Non-linear stresses in a rubber cylinder sheared by pressure at one end

Normal stresses are set up by shearing a rubber block or tube. They depend strongly on the end conditions, even for relatively long specimens [A.N. Gent, J.B. Suh, S.G. Kelly III, Mechanics of rubber shear springs, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 42 (2007) 241-249; J.B. Suh, A.N. Gent, S.G. Kelly III, Shear of rubber tube springs, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 42 (2007) 1116-1126]. We have now examined a solid rubber cylinder bonded within a rigid cylindrical tube and subjected to pressure at one end. In this case, the correct end conditions for a simple shear deformation are met, at least approximately. Theoretical analysis and finite element calculations show that inwardly directed second-order stresses are set up at the wall, in contrast to the outwardly directed stresses generated by shearing a block or tube. However, for the particular geometry considered, the stresses were rather small in comparison with the applied pressure. Conditions are described under which they would be significantly larger. Stresses in a non-linearly viscous fluid under steady shear flows are expected to be similar, depending strongly on the geometry, end shapes and stress conditions.     

Mechanics of rubber shear springs

FEA calculations have been carried out for a model rubber shear spring, consisting of a block of a highly elastic material, bonded between two rigid parallel plates and sheared by displacing one of the plates parallel to the other in its own plane. The block was prevented from deforming in the perpendicular direction, and thus was deformed in plane strain. Stress distributions along the bond-line and the center-line are reported and compared with those expected from the theory of large elastic deformations. Unexpected tensile stresses were found to develop in the interior of the sheared block. They are attributed to the absence on the end surfaces of the stresses needed to maintain a simple shear, causing a pronounced change in the reference pressure—a consequence that is usually overlooked. Because the internal stresses are governed by the boundary conditions, they were strongly affected by the shape of the end surfaces. In addition, they were reduced markedly by assigning values to Poisson's ratio slightly lower than 0.5, thus allowing some volume expansion of the rubber. Strain energy release rates were also evaluated for growth of a crack along the bond-line, starting at the edges, and compared with those reported previously by Lindley and Teo [Energy for crack growth at the bonds of rubber springs, Plast. Rubber Mat. Appl. 4 (1979) 29-37], Muhr et al. [A fracture mechanics study of natural rubber-to-metal bond failure, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 10 (1996) 593-616], Gregory and Muhr [Stiffness and fracture analysis of bonded rubber blocks in simple shear, in: D. Boast, V.A. Coveny (Eds.), Finite Element Analysis of Elastomers, Professional Engineering Publications, Bury St. Edmunds, UK, 1999, pp. 265-274] and Gough and Muhr [Initiation of failure of rubber close to bondlines, in: Proceedings of the International Rubber Conference, Maastricht, Netherlands, June 2005, IOM Communications Ltd., London, 2005, pp. 165-174]. They confirm that a long crack at the compression edge will grow faster than one at the tension edge, but the results for short cracks were inconclusive.     

Residual-stress determination of concentric layers of cylindrically orthotropic materials

Equations have been obtained for determining residual stresses in the wall of a hollow, axially symmetric body consisting of concentric layers of elastically dissimilar materials, all having cylindrical elastic orthotropy. These equations permit residual normal stresses in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions and residual shear stresses on planes normal to the axis of the body to be calculated from measurements of the strains developed on the inner or outer cylindrical surface of the body as thin layers of stressed material are serially removed from the outer or inner surfaces, respectively. The equations are applied to a parametric study of stresses in an elastically isotropic, two-component body to determine the nature of the differences in stresses between the composite body and a homogeneous body as a function of the difference in elastic constants.     

Stress response of a rubber block with frictional contact under axial loading

Rubber blocks (or springs) are structural components widely used in many applications. Design characteristics of a rubber block under axial loading are an apparent modulus (or compression modulus) and normal and shear stresses on contact surfaces. These are affected by a contact condition of the rubber block in contact with two rigid plates and the shape of the block. The problem of a rubber block bonded to two rigid plates has been solved using various approaches. In contrast, for a rubber block whose one surface is bonded to a rigid plate and the other surface in contact with a frictional surface, there is little work in spite of practical applications. For this contact condition, approximate solutions for rectangular blocks in plane strain and for axi-symmetric discs are derived under the assumption of Coulomb frictional contact. The problem is treated as an extension of the problem of an incompressible rubber block bonded to two rigid plates with one of the plates having a frictional interaction with the rubber block. In the linear range of deformation, finite element analysis and experimental results for rubber blocks with shape factors ranging from 1 to 6 are compared for the validation of analytic results. It is found that friction coefficients play important roles in the design characteristics of the rubber block.     

