基于等效加速度的岩质边坡爆破动力稳定性

基于刚体极限平衡法及等效加速度计算方法,根据爆破振动峰值速度衰减规律和振动速度时程曲 线,以一定时间步长进行整个爆破过程不同时刻边坡稳定系数的分析,得到了相应爆破振动作用下的边坡动 力稳定性安全系数时程曲线。结果表明,基于等效加速度的边坡爆破动力稳定性分析,对稳定性较好的边坡, 爆破振动荷载作用下,稳定性安全系数一般降低2%~4%,振动主频率越高,则边坡稳定性系数越大,而常规 的折减系数法可能放大爆破振动对边坡稳定性的危害。     

下伏隧道层状岩质边坡地震响应特性的大型振动台试验研究

针对下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡,设计并完成比尺1∶10的大型振动台试验。试验选取汶川波、Kobe波和大瑞人工波作为台面输入地震波,研究下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡的加速度和动位移响应变化规律及地震动参数对边坡动力响应特性的影响。研究表明:在地震荷载作用下,下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡的加速度响应随着地震波类型、激振强度、激振方向、岩层相对位置等因素呈现出非线性变化特征;在X向或Z向单向激振下,边坡主要在地震波激振方向上产生动力响应;边坡的竖直加速度放大系数沿坡高呈"U"型变化,最小值出现在软弱夹层与上部弱风化岩层的分界面处,软弱夹层对边坡的竖向加速度响应有较大影响。边坡的动位移响应整体上表现为:对于不同类型地震波,Kobe波双向激振下最大、大瑞波次之、汶川波最小;对于同一种地震波,双向激振时较强、单向激振时较弱。边坡软弱夹层与上部弱风化岩层的分界面在耦合地震作用下易发生剪出破坏,应采取相应的预加固措施。     

框架预应力锚杆边坡支护结构的稳定性分析方法及其 应用

以边坡极限平衡理论及框架预应力锚杆边坡支护结构的圆弧滑动破坏模式为基础,在考虑框架、锚杆对土体边坡稳定性影响的情况下,基于圆弧滑动条分法的思想利用积分法建立了内部稳定性安全系数计算模型和最危险滑移面搜索模型。确定滑移面圆心坐标为几何控制参数,推导了安全系数计算模型中各变量与滑移面圆心坐标之间的函数关系式,从而获得了滑移面几何控制参数与内部稳定性安全系数之间的函数关系。利用网格法对框架预应力锚杆支护结构最危险滑移面的圆心坐标进行动态搜索和求解。最后采用Matlab语言编制了框架预应力锚杆边坡支护结构的稳定性分析程序,并结合工程实例进行了验算,讨论了此种方法的适用条件,结果表明该方法简明适用,较传统的经验分析方法更加合理。     

建筑结构爆破地震反应弹塑性精细时程分析

针对爆破地震作用下建筑结构的安全评估问题,提出利用时程分析方法全面评估爆破地震波的安全度;建立了基于精细积分算法的结构弹塑性动力分析架构模式,编制了建筑结构爆破地震反应弹塑性精细时程分析程序;通过算例验证了该算法的准确性与高效性,弹性时程分析与不同恢复力模型弹塑性时程分析的结果曲线具有类似特征和数值差异;建议选择合理的恢复力模型,使用弹塑性时程分析方法模拟爆破地震作用下结构的动力响应,全面评估爆破地震波的安全性。     

基于矢量和法的华丽金安金沙江大桥左岸桥址边坡稳定性研究

针对边坡的稳定性问题,采用矢量和法进行了系统的分析。考虑到左岸桥址边坡的具体工程地质条件对桥址边坡稳定性的不利影响因素,抗剪强度参数按照下限值、平均值、上限值三种情形,计算了自然工况、地震工况、桥基荷载工况、桥基荷载和地震荷载共同作用工况四种条件下桥位所在典型边坡剖面的稳定性安全系数。分析结果表明:桥基荷载作用后,边坡潜在最危险滑动面的剪入位置由前缘卸荷带移至中后缘桥基位置附近;自然工况和地震工况的安全系数值明显降低,最小安全系数值为1.619,仍大于该工程边坡稳定性要求的不小于1.30的规定。综上,该工程边坡安全稳定,实施过程中需关注施工造成的浅表安全问题。     

