飞秒激光中高能质子的产生与加速的研究

为了探索飞秒激光与固体靶相互作用中高能质子的产生和加速机制,在超短超强激光装置“SILEX-I”上进行了飞秒激光与平面固体薄膜Cu靶的相互作用中高能质子空间分布、能谱和产额的实验研究。实验采用固体核径迹探测器CR39和Thomson离子谱仪相结合的方式,在固体靶背表面法线方向测量了质子空间分布、能谱和产额。实验结果表明：质子沿着靶背法线方向发射,质子空间分布呈圆环状,存在一定的立体角;质子在一定能量处出现截断;截断能量的大小与靶厚度有关。经分析,高能离子的产生和加速是多种作用机制共同作用的结果,其中静电场中的TNSA加速机制则占主导地位。     

飞秒激光中高能质子的产生与加速的研究

为了探索飞秒激光与固体靶相互作用中高能质子的产生和加速机制,在超短超强激光装置“SILEX-I”上进行了飞秒激光与平面固体薄膜Cu靶的相互作用中高能质子空间分布、能谱和产额的实验研究。实验采用固体核径迹探测器CR39和Thomson离子谱仪相结合的方式,在固体靶背表面法线方向测量了质子空间分布、能谱和产额。实验结果表明：质子沿着靶背法线方向发射,质子空间分布呈圆环状,存在一定的立体角;质子在一定能量处出现截断;截断能量的大小与靶厚度有关。经分析,高能离子的产生和加速是多种作用机制共同作用的结果,其中静电场中的TNSA加速机制则占主导地位。     

通道靶对超强激光加速质子束的聚焦效应

发散角过大是制约超强激光与固体靶相互作用加速产生高能质子束应用的一个重大物理难题.本文提出了一种结构化的通道靶型,与超强激光相互作用可提高质子束的发散特性,通道壁上产生的横向电荷分离静电场可对质子有效聚焦.采用二维particle-in-cell粒子模拟程序对激光通道靶相互作用过程进行了研究,分析了加速质子束的性能特点.模拟结果表明,与传统平面靶相比,通道靶可以在不过多损失能量的情况下产生具有更好准直性的质子束,尤其当通道靶的直径与激光焦斑尺寸和质子源尺寸相当时,横向静电场能够有效聚焦质子束,并且可保证相对较高的激光能量利用率.     

利用汤姆逊离子谱仪测量超短超强激光质子能谱

本文给出了利用汤姆逊(Thomson)离子谱仪测量超短超强激光与等离子体相互作用中产生的高能质子能谱的一种方法.该方法是利用Thomson离子谱仪(平均磁场强度为0.167 T,电场加高压为3000 V,电场强度约为0.429 MV/m)和固体核径迹探测器CR39相结合,在固体靶背表面测量了激光的高能质子能谱.结果显示:质子沿着靶背法线方向发射,质子在一定能量处出现截止,截止能量与靶厚度和靶材料密切相关.分析认为,靶法线鞘层加速(TNSA)机制是质子能谱分布及能量截止的主要原因.     

第四讲 超强激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用中高能离子的产生

近几年来，由于高功率激光技术的不断发展，利用超强激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用产生高能离子束的研究得到了极大推动．实验和理论模拟均发现，在超强激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用过程中，可以产生高亮度、小尺寸、方向性好的高能质子束和高能重离子束．这种基于超强激光的高能离子源在先进离子束成像技术、惯性约束聚变混合“快点火”、新型台面离子加速器以及医疗等方面都有很诱人的应用前景．文章主要介绍了超强激光与固体靶相互作用中高能离子束（尤其是质子束）的加速机制、高能离子束特性、常用测量方法及其潜在应用，并对最新的研究进展进行了简单介绍．     

激光与固体靶相互作用中低密度预等离子体对高能电子产生的影响

 对线极化、圆极化的超短超强激光脉冲与靶前有一段低密度预等离子体的固体靶的相互作用进行了理论和粒子模拟研究。激光通过有质动力加速机制加速预等离子体中的电子，研究了电子获得的最大能量随激光强度和预等离子体密度的变化。当激光脉冲与靶直接作用时，靶中的电子由于J×B机制而得到加速，所获得的能量比预等离子体中电子低。研究表明，在超短超强激光脉冲与固体靶相互作用中，预等离子体的存在有利于高能电子的产生。     

短脉冲强激光打靶产生的质子角分布实验研究

 采用短脉冲强激光辐照固体双层薄靶的方式对质子束的产生及质子束角分布开展了实验研究。在SILEX-Ⅰ短脉冲激光装置上利用脉宽为30 fs的强激光辐照背面镀有CH膜的金膜靶,在距离靶背3.3 cm处采用CR39记录靶背出射的质子角分布。通过分析靶背出射质子的角分布,研究了激光功率密度和对比度对质子加速机制的影响。研究结果表明:占主导地位的质子产生和加速机制对激光预脉冲比较敏感。激光预脉冲较弱时,靶背壳电场加速机制占主导地位;当激光预脉冲较强时,靶前加速机制占主导地位。此外,还对导致质子环形分布的磁场大小进行了估算。     