复合材料面层夹层扁壳非线性精化理论及应用

考虑面层横向剪切变形以及横向剪应力在面层和芯层粘结处连续,应用Hamilton原理建立了正交铺设复合材料面层夹层扁壳新的非线性精化理论。在静力问题情形,控制方程和边界条件化简为用四个基本未知函数表述。作为理论的应用,分析了简支边界条件下正交铺设复合材料面层夹层圆柱壳和夹层球壳的非线性弯曲,得到了其挠度响应和层间应力响应。     

Effects of shear stresses and rotary inertia on the stability and vibration of sandwich cylindrical shells with FGM core surrounded by elastic medium

The vibration and stability of axially loaded sandwich cylindrical shells with the functionally graded (FG) core with and without shear stresses and rotary inertia resting Pasternak foundation are investigated. The dynamic stability is derived based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) including shear stresses. The axial load and dimensionless fundamental frequency for FG sandwich shell with shear stresses and rotary inertia and resting on the Pasternak foundation. Finally, the influences of variations of FG core, elastic foundations, shear stresses and rotary inertia on the fundamental frequencies and critical axial loads are investigated.     

QUASI-PRINCIPAL AXIS METHOD IN FINITE DEFORMATION

ＱＵＡＳＩ－ＰＲＩＮＣＩＰＡＬＡＸＩＳＭＥＴＨＯＤＩＮＦＩＮＩＴＥＤＥＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＺｈｅｎｇＱｉａｎｓｈｕｉ（郑泉水）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ，ＱｉｎｇｈｕａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００...     

Analysis of residual stresses in cylindrically anisotropic materials

Metal-forming operations leave residual stresses in formed parts due to nonuniform deformation occurring during the process. An exact method of determining the longitudinal, radial and circumferential (tangential) residual stresses in axisymmetric specimens was proposed by Mesnager¹ and further developed by Sachs². The boring-out technique can be complemented by a similar procedure in which strains are measured on the inner surface of the tube when material is removed from the outer surface.The work proposed in this paper extends previous analyses of residual stresses to the case where the material exhibits cylindrical elastic anisotropy, i.e., the principal axes of anisotropy correspond to the longitudinal, radial and circum-ferential directions of the tube. In addition, the present analysis considers the case in which a residual-shear stress, developed by twisting the tube about its axis, exists in the tube. When such shearing stresses are present, the principal axes of the residual-stress distribution are not parallel to the principal axes of the tube.     

面向剪切下各向异性三相椭圆夹杂中均匀应力

论证了只要合适选择中间界面层的弹性常数，各向异性线弹性固体在远场均匀反平面剪切应力作用下三相椭圆夹杂内椭圆上仍存在均匀应力场。讨论了内外两椭圆除过其中心相同外无其它任何几何限制条件。所给出的数值算例显示出该结论的正确性。该方法为纤维增强复合材料的设计提供了一条新途径。     

Separation at the interface of non-linearly elastic spinning tube-rigid shaft subjected to circumferential shear

Separation at the interface of homogeneous, isotropic, compressible, hyperelastic, spinning cylindrical tube-rigid shaft subjected to circumferential shear is investigated within the context of the finite elasticity theory. The compressible, hyperelastic spinning tube with a uniform wall thickness is assumed to be tautly fitted to a rigid shaft along its inner curved surface. The outer surface of the tube is subjected to a constant uniformly distributed circumferential shearing stress while the rigid shaft is assumed to spin with an angular speed. The state when a separation occurs at the interface of the shaft and the tube is investigated. The critical values are given for slightly compressible rubbers and nearly incompressible rubbers.     