土–结构动力相互作用分析中基于人工边界子结构的地震波动输入方法

数值模拟是解决土–结构动力相互作用问题的重要手段,而合理地实现地震波动输入直接影响地震作用下土–结构动力相互作用问题数值模拟的精度.波动法是目前常用的地震动输入方法之一,该方法将输入地震动转化为人工边界上的等效载荷,相较于其他地震动输入方法,波动法模拟精度高,但实施上相对复杂.从有限元模型入手,推导了采用波动法确定等效输入地震载荷的另一种形式,以此为基础,提出了一种在人工边界上实现地震动输入的新方法.新方法通过对土–结构有限元模型中由包含人工边界节点的单元组成的子结构施加自由场位移时程并进行动力分析,直接获得可实现地震波动有效输入的等效载荷,然后将等效输入地震载荷施加在土–结构模型的人工边界节点上,从而完成土–结构动力相互作用问题分析中地震动输入和地震反应计算.与原有波动法相比,新方法避免了需分别计算人工边界上自由场应力和由引入人工边界条件带来的附加力,以及需要根据不同人工边界面确定载荷的作用方向等较为复杂的处理过程,具有等效地震载荷计算简便、地震动输入过程更易于实施的特点.采用竖直入射和斜入射地震波动作用下的弹性半空间和成层半空间地震反应算例验证了新方法的有效性.     

强震作用下土质高边坡的可靠度分析

强震作用下的高边坡失稳可造成严重的人员及经济损失.但由于地震活动的不确定性、边坡力学性质的不确定性、以及计算模型误差等因素的存在,强震作用下高边坡的稳定性很难准确预测.本论文将对强震作用下土质高边坡稳定性评价中的各类不确定性因素进行分析,将不确定性因素模拟成随机变量.采用动力有限元时程分析结合极限平衡法计算不同强震作用下边坡的安全系数,利用可靠度理论研究强震作用下土质高边坡的失效概率,为强震作用下高边坡的安全系数取值提供依据.在相同地震条件下,对不确定性因素土质力学参数c、φ值变异系数进行组合,研究表明φ是强震作用下影响边坡可靠度分析的关键不确定性因素.     

爆破振动作用下顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

基于对顺层岩质边坡的受力分析,在极限平衡理论的基础上,应用Mohr-Column准则,按照Bishop关于边坡稳定性安全系数的定义,推导出在爆破振动作用下顺层岩质边坡稳定性安全系数的计算方法。通过算例分析,证实了计算方法的可行性,说明了爆破振动拟静力系数同顺层边坡安全系数的关系。研究结果表明,垂直向下、水平指向坡外的爆破振动荷载以及两者的联合爆破荷载对边坡稳定性安全系数的影响最大;爆破荷载拟静力系数从0起每增加0.05,爆破振动水平指向坡外和垂直向下时,层裂长度为12.76 m的顺层边坡安全系数分别减少7.801%～10.665%、1.366%～1.978%,无层裂的顺层边坡安全系数分别减少7.61%～10.546%、1.473%～2.289%。同时,爆破振动产生的层裂长度、边坡长度以及联合爆破荷载的方向对边坡稳定性也有影响。     

水下岩质边坡在波浪作用下的稳定性分析

运用ANSYS程序对水下的岩质边坡进行数值模拟分析,采用不同的材料强度来模拟岩石和软弱结构面。应用强度折减方法对边坡的强度参数进行折减,直至边坡出现破坏,分析边坡在达到破坏时内部的应力应变情况和位移变形情况。对于波浪力,本文采用简化的波压力方程模拟低频的水波对边坡的波压力影响,并用多个模型比较计算的方法得出最佳的模型尺寸和水下荷载的计算模式。     

一种基于稳定性评价的岩质边坡坡体结构分类方法

对目前岩质边坡勘测研究中所使用的结构术语及概念进行了梳理和厘定,提出了基于边坡稳定性评价的坡体结构的概念; 结合我国近年来水电工程岩质边坡勘测实践,以边坡主控结构面和潜在变形失稳模式为核心,总结提出了坡体结构类型划分体系,即将岩质边坡划分为层状坡体结构、中陡裂隙(面)控制坡体结构、楔形坡体结构和均质坡体结构四个大类九个亚类。该坡体结构概念及其分类体系对于复杂岩质边坡稳定性的定性评价、计算方法选择、边界条件确定以及稳定控制方案的制定具有指导意义。     

有限元强度折减系数法在北门沟坡滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

利用有限元强度折减系数法求得的滑坡安全稳定性系数进行北门沟滑坡稳定性评价。通过强度折减,当滑坡达到不稳定状态时,有限元计算不再收敛,此时的折减系数就是滑坡的安全稳定性系数。经计算,可以得到滑坡体破坏形式和破坏扩张趋势,有助于对滑体破坏机制的理解。计算表明,有限元强度折减法与传统刚体极限平衡法计算的稳定性系数很接近,这为滑坡稳定性评价提供了另一条途径。     

