molecule. This library was screened for several potential ligands, and with no exceptions, the composition of the best-binding NIP produced a MIP with excellent binding properties, whereas a low-binding NIP formulation produced a MIP with comparable low binding. To validate these results, the binding properties toward naproxen and ibuprofen were measured for two combinatorial libraries of polymers prepared in the presence (MIP library) and the absence (NIP library) of the template molecule. The experiment's results showed a correlation between the apparent affinity constants measured for the NIP and MIP libraries, confirming the proposed hypothesis. Moreover, for closely related molecules, it was shown that binding selectivity is an emergent property derived from the imprinting process and not a property of NIPs.     

尼卡地平分子聚合物的制备及识别性能研究

采用分子印迹技术合成了以尼卡地平为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体的分子印迹聚合物(MIP).运用平衡结合实验研究了聚合物的吸附特性和选择识别能力.通过Scatchard方程分析,结合位点的离解常数Kd=1.03 mmol·L-1,最大表观结合常数Qmax=18.76 μmol·g-1.结果表明,分子印迹聚合物对尼卡地平呈现出较高的吸附性和选择识别性,对尼卡地平药物的分离富集和检测具有实际临床意义.     

Determination of methotrexate in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with pseudo template molecularly imprinted polymer

A pseudo template molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared for methotrexate (MTX) and a RP-HPLC method combined with the MIP was developed for the determination of MTX in human serum. Because of the poor solubility of MTX in common MIP preparation solvents, trimethoprim (TMP), a molecule having the similar imprinting sites as MTX, is selected as the pseudo template. The MIP was prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. ¹H NMR study showed highly strong interaction between TMP and MAA with hydrogen bonds. Chromatographic behaviors indicated that the TMP-MIP possessed excellent affinity and selectivity for MTX. And the imprinting factor for MTX was high up to 9.5 when 7:3 of acetonitrile:methanol (v/v) was used as mobile phase. Moreover, TMP-MIP was used as the solid-phase extraction (SPE) material to enrich the target compound MTX in human serum samples for HPLC analysis. The SPE process was carefully optimized and good recoveries of MTX were obtained as 81.6–86.2% with RSD of 0.22–1.84% when the spiked concentration of MTX was 2.0–10.0 μg mL⁻¹ in human serum samples. The results indicated that the pseudo template MIP can be applied to preconcentration, purification and analysis of MTX in clinic samples.     

复合碱性功能单体分子烙印手性固定相

采用丙烯酰胺+2-乙烯基吡啶的复合碱性功能单体体系制备了氨基酸衍生物分子烙印高效液相色谱手性固定相。在优化了功能单体与烙印分子的比例条件下对于烙印分子及其结构相似的对映体具有良好的手性分离能力。考察了烙印分子的化学基团对手性分离的影响,发现氢键作用力和较强的离子作用力在手性分离过程中均有贡献。     

Chemically Modified Chitosan Beads as Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Matrix for Adsorptive Separation of Proteins

In a phosphate buffer, a hemoglobin (Hb)-imprinted polymer complex was preparedusing maleic anhydride (MAH) modified chitosan beads as matrix, acrylamide (AM) as functionalmonomer, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as cross-linker and potassiumpersulfate (KPS) /sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO3) as initiators. Langmuir analysis showed that an equal class ofadsorption was formed in the molecular imprinting polymer (MIP), and the MIP has highadsorption capacity and selectivity for the imprinted molecule. The MIP can be reused and therecovery was approximately 100% at low concentration.     

MIP‐esterase/Tyrosinase Combinations for Paracetamol and Phenacetin

A new electrochemical MIP sensor for the most frequently used drug paracetamol (PAR) was prepared by electropolymerization of mixtures containing the template molecule and the functional monomers o‐phenylenediamine, resorcinol and aniline. The imprinting factor of 12 reflects the effective target binding to the MIP as compared with the non‐imprinted electropolymer. Combination of the MIP with a nonspecific esterase allows the measurement of phenacetin – another analgesic drug. In the second approach the PAR containing sample solution was pretreated with tyrosinase in order to prevent electrochemical interferences by ascorbic acid and uric acid. Interference‐free indication at a very low electrode potential without fouling of the electrode surface was achieved with the o‐phenylenediamine: resorcinol‐based MIP.     

