Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Calreticulin from Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

Calreticulin is a unique calcium-binding protein with multiple functions mostly located in the sar-coplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum.A large amount of calcium is absorbed from the medium and transported to mineralization sites during biomineralization in pead oyster.This paper describes the cloning of the full-length cDNA of calreticulin from Pinctada fucata,namely PCRT.PCRT encodes a deduced 414-amino acid protein,which includes a predicted 17- amino acid signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval sequence HDEL.The protein shows 63%-76% sequence identity and shares some common characteristics with calreticulins from other species.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicates that PCRT is ubiquitously ex-pressed in all tissues tested with the highest expression in the hemolymph and the mantle.In situ hybridiza-tion analysis of PCRT in the mantle showed strong signals in the inner fold,the inner side of middle fold,and the inner side of outer fold of the mantle epithelium.All these results suggest PCRT might be involved in Ca2+ transport and storage during oyster biomineralization.     

Extraction and Purification of Matrix Protein from the Nacre of Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

A soluble matrix protein P14 with an apparent molecular mass of 14.5 kDa was isolated from fragmented nacre of pearl oysters （Pinctada fucata） treated with 10% NaOH solution to investigate the nacre matrix proteins and their effect on the CaCO3 crystal. The protein was characterized by gel exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography after demineralization by 10% acetic acid. The X-ray diffraction pattern of P14 crystals indicates that P14 plays an important role in nacre biomineralization. P14 can induce aragonite formation, stimulate CaCO3 crystal formation, and accelerate aragonite precipitation. Heating of the acid insoluble nacre residue, which was named conchiolin, in 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution supplemented with 10% β-mercaptoethanol solution for 10-20 min at about 100℃ gave two other soluble proteins having molecular masses of 19.4 kDa and 25.0 kDa. The present study suggests that these two proteins are linked to the insoluble organic matrix by disulfide bridges because the extraction yield increases when β-mercaptoethanol is added to the medium.     

斜带石斑鱼ERP44基因的克隆与表达分析

为进一步了解内质网蛋白44基因(ERP44)在石斑鱼免疫反应中的作用,本研究根据实验室石斑鱼转录组数据中ERP44的表达序列标签(EST)设计引物,克隆了斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)Ec-ERP44基因的开放阅读框序列(ORF),利用生物信息学手段分析Ec-ERP44基因及其编码蛋白的序列结构和特征,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测该基因的组织分布特征,以及脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)、聚肌胞苷酸(Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, Poly I:C)刺激后该基因在石斑鱼脾脏中的表达变化。研究结果表明,Ec-ERP44基因ORF全长1 233 bp,编码410个氨基酸;该蛋白具有蛋白质二硫键异构酶(PDI)家族保守的硫氧还蛋白结构域。同时,Ec-ERP44基因在健康石斑鱼体内的多种组织均有表达,其中在脑组织中的表达量最高;在LPS与Poly I:C刺激后,石斑鱼脾脏中Ec-ERP44基因的表达显著上调。本研究结果表明,Ec-ERP44基因参与了石斑鱼抗病原感染的免疫反应。     

Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase from Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata by o-Phthalaldehyde： Involvement of Lysine and Histidine Residues at the Active Site

Alkaline phosphatase from Pinctada fucata was inactivated by o-phthalaldehyde （OPA）. The inactivation followed pseudo first-order kinetics with a second rate constant of 0.167 （mmol/L）^-1·min^-1 at pH 7.5 and 25℃. A Tsou＇s plot analysis showed that inactivation occurred upon formation of one isoindole group. The OPA-modified enzyme lost the ability to bind with the specific affinity column and the presence of substrates or competitive inhibitors protected the enzyme from inactivation. The results revealed that the OPA-reaction site was at the enzyme substrate binding site. Prior modification of the enzyme by lysine or histidine specific reagent abolished formation of the isoindole derivatives, suggesting that lysine and histidine residues were involved in the OPA-induced inactivation. Taken together, OPA inactivated the alkaline phosphatase from Pinctada fucata by cross-linking lysine and histidine residues at the active site and formed an isoindole group at the substrate binding site of the enzyme.     

二倍体及三倍体马氏珠母贝核型

二倍体马氏珠母贝为广西北海野生贝,２龄－３龄。三倍体马氏珠母贝用６－ＤＭＡＰ诱导获得,１．５龄。核型分析结果,二倍体２Ｎ＝２８,核型公式为７Ｍ＋３ＳＭ＋３ＳＴ＋１Ｔ,ＮＦ＝４８,三倍体３Ｎ＝４２,核型公式为７Ｍ＋３ＳＭ＋３ＳＴ＋１Ｔ,ＮＦ＝７２。染色体按Ｌｅｖａｎ等人的标准分类。     

