Mössbauer and EXAFS studies of amorphous iron produced by thermal decomposition of carbonyl iron in liquid phase

Decomposition of iron carbonyl Fe(CO)₅ and Fe₂(CO)₉ in liquid phase gave amorphous and crystalline iron powders in the absence and presence of catalyst, respectively. The hyperfine fields were large in amorphous phases prepared from Fe(CO)₅ than from Fe₂(CO)₉. Crystalline iron, iron carbide and a trace amount of Fe₃O₄ were detected in the decomposition products of the amorphous phase prepared from Fe(CO)₅, and iron carbide was mainly included in the decomposition products of the amorphous phase prepared from Fe₂(CO)₉.     

磁暴主相期间环电流分布特性模拟研究

磁暴主相期间对流电场驱动等离子体片中的能量粒子经历E×B漂移，被地磁场俘获形成环电流，在此理论基础上充分考虑电荷交换造成的环电流损失与离子沉降的影响，改善并验证了磁暴主相期间环电流离子分布模式.模拟了不同强度磁暴主相期间磁层环电流离子的分布特征，研究了部分环电流离子对对流电场的响应.结果表明：不对称的环电流是磁暴主相期间环电流的重要组成部分，其分布特性表现为晨昏不对称和日夜不对称以及离子投掷角分布的各向异性等.对流电场与能量离子通量强度和分布范围之间正相关.模拟结果与观测有很好的一致性，证明了模型的可行性 关键词： 部分(不对称)环电流 磁暴主相 离子通量分布 对流电场     

Selective steering of molecular multiple dissociative channels with strong few-cycle laser pulses

We report that multiple dissociative channels of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules are selectively controlled using intense phase-stabilized few-cycle laser fields (4.2 fs, 740 nm, 6×10(14) W/cm(2)). The controllable emission direction of C(2+) from charge asymmetrical dissociation and ionization of CO dications is out of phase in a linear polarized laser field. The strong coupling between the channels is explained as the competition of recollision excitation and recollision ionization in a recollision process, leading to the opposite asymmetrical property. The experimental result provides insight into high degree controlling molecular multiple dissociative processes in the time scale of electronic motion.     

强激光场中CO分子经典轨迹的辛算法

采用辛算法计算CO异核双原子分子系统在强激光场作用下的经典轨迹,与Runge-Kutta方法进行比较,分析了CO双原子分子在激光场作用下的振动轨迹、相平面轨道与总能量随时间的变化及CO分子的解离.     

Muons and muonium in cryocrystals

We present a collection of measurements of the muon and muonium asymmetries and relaxation parameters in cryocrystals of N₂, CO, Xe,¹³⁶Xe and Ne as functions of temperature. Generally, the fractions of the two species can be attributed to a competition between the formation of muonium or a diamagnetic species, where processes involving transport of spur electrons are important.     

Hadronic parity violation in pionless effective field theory

We present results for two-body observables that are sensitive to the parity-violating component of nucleon-nucleon interactions. These interactions are studied using an effective field theory in which the only dynamic degrees of freedom are nucleon fields. The observables we study are cross-section asymmetries in nucleon-nucleon scattering and asymmetries and induced polarizations in the process np??d??.     

Reconstructing the chargino system at e^+e^- linear colliders

In most supersymmetric theories charginos, , belong to the class of the lightest supersymmetric particles. The chargino system can be reconstructed completely in collider experiments: . By measuring the total cross sections and the asymmetries with polarized beams, the chargino masses and the gaugino–higgsino mixing angles of these states can be determined accurately. If only the lightest charginos are kinematically accessible in a first phase of the machine, transverse beam polarization or the measurement of chargino polarization in the final state is needed to determine the mixing angles. From these observables the fundamental SUSY parameters can be derived: the SU(2) gaugino mass , the modulus and the cosine of the CP–violating phase of the higgsino mass parameter , and , the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two neutral Higgs doublet fields. The remaining two–fold ambiguity of the phase can be resolved by measuring the normal polarization of the charginos. Sum rules of the cross sections can be exploited to investigate the closure of the two–chargino system. Received: 2 February 2000 / Published online: 17 March 2000     

Final-state interactions and single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering

Recent measurements from the HERMES and SMC Collaborations show a remarkably large azimuthal single-spin asymmetries A_UL and A_UT of the proton in semi-inclusive pion leptoproduction γ^*(q)p→πX. We show that final-state interactions from gluon exchange between the outgoing quark and the target spectator system lead to single-spin asymmetries in deep inelastic lepton–proton scattering at leading twist in perturbative QCD; i.e., the rescattering corrections are not power-law suppressed at large photon virtuality Q² at fixed x_bj. The existence of such single-spin asymmetries requires a phase difference between two amplitudes coupling the proton target with J^z_p=±1/2 to the same final-state, the same amplitudes which are necessary to produce a nonzero proton anomalous magnetic moment. We show that the exchange of gauge particles between the outgoing quark and the proton spectators produces a Coulomb-like complex phase which depends on the angular momentum L^z of the proton's constituents and is thus distinct for different proton spin amplitudes. The single-spin asymmetry which arises from such final-state interactions does not factorize into a product of distribution function and fragmentation function, and it is not related to the transversity distribution δq(x,Q) which correlates transversely polarized quarks with the spin of the transversely polarized target nucleon.     