强度折减有限元在堤防稳定分析中的应用研究

采用强度折减有限元法,研究非均值堤防塑性区的开展特征和失稳破坏过程,并根据堤防应力场分布和临界滑动面的形成来分析堤岸整体失稳破坏的机理。结果表明:把强度折减有限元应用到非均质土层的堤防边坡稳定分析,在理论上、数值模拟实现上都是可行的; 有限元静力平衡和位移计算不收敛作为堤防边坡整体失稳的标志,同时考察滑移面上某些特征点的位移与荷载增量的关系、参考土体内坡脚向坡顶上方贯通的塑性滑动带的形成,可以准确判别堤防边坡失稳破坏状态; 此外,堤防失稳时的应力场分布特征表明,有必要应用张拉-剪切复合屈服准则,以真实反映堤防边坡的临界滑动面形成机理。     

Failure criterion for reinforced concrete beams and plates subjected to membrane force,bending and shear

In this paper, a failure criterion for reinforced concrete plates is derived through the kinematic method in the framework of the limit analysis theory. This criterion is expressed in terms of the stress resultant variables: membrane force, shear force and bending moment at once. The aim of the authors is to be able to predict the failure of reinforced concrete plate structures in statics or in slow dynamics using directly the internal forces (membrane and shear forces and moment) resulting from a finite-element computation.In a first step, a beam criterion is derived. The closed form expression of the criterion shows that it is made up of two parts, one independent of the moment (i.e. depending only on the normal force and the shear force) and one depending on the normal force, the shear force and the bending moment. This structure of the criterion allows to determine two failure modes: shear failure and bending failure.Then in a second step, the beam criterion is extended to the case of reinforced concrete plates. The obtained criterion is partly numerical and partly a close form expression. It gives an upper bound of the load, and when this limit load is reached, the criterion is able to supply, on one hand, the failure mode (as seen in the beam case) and, on the other hand, the angles of the failure plane in the reinforced concrete plate section.Thirdly, the criterion is implemented in the finite element software Europlexus and validated with respect to punching experimental tests. We show that the criterion must be used with an effectiveness factor applied on the concrete compressive strength.     

高边坡结构可靠度的二次处理有限元分析

本文依据强度折减理论,利用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件,分析计算了高边坡结构的安全系数K,找到边坡滑裂带的位置。在此基础上,对有限元输入数据和输出结果进行二次处理,建立基本随机变量c,f与滑裂带中单元的最大(和最小)主应力σ1(和σ3)的拟合关系f1(和f3),将其代入高边坡结构的功能函数Z中,使Z由隐式形式变为显式。基于该显式表示的Z,利用Monte Carlo法计算滑裂带中所有失效单元的可靠指标β1,并将其单元面积A1作为权重系数,经过加权平均得到边坡结构的整体可靠指标β。上述方法使得结合有限元软件计算边坡结构的整体可靠度得以简化。经实例分析可知,本文提出的方法是合理可行的,可使边坡结构整体可靠性分析得以简化,也可为高边坡结构整体可靠性分析提供理论参考。     

Seismic passive pressures of earth structures by nonlinear optimization

Conventional seismic passive pressures of earth structures are based on a linear failure criterion in earthquake zones. However, experimental evidence shows that the strength envelopes are nonlinear over a wide range of normal stresses. In this paper, the analytical expressions of seismic passive pressures acting on inclined rigid walls are derived with nonlinear failure criterion. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient is adopted for seismic estimations. Instead of using the nonlinear criterion, a linear failure criterion, which is tangential to the nonlinear criterion, is used to formulate the seismic passive pressure problems as nonlinear programming problems. Analytical results are presented and compared with the previously published solutions using numerical technique. The influences of the parameters in the nonlinear failure criterion on seismic pressures and failure mechanisms are discussed.     