马氏珠母贝外套膜组织培养

用本实验室已建立的贝类组织培养技术对马氏珠母贝外套膜组织成功地进行了体外培养,在外套膜组织中最先迁出的是颗粒细胞,紧随其后为透明细胞,在培养到２０ｈ时,圆形的上皮细胞开始迁出,上皮细胞很快在组织块圆形形成生长晕,继而铺满整个培养瓶底面,培养４ｄ以后,上皮细胞开始分泌颗粒状的物质,这时的上皮细胞从形态上发为Ａ型和Ｂ型两类,Ｂ型上皮细胞含有许多颗粒物质,而Ａ型上皮细胞不含或含少量颗粒物质,反映了其合成     

6-DMAP诱导马氏珠母贝三倍体

用６－二甲基氨基嘌呤（６－ＤＭＡＰ）抑制马氏球母贝（ＰｉｎｃａｔａｄａｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉｉＤｕｎｋｅｒ）受精卵的极体释放获得三倍体,在２６℃条件下,进行了不同浓度梯度的６－ＤＭＡＰ（４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,６０ｍｇ／Ｌ,８０ｍｇ／Ｌ,１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ）和不同的处理持续时间（５ｍｉｎ,１０ｍｉｎ,１５ｍｉｎ,２０ｍｉｎ,２５ｍｉｎ）的诱导实验,抑制第一和第二极体的三倍体诱导率最高分别为达３２．４％     

酿酒酵母蔗糖酶基因的克隆、异源表达及重组酶学性质研究

以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增得到蔗糖酶基因(suc2),并将其克隆到表达载体pSE380中,将得到的重组质粒pSE-suc2转化进E.coli BL21中,利用镍金属螯合层析方法分析测定其酶学性质。重组菌株的SDS-PAGE结果显示重组蔗糖酶基因(suc 2)有60kDa目的蛋白出现,纯化的SDS-PAGE分析得到均一的蛋白条带;重组蔗糖酶的Km值为47.73mmol/L,最大反应速率为79.59mg还原糖mg-1蛋白min-1,最适温度为42℃,最适pH值为5.5,Zn2 、Cu2 对重组蔗糖酶酶活有较强的抑制作用,Ba2 、Mg2 、Mn2 对重组蔗糖酶酶活稍有激活作用。     

苦荞CCT基因家族生物信息学及表达分析

CCT转录因子在调控植物花期、生长发育及抗非生物胁迫等方面发挥着重要的功能。本研究以拟南芥AtCCT基因家族为参考序列,利用本地BLAST并结合保守结构域等生物信息学工具,筛选出苦荞FtCCT基因家族成员,并对其理化性质、染色体分布、基因结构、系统进化及表达水平进行分析。结果显示:从苦荞中共鉴定出35个FtCCT基因,含1-8个内含子;编码蛋白有117-753个氨基酸残基,等电点为4.96-9.51,均为亲水性蛋白。染色体定位分析表明,这些基因在8条染色体上均有分布。苦荞FtCCT基因家族含有10个保守基序和5个保守结构域,且都含有CCT保守结构域。系统进化分析表明,苦荞的FtCCT基因家族与拟南芥一样可分为3个亚家族,其中CMF亚家族的成员最多。35个FtCCT基因在苦荞根、茎、叶和花中的表达水平具有差异性,在叶和花中具有高表达量的成员较多,只有少数的成员在根和茎中高表达。本研究为进一步解析CCT基因调控苦荞花期及生长发育奠定基础。     

枝状枝孢霉MD2的Unigene A03231的克隆及原核表达分析

为研究真菌紫杉醇合成相关基因的功能,从产紫杉醇真菌枝状枝孢霉MD2中克隆了Unigene A03231的DNA和c DNA全长序列(918 bp).结果表明:该基因不含内含子,其编码产物含305个氨基酸,与短链脱氢酶/还原酶一致性为64%,预测蛋白分子量为33071.5 Da,不存在信号肽,含有2个跨膜结构.Unigene A03231以单拷贝形式存在于基因组,在0~30 h内其表达水平随茉莉酸甲酯诱导表现为先升高后降低.构建了该基因的原核表达菌株,初步优化了其在大肠杆菌BL21中的诱导表达条件为:诱导温度28℃,IPTG浓度0.6 mmol/L,诱导时间8 h.为深入分析该基因的催化功能奠定了基础.     

黑曲霉木聚糖酶基因xynB的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

从黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)克隆木聚糖酶基因xynB,利用重叠延伸PCR法去除其中的内含子.将该基因与质粒pYES2连接,构建真核表达载体,用醋酸锂化转法导人酿酒酵母(Sacharom yces cerevisiae)INVSC1菌株表达.利用α信号肽替换基因原信号肽,以考察信号肽对表达蛋白分泌的影响.结果获得2株重组菌株,分别为xynB连接原信号肽的pYES2-xynB菌株和xynB连接α信号肽的pYES2-xynB-α菌株.木聚糖酶B成功表达,SDS-PAGE检测到约24kDa目的蛋白质条带.木聚糖酶B最适催化温度为50℃,最适催化pH值为5.0,Mn2+对酶活具有强烈的抑制作用.将α信号肽取代原信号肽使酶活达到最高的诱导时间由72h缩短为48h,但是置换信号肽使最高酶活由7.59U降低为3.97U.     