Coherent control of photofragment separation in the dissociative ionization of IBr

We have investigated coherent control of the dissociative ionization of IBr using phase-controlled two-color omega+2omega laser pulses with an intensity of 1.0 x 10(12) W/cm and a pulse duration of 130 fs. The directional asymmetries of the photofragment angular distributions showed oscillation behavior dependent on the relative phase difference between the omega and 2omega pulses. The phase dependencies of the directional asymmetries observed for iodine ions and bromine ions were out of phase with each other. This result shows that a phase-controlled omega+2omega optical field can produce molecular orientation in which the optical field discriminates between parallel and antiparallel configuration of molecules that have a permanent dipole.     

Polarization competition in a quasi-isotropic CO(2) laser

We experimentally study the polarization dynamics of a single-mode CO(2) laser during the switch-on transient of the laser intensity. We find a strong competition between two linearly polarized fields, which finally collapse into a single field. As a result of this competition, the two coexisting fields oscillate out of phase by pi rad for time intervals much longer than that of the relaxation oscillation. One can control the oscillation frequency of the two polarized fields by varying the intracavity anisotropies. This phenomenon is interpreted in the framework of Maxwell-Bloch equations by addition of nonlinear terms to the polarization equations that allow the fields to compete while they interact with the same population inversion.     

Determining SUSY parameters in chargino pair-production in e^+e^- collisions

In most supersymmetric theories, charginos , mixtures of charged color-neutral gauginos and higgsinos, belong to the class of the lightest supersymmetric particles. They are easy to observe at colliders. By measuring the total cross sections and the left–right asymmetries with polarized electron beams in , the chargino masses and the gaugino–higgsino mixing angles can be determined. From these observables the fundamental SUSY parameters can be derived: the SU(2) gaugino mass , the modulus and of the higgsino mass parameter, and , the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two neutral Higgs doublet fields. The solutions are unique; the CP-violating phase can be determined uniquely by analyzing effects due to the normal polarization of the charginos. Received: 3 December 1998 / Published online: 27 April 1999     

Sonochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

Sonolysis of carbon dioxide dissolved in water was performed from a standpoint of reducing this material in atmosphere. During one hour of sonication, the amount of CO2 decreased to about half at 5 degrees C under CO2-Ar atmosphere. The decreasing rate for CO2 followed the order Ar > He > H2 > N2 and it was down with increasing temperature in the range of 5-45 degrees C. The most favorable concentration for reducing CO2 was 0.03 (mole fraction of CO2 in gas phase). This concentration in gas phase means an equal mixture of CO2 and Ar in water, because CO2 is more soluble than Ar. Since carbon dioxide dissolved in water would be partly ionized, the roles of ions on the sonolysis were also examined. Gaseous reaction products were CO, H2 and a small amount of O2. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen might be obtained from CO2 and H2O by sonolysis, respectively. Both gases are fuel and react each other to C1 compounds such as methanol, and so on. Therefore, irradiation of ultrasonic waves should be an important technique for reducing CO2.     

P-odd,T-even symmetries for products of the spontaneous fissioning of oriented nuclei

P-Odd, T-even asymmetries in angular distributions of products from the binary and ternary spontaneous fissioning of nuclei oriented in strong magnetic fields at ultralow temperature are described for the first time by means of the quantum theory of fission. Using the spin density matrix of a fissioning nucleus and considering the notable octupole deformations of the nucleus that appear in the vicinity of its scission point, we show that coefficients of the asymmetries in question are governed by the orientation parameters of a fissioning nucleus with Q = 1 and Q = 3. The coefficients obtained in this work are compared to the analogous coefficients in the fissioning of unoriented target nuclei by polarized neutrons and oriented target nuclei by unpolarized neutrons.     