Microbuckling of a doublewalled carbon nanotube embedded in an elastic matrix

Microbuckling of a doublewalled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) in an elastic (polymer) matrix is studied. The investigations are made within the scope of the piecewise homogeneous body model by utilizing the three-dimensional linearized theory of stability of deformable bodies. Flexural and axisymmetric microbuckling modes are considered. The DWCNT is modeled as concentrically-nested two circular hollow cylinders between which there is free space. It is assumed that on the inner surface of the outer tube (cylinder) and on the outer surface of the inner tube (cylinder) of the DWCNT full slipping conditions occur. At the same time, it is assumed that the difference between the radial displacements of the adjacent surfaces of the tubes resists with the van der Waals forces. On the interface between the matrix and DWCNT complete contact conditions are satisfied. Numerical results on the influence of the problem parameters on the critical deformation are presented and discussed. Also, numerical results related to the cases where the interlayer space is ignored and where full contact between the tubes is assumed are presented and compared with the mentioned results. In particular, it is established that full slipping between the tubes causes the values of the critical deformation to decrease significantly with respect to those obtained in the case where complete contact conditions occur between the tubes. Moreover, it is established that an increase in the values of the van der Waals forces also causes a decrease in the values of the critical compressing strain and the magnitude of this decrease depends on the thicknesses of the tubes of the DWCNT.     

基于双剪统一强度理论的复式钢管混凝土轴压承载力计算

考虑内、外钢管对混凝土的双重约束作用, 分析复式钢管混凝土的轴压应力状态, 采用双剪统一强度理论分析混凝土和钢管各自的极限轴压强度, 得出复式钢管混凝土轴压承载力公式; 通过推导钢管在极限状态的强度折减系数及钢管与混凝土之间的紧箍力值, 计算出的轴压承载力与试验数据进行对比, 吻合较好, 验证了双剪统一强度理论在复式钢管混凝土轴压承载力计算中的适用性; 并给出了内圆钢管的径厚比和直径与轴压承载力提高系数的关系, 为复式钢管混凝土的优化设计提供理论依据.     

内爆炸载荷下梯度泡沫铝夹芯管的动态响应

基于3D-Voronoi技术构建了泡沫铝芯层的三维细观有限元模型,对梯度泡沫铝夹芯管在内爆炸载荷下的动态响应进行了数值模拟。分析讨论了夹芯管结构内外管的壁厚、泡沫芯层的相对密度、芯层梯度分布等参数对夹芯管结构的抗爆性能与吸能性能的影响,并与无芯层的双层圆管进行了对比。结果表明:泡沫材料的相对密度可通过改变泡沫胞元大小和胞元壁厚进行调控,利用两种方式构建的夹芯管计算结果一致;保持内、外圆管总质量不变,增大内管壁厚可以有效减小外管的塑性变形,但会影响泡沫芯层的能量耗散;泡沫芯层的填充可以有效降低内管的塑性变形,正梯度泡沫铝夹芯管的抗爆性能优于均匀泡沫及负梯度泡沫夹芯管。     

Components of wall shear rate in wavy Taylor-Couette flow

The time-resolved axial and azimuthal components of the wall shear rate were measured as function of Reynolds number by a three-segment electrodiffusion probe flush mounted in the inner wall of the outer fixed cylinder. The geometry was characterized by a radius ratio of 0.8 and an aspect ratio of 44. The axial distribution of the wall shear rate components was obtained by sweeping the vortices along the probe using a slow axial flow. The wavelength and phase celerity of azimuthal waves, axial wavelength of vortices and their drifting velocity were calculated from the limiting diffusion currents measured by three simple electrodiffusion probes.     

Numerical and analytical simulation of peristaltic flows of generalized Oldroyd‐B fluids

In this paper, we study the peristaltic flows of generalized Oldroyd‐B fluids through the gap between concentric uniform tubes under the assumption of large wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The inner tube is rigid and the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave travelling down its wall. Homotopy perturbation and variational iteration methods are used for solution of the problem. The obtained solution is then used to discuss various interesting features of peristalsis. The effects of relaxation time, retardation time and radii of the tubes on pressure rise and friction forces (per wavelength on the inner and outer tubes) are discussed with illustrations. It is found that pressure rise diminishes with increase in relaxation time or the ratio of radii of inner and outer tubes. It increases with increasing retardation time. The effects of both time parameters on friction forces have the opposite behavior to that of pressure rise. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controlling the stress–strain inhomogeneities in axially sheared and radially heated hollow rubber tubes via functional grading

Functional grading of rubber-like materials is suggested as a means of controlling their mechanical response within the context of finite thermoelasticity. To illustrate the concept of functional grading, we consider the axial shearing deformation of a radially heated, isotropic, incompressible, hollow rubber tube. The temperature stiffening, the strain stiffening, and the radially varying shear modulus of rubber tubes are modeled here by generalizing the Neo-Hookean and the Gent models. Local energy and momentum balance equations are solved to obtain the temperature and stress–strain fields in the sheared tube. The shear strain becomes highly inhomogeneous with an increase in temperature gradient, whereas functional grading of the tube can perfectly homogenize the strain. This paper indicates the potential of functionally grading rubbers to control their mechanical response in thermally hostile environments.     