Selective solid-phase extraction of a triterpene acid from a plant extract by molecularly imprinted polymer

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) has been prepared by a thermal polymerisation method using methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking agent, chloroform as porogenic solvent and an oleanane triterpene compound (18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid) as imprinted molecule (template). Equilibrium ligand binding experiments were done to assess the performance of the MIP relative to non-imprinted polymer (NIP). After optimisation of SPE protocol (CHCl3 as washing solvent and MeOH as elution solvent), successful imprinting was confirmed by comparison of the recoveries between NIP (5%) and MIP (97%) cartridges. The binding capacity of the MIP for 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid was determined to be 0.94 mg g(-1). Four structurally related oleanane triterpenes (18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, oleanolic acid, echinocystic acid, erythrodiol) were selected to assess the MIP selectivity. Experimental data illustrated the influence of functional groups on the triterpene skeleton. The MIP was applied to the solid-phase extraction of triterpenoids from a plant extract prior HPLC analysis. However, CHCl3 was replaced by ACN during the washing step in order to suppress non-specific interactions due to polar matrix components. A selective extraction of 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid from hydrolyzed extract of liquorice roots was achieved with a good extraction yield (98%).     

Sulfonamide imprinted polymers using co-functional monomers

Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared using combination of acrylamide (ACM) and 4-vinylpyridine (4-Vpy) as co-functional monomers exhibited efficient recognition properties in both organic and aqueous media as HPLC stationary phase. The results indicate that amide and pyridine groups in functional monomers formed strong hydrogen-bonding interaction with the template molecule, and specific recognition sites were created within the polymer matrix during the imprinting process. When sulfamethoxazole (SMO) was used as template, a MIP prepared in a polar organic solvent (acetonitrile) using the combination of ACM and 4-Vpy showed better recognition of template than the polymer prepared in the same solvent using the combination of acidic monomer (methacrylic acid) and basic monomer 4-Vpy. On the contrary, when sulfamethazine (SMZ) was used as template, a MIP prepared using the combination of methacrylic acid (MAA) and 4-Vpy showed better recognition of template than the polymer prepared using the combination of ACM and 4-Vpy. Our results indicate that in organic media the degree of retention of the sample molecules on the imprinted polymers was controlled by the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the sample molecules and the polymer, while in aqueous media it was determined to a considerable extent by hydrophobic interactions. In both media the shape, size and the electronic structure of the template molecule were all-important factors in the recognition process.     

胆酸印迹聚合物的制备及在含水介质中的结合性能

为了在含水介质中进行有效印迹,本研究中以双甲基丙烯酰-β-环糊精（BMA-β-CD）和2-(二乙基胺基)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯(DEAEM)为功能单体制备了胆酸印迹聚合物MIP1,并用平衡结合实验研究了MIP1在含水介质中对模板分子的识别能力。结果表明,MIP1比单独以BMA-β-CD或DEAEM为功能单体制备的印迹聚合物MIP2和MIP3,显示出对模板分子更好的选择性结合能力。MIP1的特异性吸附量ΔCP为38.81μmol/g,印迹因子IF为2.46。研究表明,在含水介质中,利用模板分子与功能单体之间的疏水作用和离子作用是提高印迹聚合物分子识别能力的关键。研究还表明,在识别过程中,疏水作用在驱动分子进入印迹孔穴时起重要作用。     

硅胶表面亮菌甲素分子印迹聚合物的制备及其性能研究

采用光接枝印迹方法,在硅胶微球表面制备了以亮菌甲素为模板分子、2-乙烯基吡啶为功能单体的分子印迹聚合物,采用荧光法优选了功能单体及比例,进一步用荧光法对印迹聚合物的吸附特性和印迹效率进行评价.结果表明.该印迹聚合物对模板分子具有特异吸附性能,印迹效率为48.6%.     

