Generation of spin squeezing via continuous quantum nondemolition measurement

Continuous quantum nondemolition monitoring of a collective atomic spin with an off-resonant laser beam has been performed. Squeezed atomic spin states have thereby been produced with spin noise reduction to 70% below the standard quantum limit expected for a coherent spin state.     

Strongly correlated quantum spin liquid in herbertsmithite

Strongly correlated Fermi systems are among the most intriguing and fundamental systems in physics. We show that the herbertsmithite ZnCu₃(OH)₆Cl₂ can be regarded as a new type of strongly correlated electrical insulator that possesses properties of heavy-fermion metals with one exception: it resists the flow of electric charge. We demonstrate that herbertsmithite’s low-temperature properties are defined by a strongly correlated quantum spin liquid made with hypothetic particles such as fermionic spinons that carry spin 1/2 and no charge. Our calculations of its thermodynamic and relaxation properties are in good agreement with recent experimental facts and allow us to reveal their scaling behavior, which strongly resembles that observed in heavy-fermion metals. Analysis of the dynamic magnetic susceptibility of strongly correlated Fermi systems suggests that there exist at least two types of its scaling.     

Collective atomic spin squeezing and control

Using a quantum theory for an ensemble of two- or three-level atoms driven by electromagnetic fields in an optical cavity, we show that the various spins associated with the atomic ensemble can be squeezed. Two kinds of squeezing are obtained: on the one hand self-spin squeezing when the input fields are coherent ones and the atomic ensemble exhibits a large non-linearity; on the other hand squeezing transfer when one of the incoming fields is squeezed. Received 14 August 2001 and Received in final form 7 November 2001     

Spin squeezing of atomic ensembles via nuclear-electronic spin entanglement

We demonstrate spin squeezing in a room temperature ensemble of approximately 10(12) cesium atoms using their internal structure, where the necessary entanglement is created between nuclear and electronic spins of each individual atom. This state provides improvement in measurement sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit for quantum memory experiments and applications in quantum metrology and is thus a complementary alternative to spin squeezing obtained via interatom entanglement. Squeezing of the collective spin is verified by quantum state tomography.     

Non-Gaussian quantum states generation and robust quantum non-Gaussianity via squeezing field

Recent studies show that quantum non-Gaussian states or using non-Gaussian operations can improve entanglement distillation, quantum swapping, teleportation, and cloning. In this work, employing a strategy of non-Gaussian operations(namely subtracting and adding a single photon), we propose a scheme to generate non-Gaussian quantum states named single-photon-added and-subtracted coherent(SPASC) superposition states by implementing Bell measurements, and then investigate the corresponding nonclassical features. By squeezed the input field, we demonstrate that robustness of nonGaussianity can be improved. Controllable phase space distribution offers the possibility to approximately generate a displaced coherent superposition states(DCSS). The fidelity can reach up to F ≥ 0.98 and F ≥ 0.90 for size of amplitude z = 1.53 and 2.36, respectively.     

Variance squeezing and information entropy squeezing via Bloch coherent states in two-level nonlinear spin models

The nonclassical squeezing effect emerging from a nonlinear coupling model (generalized Jaynes–Cummings model) of a two-level atom interacting resonantly with a bimodal cavity field via two-photon transitions is investigated in the rotating wave approximation. Various Bloch coherent initial states (rotated states) for the atomic system are assumed, i.e., (i) ground state, (ii) excited state, and (iii) linear superposition of both states. Initially, the atomic system and the field are in a disentangled state, where the field modes are in Glauber coherent states via Poisson distribution. The model is numerically tested against simulations of time evolution of the based Heisenberg uncertainty relation variance and Shannon information entropy squeezing factors. The quantum state purity is computed for the three possible initial states and used as a criterion to get information about the entanglement of the components of the system. Analytical expression of the total density operator matrix elements at t > 0 shows, in fact, the present nonlinear model to be strongly entangled, where each of the definite initial Bloch coherent states is reduced to statistical mixtures. Thus, the present model does not preserve the modulus of the Bloch vector.     

