Atomic Force Microscopy Study of TiO2 Films Obtained by the Sol-Gel Method

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to study the influence of thermal treatments on the structural and textural properties of the sol-gel TiO2 films obtained from Ti(OC3H7i)4. X-ray diffraction (XRD), ellipsometric and porosity measurements have also been made.The TiO2 sol-gel films were homogeneous, transparent and amorphous. Heat treatments in the 400–600°C range indicate that the films have a strong tendency to crystallization. The high initial homogeneity of the TiO2 films was preserved during the crystallization process. AFM shows that the thermally treated films exhibit uniform, monodispersed crystals.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备掺杂二氧化钛薄膜及其光电性能研究

运用溶胶-凝胶法制备玻璃、陶瓷材料,具有低温、均匀、高纯、溶液铸塑等独特的优点,已引起科研人员的极大兴趣^[1]。二氧化钛是一种具有良好的光学性能的半导体材料,并已被广泛地研究。     

Cr掺杂TiO_2纳米线/还原氧化石墨烯复合物的制备及光催化活性

以TiO_2纳米颗粒P25和氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,Cr(NO_3)_3·9H_2O为Cr源,采用碱性水热法制备了Cr掺杂TiO_2纳米线/还原氧化石墨烯复合物(Cr-Ti O2 NWs/RGO).采用类似方法合成了TiO_2纳米线(Ti O2NWs)、Cr掺杂Ti O2纳米线(Cr-TiO_2NWs)和TiO_2纳米线/还原氧化石墨烯复合物(TiO_2 NWs/RGO)等其它样品.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)等方法对样品进行了表征.测试了样品在可见光下对亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解活性,结果表明,Cr-TiO_2NWs/RGO在120 min内对MB的催化降解率为TiO_2NWs的2.2倍,催化降解速度为TiO_2NWs的5.8倍.     

Properties and Photoelectrocatalytic Behaviour of Sol-Gel Derived TiO2 Thin Films

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films have been prepared on indium doped tin oxide (ITO) glass by sol-gel dip-coating method. Properties of the films were determined as a function of heat-treatment by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photoelectrochemical tests. The films heat-treated at higher temperatures show better crystallinity and photoresponse. The microscopic structure on the film after heat-treatment is attributed to the incorporation of organic polymer into the precursor solution. The performance of the electrodes treated at different temperature on photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methyl orange was investigated. The effect of applied potential and the ability of the electrode to be repeatedly used in photoelectrocatalytic degradation were also evaluated.     

稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2分散性及光学性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法在同一条件下制备REa+:Ti4+=0.02和0.10的稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2材料,其中REn+为Nd3+,Ce4+,La3+,Er3+四种稀土元素.通过TG-DTG,XRD,TEM,UV-Vis等测试方法对所制备的纳米TiO2进行焙烧温度、晶胞尺寸、晶粒形貌、谱学特性等方面的研究.研究表明,稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2径粒尺寸均在20 nm左右,少量稀土掺杂不但有利于TiO2颗粒的分散,而且有利于TiO2向金红石相转变.同时,由于表面修饰作用和晶场效应的影响,掺杂使纳米材料在可见光范围内有不同程度的"红移"现象,Ce4+掺杂的纳米TiO2在可见光的"红移"程度最强.稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2在农用膜和节能材料上可广泛运用.     

三磷酸腺苷在TiO2掺杂碳纳米纤维修饰电极上的电化学行为

采用循环伏安法和示差脉冲伏安法研究了三磷酸腺苷(ATP)在TiO2掺杂碳纳米纤维(TiO2@CNF)修饰的碳离子液体电极表面(TiO2@CNF/CILE)的电化学行为。结果表明,ATP在TiO2@CNF/CILE表面有一个明显的氧化峰,在pH 3.0的Britton-Robinson(BR)缓冲溶液中修饰电极对ATP具有显著的电催化作用。纤维状的TiO2@CNF能够有效促进电子转移,增加电化学信号。当ATP浓度分别在4.0×10^-9~2.0×10^-6mol/L和2.0×10^-6~1.0×10^-4mol/L范围时,氧化峰电流与ATP浓度呈良好的线性关系,检测限为1.4 nmol/L。修饰电极可用于注射液中ATP的测定。     

TiO2 films by sol-gel spin-coating deposition with microbial antiadhesion properties

Intensive use of antibiotics induced adaptations in bacteria, which developed antibiotic resistance. This is becoming a serious health problem, particularly in the hospital, food industry, or public transport. It is also important to produce surfaces that not only are bactericidal but also prevent adhesion and the consequent biofilm formation, which can make the bacteria resistant to conventional disinfection methods. In this work, a simple and inexpensive method to obtain surfaces TiO₂ film coated has been realized to prevent attachment and bacterial proliferation on surfaces. The synthesis and deposition procedure has been finalized to the realization of a uniform coating, whose physical, morphological, and structural features are suitable to inhibit the proliferation of the bacteria and in particular the adhesion of the biofilm. The suitability of the obtained coating has been attested by RBS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, UV-vis, and Raman techniques. The obtained coatings were homogeneous anatase titania films with an excellent adherence to the substrate and a transmittivity higher than 80% in the visible region. The results show that the TiO₂ films considerably reduce microbial contamination on the surface (~98% reduction) feature that makes this coating suitable for antibacterial applications.     