Far Forward Scattering from Plasma Fluctuations Using a Detector Array and Coherent Signal Processing at 10 ?m

A far forward scattering experiment with a CO2 laser is described which uses a linear array of five photoconductive detector elements allowing the simultaneous measurement of the amplitude and phase of the scattered signals in one single shot. The direction of propagation of fluctuations can be determined from the spatial phase profile of the scattered light. The method described here is equivalent to a time resolved holographic diagnostic of electron density fluctuations. The plasma source used is a traveling wave experiment. Broad frequency and wavenumber spectra of electron density fluctuations associated with the excitation of strong nonlinear compressional Alfvén waves were measured. Two representative regimes of operation with low and high axial magnetic fields were investigated with wavenumber spectra ranging from k = 2 to 60 cm-1. The orientation of the array allowed observation of waves propagating either parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field.     

Nature of the spin dynamics and 1/3 magnetization plateau in azurite

We present a specific heat and inelastic neutron scattering study in magnetic fields up into the 1/3 magnetization plateau phase of the diamond chain compound azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. We establish that the magnetization plateau is a dimer-monomer state, i.e., consisting of a chain of S=1/2 monomers, which are separated by S=0 dimers on the diamond chain backbone. The effective spin couplings Jmono/kB=10.1(2) K and Jdimer/kB=1.8(1) K are derived from the monomer and dimer dispersions. They are associated to microscopic couplings J1/kB=1(2) K, J2/kB=55(5) K and a ferromagnetic J3/kB=-20(5) K, possibly as result of dz2} orbitals in the Cu-O bonds providing superexchange (SE) pathways with JSE=6.5 K.     

Femtosecond laser-induced dynamic alignment in Coulomb explosion of CO: Roles of laser wavelength, intensity and pulse duration

Dependences of dynamic alignment of CO molecules induced by intense femtosecond laser fields on laser wavelength, intensity and pulse duration are investigated by numerical simulations. A counting approach and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm are used to calculate the angular distribution and the time evolution of molecules. A two-step Coulomb explosion model of diatomic molecules in intense laser fields is used to determine the instant that CO molecular dynamic alignment is over. Our calculating results show that the linear polarizability and the damping force play an important role in the angular rotation of CO molecule in conditions of 800 nm laser wavelength and 10¹⁵ W/cm² laser intensity. The contributions of the second-order field-induced dipole moment and the higher-order correction term to molecular rotation acceleration comparing to the linear polarizability and damping force are negligible. The extent of dynamic alignment of CO molecules reduces with the increasing of laser intensity. The dynamic alignment time of CO molecules is tightly connected to the laser pulse duration. The angular distributions of CO molecules as the laser pulse length varied from 50 to 250 fs at laser intensity of 3×10¹⁴ W/cm² are shown and discussed.     

New transformations of CO(2) at high pressures and temperatures

CO(2) laser heating of solid CO(2) at pressures between 30 and 80 GPa shows that this compound breaks down to oxygen and diamond along a boundary having a negative P-T slope. This decomposition occurs at temperatures much lower than predicted in theory or inferred from previous experiment. Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction were used as structural probes. At pressures higher than 40 GPa the decomposition is preceded by the formation of a new CO(2) phase (CO(2)-VI). These findings limit the stability of nonmolecular CO(2) phases to moderate temperatures and provide a new topology of the CO(2) phase diagram.     

Theoretical investigation of high pressure phases of carbon dioxide

The recent discovery of a new solid phase of carbon dioxide ( CO2-V) has made it apparent that the properties of this vital chemical species are drastically altered under high pressure conditions. The reported transition at around 40 GPa from the Cmca phase ( CO2-III), which is a molecular solid, into the novel phase, which was observed to be quartzlike, clearly suggests a dramatic change of the chemical, electronic, and structural properties. We here present a theoretical analysis of the implications of this metamorphosis. At even higher pressures, we predict the existence of a very hard phase of the stishovite type.     

Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and the magnetic-field-induced suppression of the charge ordered state in Na(0.5)CoO2

We have performed electrical transport measurements at low temperatures and high magnetic fields in Na(0.5)CoO2 single crystals. Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations corresponding to only 1% of the area of the orthorhombic Brillouin zone were clearly observed, indicating that most of the original Fermi surface vanishes at the charge-ordering (CO) transition. In-plane magnetic fields were found to suppress strongly the CO state. For fields rotated within the conducting planes, we observe angular magnetoresistance oscillations whose periodicity changes from twofold to sixfold at the transition.     

Saturation of transverse energy per charged hadron and freeze-out criteria in heavy-ion collisions

The effective (non-universal) nature of Sivers function reflects the process dependence of the imaginary phase required for T-odd Single Spin asymmetry. The explicit account for the phase allows to relate T-odd and T-even Spin asymmetries. The soft-gluon twist 3 contributions to single-spin asymmetries (SSA) in hard processes may be expressed in the form of effective T-odd Sivers distributions, whose signs and scales are modified by process-dependent colour factors. The Sivers mechanism is applied at large transverse momenta and the emission of balancing gluons provide the colour flow explaining this factor.