激光等离子体相互作用中的两级质子加速（英文）北大核心CSCD

研究了激光辐射压驱动的两级质子加速的相关问题。当超短超强激光脉冲与处在背景等离子体前方的薄固体平靶相互作用时,在固体靶后部形成一个电子层-离子层组成的双层结构。在激光的不断推进下,双层结构在背景等离子体里以一定速度传播,可以看成运动在背景等离子体中的电场。这样,在背景等离子体中的质子被这个运动电场捕获并能加速到很高的能量。通过二维PIC模拟方法和理论分析研究了质子加速的相关问题。研究结果表明,被加速质子的最大能量达到20GeV。     

飞秒激光与薄膜Cu靶作用时质子能谱实验

采用飞秒激光辐照固体薄膜Cu靶的方式对质子束的产生及质子束能谱开展了实验研究。在SILEX-Ⅰ飞秒激光装置上,保持脉宽为30 fs不变,测量了不同激光能量和功率密度下辐照7 m Cu靶时的质子能谱。研究结果表明:质子沿着靶背法线方向发射,质子在一定能量处出现截断;随着质子束能量的增加,质子束流减小;轰击厚为7 m的Cu靶时,激光能量越大则质子束流越强;随着激光功率密度的增加,质子截止能也随之增加。     

激光等离子体相互作用中的两级质子加速（英文）

研究了激光辐射压驱动的两级质子加速的相关问题。当超短超强激光脉冲与处在背景等离子体前方的薄固体平靶相互作用时,在固体靶后部形成一个电子层-离子层组成的双层结构。在激光的不断推进下,双层结构在背景等离子体里以一定速度传播,可以看成运动在背景等离子体中的电场。这样,在背景等离子体中的质子被这个运动电场捕获并能加速到很高的能量。通过二维PIC模拟方法和理论分析研究了质子加速的相关问题。研究结果表明,被加速质子的最大能量达到20GeV。     

High transverse momentum proton emission in Ar + Ta collisions at 94 MeV/u

Energy spectra of fast protons arising from Ar + Ta collisions at 94 MeV/u have been measured at large angles. These data are analysed in the framework of a one-body transport theory simulated by the BNV code. The low cross section measured for very energetic protons rules out a possible mechanism of kaon production via incoherent nucleon collisions at such low beam energies.     

Strong enhancement of extremely energetic proton production in central heavy ion collisions at intermediate energy

The energetic proton emission has been investigated as a function of the reaction centrality for the system (58)Ni + (58)Ni at 30A MeV. Extremely energetic protons (E(NN)(p) > or = 130 MeV) were measured and their multiplicity is found to increase almost quadratically with the number of participant nucleons, thus indicating the onset of a mechanism beyond one- and two-body dynamics.     

Large-angle proton emission in the 9Be(p, 2p) reaction at 300 MeV

A ⁹Be(p, 2p) coincidence experiment performed to further elucidate the reaction mechanism for the production of energetic wide-angle protons in intermediate-energy proton-induced reac- tions is reported. Detectors in a coplanar geometry were used to measure coincidences between trigger protons at 90° to the beam and forward-angle protons on the opposite side of the beam. The incident proton energy was 300 MeV. We report both the inclusive spectra for the trigger protons and the differential mean multiplicities for the coincidence events.The outgoing proton energies were measured using NaI detectors. Trigger protons were grouped into 10 MeV bins covering the kinetic energy range from 55 to 155 MeV. The forward protons were measured over a kinetic energy range of 65–280 MeV and an angular range of 14–60° with respect to the beam.The present results are compared with two previous experiments which covered a more restrictive kinematical range. Calculations are performed with both phase-space and direct knockout models, and compared with experiment. Observation of angle and energy correlation effects suggested by knockout models indicate that such direct mechanisms provide a significant contribution to energetic wide-angle inclusive proton spectra.     

Pion production of heavily ionizing particles from aluminum

Total cross sections for producing alpha particles in an energy range from 0.6 to 5 MeV and protons with equivalent energy losses have been measured for π meson beams incident on aluminum from 60 through 400 MeV. A simple in-beam measurement was accomplished by use of CR-39 track detector material. The large cross sections found indicate directly that an important means for energetic π mesons to induce damage in silicon semiconductor elements is by production of alpha particles, their subsequent energy loss in the material, and recoils of daughter nuclei.     