Non-Markovian dynamics of spin squeezing

We evaluate the spin squeezing dynamics of N independent spin-1/2 particles with exchange symmetry. Each particle couples to an individual and identical reservoir. We study the time evolution of spin squeezing under the influence of different decoherence. The spin squeezing property vanishes with evolution time under Markovian decoherence, while it collapses quickly and revives under non-Markovian decoherence. As spin squeezing can be regarded as a witness of multipartite entanglement, our scheme shows the collapses and revivals of multipartite entanglement under the influence of non-Markovian decoherence.     

Conditional spin squeezing of a large ensemble via the vacuum Rabi splitting

We use the vacuum Rabi splitting to perform quantum nondemolition measurements that prepare a conditionally spin squeezed state of a collective atomic psuedospin. We infer a 3.4(6) dB improvement in quantum phase estimation relative to the standard quantum limit for a coherent spin state composed of uncorrelated atoms. The measured collective spin is composed of the two-level clock states of nearly 10(6) (87)Rb atoms confined inside a low finesse F=710 optical cavity. This technique may improve atomic sensor precision and/or bandwidth, and may lead to more precise tests of fundamental physics.     

Entanglement and extreme spin squeezing

For any mean value of a Cartesian component of a spin vector we identify the smallest possible uncertainty in any of the orthogonal components. The corresponding states are optimal for spectroscopy and atomic clocks. We show that the results for different spin J can be used to identify entanglement and to quantify the depth of entanglement in systems with many particles. With the procedure developed in this Letter, collective spin measurements on an ensemble of particles can be used as an experimental proof of multiparticle entanglement.     

Coherent manipulation of spin squeezing in atomic Bose-Einstein condensate via electromagnetically induced transparency

We propose a scheme to coherently control spin squeezing of atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) via the technique of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We study quantum dynamics of the mean spin vector and spin squeezing. It is shown that the mean spin vector and spin squeezing of the BEC can be controlled and manipulated by adjusting the external coupling fields or/and internal nonlinear interactions of the BEC. It is indicated that the spin squeezing can be generated rapidly in the dynamical process and maintained in a long time interval. It is found that a larger effective Rabi coupling between atoms and lasers can produce a stronger spin squeezing, and the squeezing can maintain a longer time interval.     

Study of squeezing in spin clusters

The conditions under which spin squeezing occurs in an asymmetric chain of spins are discussed. The time evolution of the system is calculated for different initial conditions. The effects of the use of spin coherent states to model the initial condition are analyzed.     

Magnon squeezing in an antiferromagnet: reducing the spin noise below the standard quantum limit

We report the first experimental demonstration of quantum squeezing of a collective spin-wave excitation (magnon) using femtosecond optical pulses to generate correlations involving pairs of spins in an antiferromagnetic insulator MnF2. In the squeezed state, the fluctuations of the magnetization of a crystallographic unit cell vary periodically in time and are reduced below that of the ground-state quantum noise.     

Mean spin direction and spin squeezing in superpositions of spin coherent states

We consider the mean spin direction (MSD) of superpositions of two spin coherent states (SCS) | ± μ〉, and superpositions of | μ〉 and | μ*〉 with a relative phase. We find that the azimuthal angle exhibits a π transition for both states when we vary the relative phase. The spin squeezing of the states, and the bosonic counterpart of the mean spin direction are also discussed.      

Spin squeezing inequalities for arbitrary spin

We determine the complete set of generalized spin squeezing inequalities, given in terms of the collective angular momentum components, for particles with an arbitrary spin. They can be used for the experimental detection of entanglement in an ensemble in which the particles cannot be individually addressed. We also present a large set of criteria involving collective observables different from the angular momentum coordinates. We show that some of the inequalities can be used to detect k-particle entanglement and bound entanglement.     