低含量铁掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜的制备及其抗菌机理研究

采用溶胶凝胶-浸渍提拉法,制备了玻璃基底上生长的Fe/TiO₂薄膜.利用XRD、XPS、AFM等对样品进行表征,研究了铁掺杂对TiO₂薄膜晶体结构和表面形貌的影响,并研究了不同掺铁量TiO₂薄膜对大肠杆菌的抗菌性能.结果表明,铁掺杂TiO₂薄膜的抗菌性能均优于纯TiO₂薄膜,其中掺铁量为0.1%时薄膜的抗菌性能最佳,高达98%.     

Development of an Aluminium Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles‐modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Vanillin in Food Samples

A new chemically modified electrode based on titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂‐NPs) has been developed. Aluminium was incorporated into the TiO₂‐NPs to prepare aluminium doped TiO₂ nanoparticles (Al‐TiO₂‐NPs). Aluminium doped TiO₂ nanoparticles‐modified screen printed carbon electrode (Al‐TiO₂‐NPs/SPCE) was employed as easy, efficient and rapid sensor for electrochemical detection of vanillin in various types of food samples. Al‐TiO₂‐NPs were characterized by energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and analyses showing that the average particle sizes varied for the Al‐NPs (7.63 nm) and Al‐TiO₂‐NPs (7.47 nm) with spherical crystal. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were used to optimize the analytical procedure. A detection limit of vanillin was 0.02 μM, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.50 %, obtained for a 5.0 μM concentration of vanillin. The electrochemical behaviour of several compounds, such as vanillic acid, vanillic alcohol, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and p‐hydroxybenzoic, etc., generally present in natural vanilla samples, were also studied to check the interferences with respect to vanillin voltammetric signal. The applicability was demonstrated by analysing food samples. The obtained results were compared with those provided by a previous method based on liquid chromatography for determination of vanillin.     

Sol-Gel Derived Thin Films for Hydrogen Sulphide Gas Sensing

Utilizing the sol-gel fabrication route, we have successfully modified and tailored the optical absorption in the visible spectrum of thionine dye trapped in an MTMS gel-matrix to coincide with the emission of a red diode laser operating at 660 nm. These thionine-doped MTMS thin films coated onto transparent substrates have shown a remarkable change in optical absorption in the presence of gaseous hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) diluted in air and in the absence of any buffer gas. The rapid response, sensitivity, reversibility and durability shown by this material can be exploited in developing absorption-based optical H₂S sensors in either an integrated optics or all-optical fiber approach using a red diode laser source.     

Sol-Gel Preparation of Photocatalytic TiO2 Films on Polymer Substrates

Sol-gel TiO₂ thin films were autoclaved under various water/ethanol atmospheres. The microstructural, morphological and photocatalytic properties of the films were studied. The photocatalytic activity of the films appears closely related to crystallization states. It is shown that nanocrystallized porous films can be produced in a temperature range compatible with titania deposition on polymer materials. Consequently, photocatalytic films could successfully be prepared on polycarbonate and polymethylmetacrylate substrates. The autoclaved film properties are described and discussed with respect to sol-gel parameters and autoclaving conditions.     

Photocatalytic Activity and Characterization of the Sol-Gel Derived Pb-Doped TiO2 Thin Films

Photocatalytically active Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films were prepared on a soda-lime glass substrate by sol-gel dip-coating technique using TiO₂ sols containing lead(II) nitrate. The thin films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-VIS spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A shift of the UV-VIS absorption towards longer wavelengths was observed, which indicated a decrease in the band-gap of TiO₂ upon Pb doping. XRD results showed both pure and Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films were polycrystalline, anatase type, and oriented predominantly to the (101) plane. A slight shift in the d-spacing for the Pb-doped film indicated the incorporation of Pb into the TiO₂ lattice to form Pb _x Ti_1–x O₂ solid solution. AFM results showed Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films were composed of larger TiO₂ particles and had rougher surface, compared with un-doped TiO₂ thin films. XPS results showed that except for the enrichment of Pb near the surface, Pb exists in the forms of Pb _x Ti_1–x O₂ and PbO. Dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP) was efficiently degraded in the presence of the Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films by exposing the insecticide solution to sunlight. The mechanism of photocatalytic activity enhancement of the Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films was discussed.     

Preparation and Characterizations of TiO2/Organically Modified Silane Composite Materials Produced by the Sol-Gel Method

TiO₂/organically modified silane (ORMOSIL) composite materials produced by the sol-gel method were studied for optical waveguide applications. High optical quality waveguiding films on different substrates, including silicon, gallium arsenide, silica/silicon substrates, and microscope glass slides, were prepared from high titanium content (0.2 molar) ÿ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane at low temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to investigate the optical and structural properties of the composite films. The TGA/DTA results showed that the organic compounds in the film would tend to decompose in the temperature range from 200°C to 500°C. SEM and AFM results showed that a dense and porous-free composite material film could be obtained at the heat treatment temperature of 100°C. It was also shown that ORMOSIL is integrated in the glass, providing low shrinkage and high cracking resistance. The propagation loss properties of the composite films were also investigated. About 1.1 dB/cm propagation loss of the planar waveguide film was obtained at the wavelength of 633 nm.     