Combination of computational methods,adsorption isotherms and selectivity tests for the conception of a mixed non-covalent–semi-covalent molecularly imprinted polymer of vanillin

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for vanillin was prepared by photo initiated polymerization in dichloromethane using a mixed semi-covalent and non-covalent imprinting strategy. Taking polymerisable syringaldehyde as “dummy” template, acrylamide was chosen as functional monomer on B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) density functional theory computational method basis with counterpoise. The binding parameters for the recognition of vanillin on imprinted polymers were studied with three different isotherm models (Langmuir, bi-Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich) and compared. The results indicate an heterogeneity of binding sites. It was found and proved by DFT calculations that the specific binding of vanillin in the cavities is due to non-covalent interactions of the template with the hydroxyphenyl- and the amide-moieties. The binding geometry of vanillin in the MIP cavity was also modelled. The obtained MIP is highly specific for vanillin (with an imprinting factor of 7.4) and was successfully applied to the extraction of vanillin from vanilla pods, red wine spike with vanillin, natural and artificial vanilla sugar with a recovery of 80%.     

Synthesis and chromatographic evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by the substructure approach for the class-selective recognition of glucuronides

Two series of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the class-selective recognition of glucuronides have been prepared by using lipophilic substructures of the target analyte as template molecule and potent host monomers against oxyanions, that are expected to establish a strong stoichiometric interaction with the single carboxylic group of the template. The polymers were tested as stationary phases in liquid chromatography for specific recognition. A preliminary investigation of the imprinting properties of eleven MIPs was carried out, by comparing the retention time of the template and of structurally related compounds on the MIP column with that on the corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The two polymers showing the best performance were selected to further test cotinine, mycophenolic acid, testosterone and their respective glucuronides as model compounds. The high specificity obtained against glucuronides and the different chemical structure of the parent drug make the two MIPs class-selective imprinted receptors, also suitable for SPE application.     

Lysozyme-imprinted polymer synthesized using UV free-radical polymerization

Molecular imprinting is a method to fabricate a polymeric material (molecularly imprinted polymer or MIP) capable of selectively recognizing template molecules. Molecular imprinting of small molecules has been studied widely. Less common, however, is the imprinting of biological macromolecules, including proteins, among which lysozyme is an important molecule in the food, pharmaceutical, and diagnostic sciences. In this study, lysozyme MIP was fabricated in two steps. First, lysozyme, PEG600DMA, and methacrylic acid were used as the template molecule, cross-linking monomer, and the functional monomer, respectively, in a UV free-radical polymerization process to synthesize a polymeric gel. Second, lysozyme was removed by enzymatic digestion. Non-imprinted polymer (NIP) was synthesized without lysozyme addition. To evaluate the preferential binding capability of MIP, lysozyme, RNase A, or a 50:50 mixture of lysozyme and RNase A was added to MIP and NIP and then released by digestion. It was found that when more lysozyme was added to the reaction mixture, the quantity of protein released from the polymer increased, reflecting more potential binding sites. Tests of MIP with a competitive binding mixture of lysozyme and RNase A showed the MIP preferentially bound a greater amount of lysozyme, up to 20 times more than RNase A. NIP bound only small amounts of both proteins and did not show a preference for binding either lysozyme or RNase A. These results demonstrate that lysozyme was successfully imprinted into the MIP by UV free-radical polymerization, and the fabricated MIP was able to preferentially bind its template protein.     