Entropy squeezing of a moving atom and control of noise of the quantum mechanical channel via the two-photon process

Based on the quantum information theory, we have investigated the entropy squeezing of a moving two-level atom interacting with the coherent field via the quantum mechanical channel of the two-photon process. The results are compared with those of atomic squeezing based on the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The influences of the atomic motion and field-mode structure parameter on the atomic entropy squeezing and on the control of noise of the quantum mechanical channel via the two-photon process are examined. Our results show that the squeezed period, duration of optimal entropy squeezing of a two-level atom and the noise of the quantum mechanical channel can be controlled by appropriately choosing the atomic motion and the field-mode structure parameter, respectively. The quantum mechanical channel of two-photon process is an ideal channel for quantum information (atomic quantum state) transmission. Quantum information entropy is a remarkably accurate measure of the atomic squeezing.     

Spin squeezing and quantum correlations

We discuss the notion of spin squeezing considering two mutually exclusive classes of spin-s states, namely, oriented and non-oriented states. Our analysis shows that the oriented states are not squeezed while non-oriented states exhibit squeezing. We also present a new scheme for construction of spin-s states using 2s spinors oriented along different axes. Taking the case of s=1, we show that the ‘non-oriented’ nature and hence squeezing arise from the intrinsic quantum correlations that exist among the spinors in the coupled state.     

Optimal spin squeezing inequalities detect bound entanglement in spin models

We determine the complete set of generalized spin squeezing inequalities. These are entanglement criteria that can be used for the experimental detection of entanglement in a system of spin-1/2 particles in which the spins cannot be individually addressed. They can also be used to show the presence of bound entanglement in the thermal states of several spin models.     

Tunable two-axis spin model and spin squeezing in two cavities

Multi-mode cavities have now attracted much attention both experimentally and theoretically. In this paper, inspired by recent experiments of cavity-assisted Raman transitions, we realize a two-axis spin Hamiltonian H = q(J_x~2+ χJ_y~2) + ω_0J_z in two cavities. This realized Hamiltonian has a distinct property that all parameters can be tuned independently. For proper parameters, the well-studied one- and two-axis twisting Hamiltonians are recovered, and the scaling of N~(-1) of the maximal squeezing factor can occur naturally. On the other hand, in the two-axis twisting Hamiltonian, spin squeezing is usually reduced when increasing the atomic resonant frequency ω_0. Surprisingly, we find that by combining with the dimensionless parameter χ(-1), this atomic resonant frequency ω_0 can enhance spin squeezing greatly. These results are beneficial for achieving the required spin squeezing in experiments.     

平面自旋压缩态的产生与原子干涉的机理

在玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中实现自旋压缩和量子纠缠, 对于提高原子干涉测量相位灵敏度和原子钟精度有着非常重要的意义. 基于一种新的平面自旋分量的不确定性关系, 介绍了如何利用两分量玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚系统中原子间相互作用提供的非线性效应和原子内部能级间线性耦合, 实现量子平面自旋压缩(挤压)和模式纠缠. 描述了一项关于平面压缩态的理论工作, 该工作利用哈密顿量的精确对角化求解系统基态, 优化非线性作用和线性耦合强度比值, 使得包含平均自旋方向在内的两个正交自旋分量的不确定度同时压缩, 因此在平面上所有相位角度的涨落都受到压制, 而在与该平面垂直的第三个自旋分量方向反压缩. 利用传统自旋压缩判定纠缠, 只能判断多个不可分辨的原子处于纠缠态, 而平面自旋压缩可以检测两个可区分模式(比如, 原子内态)间的纠缠, 从而在不同模式间进行量子信息处理. 同时, 为实现超越标准量子极限的原子干涉相位精密测量, 传统方式是利用单个自旋分量压缩, 但需要对待测相位角度有很好的估计, 或者可以进行多次测量以逐渐逼近可获得的最大压缩极限, 这就要求量子态可以被精确的重复制备. 而利用平面自旋压缩, 对任意未知相位角度只需要测量两个垂直自旋分量就可以实现高的相位测量灵敏度.