Pion production in mass- symmetric heavy ion collisions at 0.8–1.8 AGeV

Double differential cross sections of positively charged pions and protons have been measured in nuclear collisions of mass-symmetric systems (Ne+NaF, Ni+Ni, Au+Au, Bi+Pb) at incident energies between 0.8 and 1.8 AGeV as a function of the centrality of the reaction. Using a magnetic spectrometer pions and protons were detected with laboratory angles between 40 and 48 degrees, and with momenta up to about 1400 MeV/c. This setting allows for the study of pions and protons emitted close to midrapidity. The center-of-mass pion spectra deviate from a Boltzmann distribution. The inverse slope parameters of the high-energetic pions are smaller than those of the proton spectra and they exhibit a weaker centrality dependence. A scenario is presented where the shape of the pion spectra reflects the decay kinematics of nucleonic resonances embedded in the thermal and the collective motion of the nucleons in the reaction zone. The number of emitted pions per participating nucleon is higher for light than for heavy mass systems. For a given mass system, the total pion multiplicity increases linearly with the number of participating nucleons, whereas the multiplicity of high-energy pions increases more than linearly. This result is consistent with a scenario where the high-energy pions are produced in multiple energetic baryon-baryon collisions occurring in the high-density phase of the collision.     

Coincidence spectroscopy of pion-nucleaus interactions in 60Ni

The preevaporation phase of the interaction of 70 MeV pions with ⁶⁰Ni has been studied by measuring multinucleon removal spectra via prompt γ-ray spectra in coincidence with energetic charged particles. The data provide a direct estimate of the reaction cross section due to inelastic scattering and of the multiplicity of energetic protons emitter by the excited nucleus.     

Pion absorption reactions on N, Ar and Xe

The absorption of π⁺ on Ar was studied at pion energies of 70, 118, 162, 239 and 330MeV, and on N and Xe at 239MeV. Twenty-six absorption reaction channels with at least two energetic charged particles in the final state have been evaluated. Partial cross-sections have been determined according to the number of protons, neutrons and deuterons in the final state. Received: 16 October 2000 / Accepted: 1 December 2000     

Energetic ion generation by Coulomb explosion in cluster gas and a low-density plastic foam with an intense femtosecond laser

The energy distributions of protons emitted from the Coulomb explosion of hydrogen clusters by an intense femtosecond laser have been experimentally obtained. Ten thousand hydrogen clusters were exploded, emitting 8.1-keV protons under laser irradiation of intensity 6 × 10¹⁶W/cm². The energy distributions are interpreted well by a spherical uniform cluster analytical model. The maximum energy of the emitted protons can be characterized by cluster size and laser intensity. The laser intensity scale for the maximum proton energy, given by a spherical cluster Coulomb explosion model, is in fairly good agreement with the experimental results obtained at a laser intensity of 10¹⁶–10¹⁷ W/cm² and also when extrapolated with the results of three-dimensional particle simulations at 10²⁰–10²¹ W/cm². Energetic proton generation in low-density plastic (C₅H₁₀) foam by intense femtosecond laser pulse irradiation has been studied experimentally and numerically. Plastic foam was successfully produced by a sol-gel method, achieving an average density of 10 mg/cm³. The foam target was irradiated by 100-fs pulses of a laser with intensity 1 × 10¹⁸ W/cm². A plateau structure extending up to 200 keV was observed in the energy distribution of protons generated from the foam target, with the plateau shape explained well by Coulomb explosion of lamella in the foam. The laser-foam interaction and ion generation were studied qualitatively by two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, which indicated that energetic protons are mainly generated by the Coulomb explosion. From the results, the efficiency of energetic ion generation in a low-density foam target by Coulomb explosion is expected to be higher than in a gas-cluster target.     

Proton and Gamma Ray Induced Gain Degradation in Bipolar Transistor

This paper describes the results of the effect of 24 MeV proton and ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation on the collector characteristics and forward current gain of commercial bipolar transistor (npn 2N2219A). The transistor has been exposed to these radiations in the biased condition and the collector characteristics and forward current gain have been measured as a function of proton fluence and γ-dose. The observation is that both the proton and γ-irradiation induce significant gain degradation in the transistor. The results are discussed in terms of displacement damage produced by energetic protons and γ-radiation in the bulk of the semiconductor.     

The disintegration of nuclei in violent heavy ion interactions at 55A MeV-110A MeV

High multiplicity¹²C induced reactions in Ag(Br) at energies between 55A MeV and 110A MeV have been selected and investigated event by event in nuclear emulsions. Only a fraction of these events can possibly be described in terms of a normal thermal spectator-participant mechanism. Several events exhibit a violent breakup into several light and medium-mass fragments. A strong suppression of projectile associated proton- and composite particle emission in the forward direction is found in comparison with inclusive spectra. A large part of the low energy protons originates from a very slow source, with a velocity comparable to that of the heaviest fragment. The parallel fraction of the c.m. energy in each event, which is governed by the more energetic protons, has a broad distribution with a mean value of 0.61 and thus shows no signals of collective production mechanisms.