环丙沙星分子印迹聚合物的合成及识别性能研究

采用分子印迹技术合成了以环丙沙星为印迹分子,以甲基丙烯酸和4-乙烯基吡啶同时为功能单体的分子印迹聚合物。运用平衡结合实验研究了印迹聚合物的吸附特性和选择识别能力。Scatchard分析表明,在所研究的浓度范围内,分子印迹聚合物中形成了两类不同的结合位点。底物选择实验表明,这种聚合物对环丙沙星呈现高的选择结合能力。     

Sulfamethazine and Sulfadimethoxine Separation Strategies Based on Molecularly Imprinted Adsorbents

Abstract

The synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a stationary phase of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), for the efficient determination of sulfamethazine and sulfadimethoxine in tablets is reported. The polymers were prepared by a noncovalent method with sulfamethazine as the template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycoldimethacrylate as the cross‐linker in the presence of chloroform as the solvent. The retention time of sulfamethazine and sulfadimethoxine were approximately 5.2±0.2 and 10.3±0.5 min, respectively. In order to compare the chromatographic data from the stationary phase, retention factor (k) and separation factors (α) were given. The values of α were 2.05～2.17 showed that the MIP was able to recognize structurally subtle differences from the template molecule.

The MIP was successfully applied to commercial tablet analysis and the result showed a good recovery with 99 and 98% for sulfamethazine and sulfadimethoxine.     

橙皮苷印迹聚合物的识别性能及机理研究

为了制备对橙皮苷(HES)具有特定识别能力的吸附材料,以HES为模板分子,丙烯酰胺(AM)为功能单体,甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EDMA)为交联剂,在甲醇中制备了HES印迹聚合物(MIP),采用平衡吸附实验方法研究了聚合物的吸附性能和选择性能,探讨了聚合物的印迹机理和识别机理.结果表明,MIP对HES具有较高的亲和性和选择性.当HES浓度为0.048 mmol/L时,MIP及相应NMIP对HES的分配系数KD分别为10.17 和2.973,印迹因子α达到3.421.MIP对结构相似物芦丁及柚皮苷的选择因子β分别为2.446和1.246.机理研究表明识别位点来自AM与HES苯甲酰系统的氢键作用,吸附溶液中水含量的增加对MIP的识别能力有较大的影响.最后,以高效液相色谱研究了MIP在样品中的分离富集能力,表明该印迹聚合物具有一定的应用潜能.     

核-壳型赤藓红分子印迹聚合物的制备及吸附性能的评价

以氨基化修饰的SiO_2为内核,人工合成色素赤藓红为模板,甲醇/水为溶剂,4-乙烯基吡啶为功能单体,二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,采用表面印迹技术,制备核-壳型赤藓红分子印迹聚合物。通过红外光谱对其结构进行表征,并通过动力学吸附、等温饱和吸附和实际样品加标实验对其吸附性能进行评价。结果表明,核-壳型赤藓红分子印迹聚合物具有较快的吸附能力,在15min左右达到吸附平衡,有较好的吸附容量,能够从复杂的食品样品中选择性吸附模板,且回收可达85%。     

The development of a semiautomated procedure for the synthesis and screening of a large group of molecularly imprinted polymers

A method for synthesis and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on a semiautomated miniature scale is reported. This technique combines molecular imprinting with the combinatorial chemistry approach, allowing rapid screening and optimizations of libraries of MIPs. The polymers were prepared and evaluated in situ by rebinding utilizing powder dispensing and liquid handling systems. MIPs were prepared by a combinatorial approach using methacrylic acid (MAA), 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), acrylamide, and styrene as functional monomers, and acetonitrile and toluene as porogenic solvents. A drug substance having aromatic, hydroxyl, -O-CONH2 functional groups was selected as the template molecule for this study. The MIP library results demonstrated that the polymer prepared with MAA as functional monomer shows the strongest binding affinity, and therefore, is preferred for the preparation of this particular template molecule. Due to the low consumption of reagents, and more importantly, the demonstrated ability of this method to effectively identify optimal imprinting conditions, this small-scale combinatorial protocol is well suited for fast and efficient screening and optimizations of MIPs.