Molecular Cloning and Distribution of a Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase Homolog from the Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

Plasma membrane calcium ATPaso (PMCA) plays a critical role in transporting Ca2 out of the cy- tosol across the plasma membrane which is essential both in keeping intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and in biomineralization.In this paper we cloned and localized a gene encoding PMCA from the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata.This PMCA shares similarity with other published PMCAs within the functional domains.Reverse transcdption-polymerase chain reaction analysis shows that it is expressed ubiquitously.Furthermore,in situ hybridization reveals that it is expressed in the inner epithelial calls of the outer fold and in the outer epithelial calls of the middle fold,as well as the edge near the shell,which suggests that PMCA may be involved in calcified layer formation.The identification and characterization of oyster PMCA can help to further under-stand the structural and functional properties of molluscan PMCA,as well as the mechanism of maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and the mechanism of mineralization in pead oyster.     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体opw(only pollen wall)候选突变基因的克隆

在T-DNA插入突变体Salk_059463株系的群体中,筛选到两株雄性不育突变体,对TDNA序列上的一对引物进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:其基因组中没有T-DNA插入.遗传分析表明这两株雄性不育突变体由同一单个隐性基因控制,引起不育的主要原因是从花药发育的第8期开始,小孢子细胞质内容物逐渐减少直至消失,到花药发育的第12期,药室内的小孢子只剩下一个花粉壁空壳,故该突变体命名为opw(only pollen wall).利用图位克隆的方法对OPW基因进行了定位,结果表明OPW基因位于第二条染色体上分子标记T28M21和T3G21之间的12 kb区间内,该区间内一共有21个基因注释.通过克隆区间内的基因并测序发现opw-1突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第289和第290个碱基之间插入了一个A碱基,而opw-2突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第412和第413个碱基之间插入了一个T碱基,造成的编码序列移码使第424至第426碱基成为终止密码子,故At2g40140是编码OPW的候选基因.     

Localization of calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein and their functions in biomineralization in P. fucata

Calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like protein (CaLP) are two proteins involved in biomineralization. Their localizations in Pinctada fucata mantle epithelia were studied by Western blot (WB) analysis of the nuclear/cytosol fraction of primary cultured Pinctada fucata mantle cells and immunogold electron microscopy. The results showed a completely different distribution of these two proteins at the subcellular level. CaM was distributed throughout both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the mantle epithelium but CaLP was distributed only in the cytoplasm. The functions of these two proteins in biomineralization were investigated by shell regeneration. During this process, the expressions of CaM and CaLP were greatly enhanced in different organelles of the mantle epithelium. Overexpression of these two proteins and a mutant of calmodulin-like protein (M-CaLP) that lacks an extra C-terminal tail in MC3T3-E1 promoted the mRNA expression of osteopontin, a biomineralization marker for osteoblasts. All of the results indicated that CaM and CaLP have completely different distributions in the mantle epithelium and affect the biomineralization process at different levels. The extra C-terminal tail of CaLP is important for its functions in biomineralization in Pinctada fucata.     

马氏珠母贝外套膜组织培养的条件和方法初探

经过反复试验，筛选出适宜于马氏珠母贝外套组织培养的平衡盐溶液（改进的ＭＭＢＳＳ）、基本培养基；确立了防止污染的组织净化方法，并筛选出一种能促进细胞生长的贴壁物质（ＳＭ）。其主要培养方法为：用合抗生素的改进ＭＭＢＳＳ（青霉素２０００Ｕ／ｍｌ，链霉素２５００Ｕ／ｍｌ）洗涤１０次，再用不含抗生素的改进ＭＭＢＳＳ清洗５次，将组织切成３ｍｍ×３ｍｍ的小块，贴于含０．５％ＳＭ的培养瓶底，加入改进的贝培养基，在２０℃，ｐＨ６．８条件下培养。经这种条件和方法培养的马氏珠母贝外套膜组织，４小时细胞开始游离，３天游离出来的细胞铺满瓶底，４天细胞分泌珍珠质．培养７天大量的成纤维细胞出现，细胞培养能持续数十天。     

人类Neuritin cDNA的克隆和表达

从人胎脑cDNA文库筛选出一条1618bp的cDNA。此cDNA含有一个426bp的最大开放阅读框,编码一个142个氨基酸的蛋白质,预测分子质量为15.3ku。与目前数据库中序列比较,该cDNA与鼠neuritin基因同源性达98％。多组织Northern blot分析显示neuritin在脑组织高度表达。neuritin cDNA的读框片段正确插入到pQE40表达载体中,获得了预期的表达产物,并初步得到了其纯化蛋白。