Sufficient conditions for existence of physically significant solutions in limiting equilibrium slope stability analysis

Engineering assessment of slope stability is usually performed using limiting equilibrium analysis. This framework includes a process of minimization which identifies the critical slip surface and its associated minimal safety factor. The approach makes sense only if a minimum safety factor exists, i.e. if there is a slip surface for which the safety factor is smaller than safety factors associated with all other slip surfaces. The present work establishes conditions which guarantee that slope stability problems have a physically significant minimum. The question of existence of a minimum is relevant to all slope stability formulations which satisfy equilibrium conditions without a priori assumptions with respect to the shape of potential slip surfaces. The main purpose of the present work is to “legitimatize” the approximate, but practically useful, limiting equilibrium technique by placing it on secure foundations.The present work shows that the restrictions required in order to ensure the existence of a minimum include three, well motivated, physical elements: (a) Two integral inequality constraints restricting legitimate forms of slip surfaces, and normal stress functions acting on them. These constraints represent the obvious observation that under usual conditions slopes fail by moving down and away from the main body of the slope. (b) The strength model (Mohr envelope), should imply a finite tensile strength. (c) A “cracking criterion” which specifies the consequences (crack formation) occurring when the soil’s tensile strength is fully mobilized.     

隧道洞口段非均质及各向异性土质裂缝仰坡稳定性上限解

针对忽略岩土体非均质和各向异性将导致边坡稳定性评价产生误差的问题,应用极限分析上限理论及抗剪强度系数折减法,推导土体强度非均质和各向异性影响下隧道洞口含裂缝仰坡稳定性解析式,探究土体强度非均质和各向异性对仰坡稳定性系数、坡顶裂缝位置、隧道拱顶失稳范围及仰坡安全系数的影响。结果表明,裂缝深度及坡角越大,仰坡稳定性系数越小;非均质系数越大和各向异性系数越小,维持仰坡稳定的临界坡高越大;非均质系数及各向异性系数越大,裂缝距坡顶边缘越远,隧道拱顶失稳范围越大;非均质系数增大有利于仰坡稳定,而各向异性系数越大仰坡越易失稳。     

基于有限差分强度折减法的多级边坡破坏模式研究

总结了当前多级边坡的稳定性分析方法,引入FLAC^3D程序和强度折减理论,并运用有限差分强度折减法研究了多级边坡随台阶宽度变化的破坏模式、变形及其稳定性。分析结果表明:多级边坡的滑移面的位置、形状和破坏模式随着台阶的宽度不同而不同,且其变形也随着台阶的宽度不同表现出不同的特性。最终通过对多级边坡进行稳定性分析,发现安全系数和滑移面广义剪应变大小也随台阶宽度的变化也表现出一定的规律性。     

Slope stability analysis using fracture mechanics approach

The analysis of slope failure is complicated due to its mechanism as well as the geological history of the slope. In classical slope stability analysis, the slope failure is assessed using the basic continuum mechanics or the limit equilibrium approach. This analysis, however, must be slightly modified when tension cracks exist at the upper edge of the slope. From post-mortem analyses of slope failures in the past, it was found that tension cracks had some considerable importance affecting the failure mechanism of the slope.Some attempts had also been directed in the past towards simple vertical cut slopes with tension cracks. Terzaghi [40]. Using an elasto-plastic model and a few analytical assumptions, Terzaghi [40] obtained an expression for a critical height of a vertical cut slope. However, since the stress distribution is changing during crack propagation, the failure mechanism cannot in principle conjecture from a static (undisturbed) stress field alone. In this report, a unified numerical approach combining Finite Element Method (FEM), fracture mechanics and remeshing technique is used to model the failure analysis of vertical cut slopes with tension cracks. Using this approach, the crack can be extended incrementally under a certain energy based failure criterion (Strain Energy Density criterion - SED) while taking into account the existing stress singularity field in the vicinity of the crack-tip.The use of fracture mechanics in soils, however, poses some difficulties in obtaining its relevant parameters due to the granular structure of soil. Because of its granular structure, the shear strength of soil depends on cohesion and the applied confining pressure making the determination of fracture parameters in soil difficult. These relevant parameters are not yet available in literature and hence, certain assumptions and interpolations had to be made in obtaining these parameters. Future research direction in this area is badly needed. Using a certain set of soil properties and crack geometry, a series of curves relating parameters S (Strain Energy Density Factor) and a non-dimensional variable N ( = H/C - slope height vs. crack distance from edge ratio) for vertical cut slopes can be constructed through numerous parametric studies. These curves can serve as a quick guide to obtain the critical height for a given vertical cut slope geometry with tension cracks.     

Evaluating rock mass failure in the vicinity of slot cuts

A comparative analysis of the failure of rock with surfaces of weakness in the vicinity of elongated clot cuts of rectangular cross section was performed using the boundary integral equation method and the Mohr-Kuznetsov strength criterion. The rock failure coefficient was used as the criterion of breaking. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 129–133, January–February, 2008.