Constitutive relations for the shear band evolution in granular matter under large strain

A so-called "split-bottom ring shear cell" leads to wide shear bands under slow, quasi-static deformation. Unlike normal cylindrical Couette shear cells or rheometers, the bottom plate is split such that the outer part of it can move with the outer wail, while the other part (inner disk) is immobile. From discrete element simulations (DEM), several continuum fields like the density, velocity, deformation gradient and stress are computed and evaluated with the goal to formulate objective constitutive relations for the powder flow behavior. From a single simulation, by applying time-and (local) space-averaging, a non-linear yield surface is obtained with peculiar stress dependence.The anisotropy is always smaller than the macroscopic friction coefficient. However, the lower bound of anisotropy increases with the strain rate, approaching the maximum according to a stretched exponential with a specific rate that is consistent with a shear path of about one particle diameter.     

WAVE PROPAGATION IN A SYSTEM OF COAXIAL TUBES FILLED WITH INCOMPRESSIBLE MEDIA: A MODEL OF PULSE TRANSMISSION IN THE INTRACRANIAL ARTERIES

The propagation of harmonic waves through a system formed of coaxial tubes filled with incompressible continua is considered as a model of arterial pulse propagation in the craniospinal cavity. The inner tube represents a blood vessel and is modelled as a thin-walled membrane shell. The outer tube is assumed to be rigid to account for the constraint imposed on the vessels by the skull and the vertebrae. We consider two models: in the first model the annulus between the tubes is filled with fluid; in the second model the annulus is filled with a viscoelastic solid separated from the tubes by thin layers of fluid. In both models, the elastic tube is filled with fluid. The motion of the fluid is described by the linearized form of the Navier–Stokes equations, and the motion of the solid by classical elasticity theory. The results show that the wave speed in the system is lower than that for a fluid-filled elastic tube free of any constraint. This is due to the stresses generated to satisfy the condition that the volume in the system has to be conserved. However, the effect of the constraint weakens as the radius of the outer tube is increased, and it should be insignificant for the typical physiological parameter range.     

Linear stability of viscous incompressible flow in a circular viscoelastic tube

Flow stability in rigid tubes has been the subject of much research [1]. The overwhelming majority of authors of both theoretical and experimental studies now conclude that Poiseuille flow in a circular rigid tube is linearly stable. However, real tubes all possess elastic properties, the influence of which has not been investigated in such detail. For certain selected values of the parameters characterizing an elastic tube it has been shown that with respect to infinitesimal axisymmetric perturbations Poiseuille flow in the tube can be unstable [2]. In this case boundary conditions that did not take into account the fairly large velocity gradient of the undisturbed flow near the tube wall were used. The present paper reports the results of a numerical investigation of the linear stability of Poiseuille flow in a circular elastic tube with respect to three-dimensional perturbations in the form of traveling waves propagated along the system (azimuthal perturbation modes with numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are considered). It is shown that the elastic properties of the tube can have an important influence on the linear stability spectrum. In the case of axisymmetric perturbations it is possible to detect an instability which, at Reynolds numbers of more than 200, exists only for tubes whose modulus of elasticity is substantially less than that of materials in common use. The instability to perturbations of the second azimuthal mode is different in character, inasmuch as at Reynolds numbers greater than unity it occurs in stiffer tubes. Moreover, as the Reynolds number increases it can also occur in tubes of greater stiffness. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 126–134, November–December, 1986.     

HIGH-FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF CORRUGATED CYLINDRICAL PIEZOELECTRIC SHELLS

Coupled extensional and flexural cylindrical vibrations of a corrugated cylindrical piezoelectric shell consisting of multiple pieces of circular cylindrical surfaces smoothly connected along their generatrix are studied. To validate the results for the case of relatively thick shells or equivalently high-frequency modes with short wavelengths, existing analysis is extended by considering shear deformation and rotatory inertia. An analytical solution is obtained. Based on the solution, resonant frequencies and mode shapes are calculated.