掺硼纳米TiO2对农药毒死蜱的光催化降解作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂硼的纳米TiO2,并用X射线衍射、红外光谱表征了产物的组成和结构.用制备好的掺硼纳米TiO2作为光催化剂对农药毒死蜱进行了光催化降解研究.结果表明:通过掺硼可以显著提高TiO2对毒死蜱的光催化效率.在硼掺杂量为3%,催化剂煅烧温度为500℃,煅烧时间为1 h,催化剂用量为15%时,毒死蜱的降解率最高.     

Preparation and Optical Properties of Sb2S3 Microcrystallite Doped Silica Glasses by the Sol-Gel Process

The sol-gel process has been applied to the preparation of nano-size Sb2S3 crystallite doped silica glasses and thin films. Silica glasses containing 1–1.5 wt% Sb2S3 are prepared by hydrolysis of complex solution of Si(OC2H5)4, SbCl3 and SC(NH2)2, and subsequent heat treatment. The nano-size crystallite in the matrix is observed by means of TEM. The transmission spectra of the films show that the transmission valley shifts toward longer wavelengths with increasing heat treatment time and temperature. Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been observed in the glasses illuminated with intense 1.06 m and frequency-doubled laser beams from mode-locked Nd:YAG laser.     

Laser Sintering of SnO2 : Sb Sol-Gel Coatings

Sb doped sol-gel SnO2 single layers (thickness 100 nm) were prepared from alcoholic solution and deposited via a dip coating process on fused silica substrates. The coatings have been sintered at a typical rate of 10–15 cm2/s by CO2 laser irradiation. The laser spot was scanned in one direction at a speed of 15,000 cm/s and the sample was moved in a perpendicular one at a speed up to 250 mm/s. The temperature of the topmost 10 m layer was monitored by a fast pyrometer (s resolution). The following properties of the coatings have been determined: the electrical resistivity , the carrier density n, and mobility , the structure, the thickness, the mesoscopic and micromorphology and the density. The sintering by CO2 laser radiation is mainly a thermal driven process. At T 500°C it allows to obtain coatings with a smaller resistivity (6.8×10–3 cm) than those produced by conventional furnace firing (el2.9×10–2 cm). The results are discussed in terms of particle size and packing density.     

Sol—Gel Template Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanofibrils Loaded on Al2O3 Template

TiO2 nanofibrils were prepared within the pores of alumina template membranc by use of sol-gel chemistry ,The TiO2 nanofibrils have good crystallinity and size,There is agglomcration frce among the particulates of TiO2 and the fibrils show high catalytic activity.     

Doped Sol-Gel Materials as Heterogeneous Reagents for Organic Synthesis

We advance the use of reactive doped sol-gel materials as heterogeneous reagents for organic-chemistry synthesis. Three approaches were demonstrated with SiO₂-based materials: Direct physical entrapment of the organic reagent; in-situ generation of an inorganic reagent within the matrix; and covalent attachment of the reagent to the matrix. With the first, entrapped p-toluenesulfonic acid facilitated the 100% yield esterification of benzoic acid with 1-pentanol, and the 100% dehydration of 1-tetralol to 1,2-dihydronaphthalene; with the second approach, a sol-gel oxidant, SiO₂/MnO₂ was used to convert benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and 1-tetralol to 1-tetralone; and with the third, anchored propylamine facilitated dehydrobromination reactions resulting in double-bond formation. Several other reactions with these reagents are described, and their reactivities analyzed.     

Fe3+-TiO2/SiO2薄膜催化剂的结构对其光催化性能影响

以硅胶为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂不同量Fe3+的TiO2光催化剂(Fe3+-TiO2/SiO2),以氙灯为光源,罗丹明B为目标降解物,对其光催化活性进行了研究.结果表明,Fe3+-TiO2/SiO2比TiO2纳米粉有更好的催化活性,Fe3+的最佳掺入量为0.03％.罗丹明B在粉体和膜催化剂的作用下遵循不同的光催化反应机理.根据XRD,SEM,Raman,XPS和FTIR的表征结果可认为,TiO2在SIO2表面薄膜化和Ti-O-Si键的形成是催化活性提高和降解机理不同的主要原因.     

Influence of Humidity on Electrochemical CO2 Sensors Based on Sol-Gel Processed NASICON with New Compositions

Sol-gel processed NASICON-type with new compositions in the Na₃Zr_2–(x/4)Si_2–x P_1+x O₁₂ system showed an improved sinterability with an increase in the x value. This is attributed to liquid phase sintering. This dense electrolyte system is suitable for the application as gas sensors. The CO₂ gas sensors using highly dense x = 0.667 (sample B) and x = 1.333 (sample C) samples show a stable EMF response in dry atmosphere which is very close to the theoretical value. Although a lower sensitivity and slower response were obtained in humid CO₂ gas, the sensor performance recovered after switching from humid gas to dry gas.