Pulse propagation of acoustic waves scattered in a three-dimensional channel

Abstract

In a previous paper (Whitman et al 1999 Waves Random Media 9 1–11) we discussed the scattering of acoustic waves by random sound-speed fluctuations in a two-dimensional channel and presented an asymptotic form for an acoustic pulse propagating in the channel. Here we include the three-dimensional effect of transverse scattering. We find an asymptotic solution in which initially the two-dimensional mode-transfer effect is more important than the transverse scattering effect. However, for large enough propagation distances the transverse scattering effect dominates the pulse spread. In this paper we shall show the form of the pulse shape in both propagation ranges as well as in the transition regime. We shall begin with a discussion of the physics of the problem and then present a mathematical discussion.     

Propagation of acoustic waves scattered in a lossy three-dimensional channel

Abstract

In previous papers we discussed the scattering of acoustic waves by random sound-speed fluctuations in lossless two- and three-dimensional channels. Here we include the effect of bottom loss in a three-dimensional channel. The bottom loss is included by replacing the rigid bottom condition by one allowing for loss. We find an asymptotic solution for the angular distribution of the scattered acoustic energy and the characteristic propagation distance at which the asymptotic solution is valid. Beyond this characteristic distance the angular distribution saturates and is no longer dependent on the propagation distance. Before the mathematical development is given a simple physical argument is presented which shows why a saturation region is expected.     

Fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a rough ocean surface

Three types of statistical fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a randomly rough ocean surface are derived and numerically evaluated. The first one is related to the scintillation index which characterizes intensity fluctuations. The second one is the two-position intensity correlation function which describes the spatial correlation of wave intensity. The third is the fourth-moment two-position coherence function which carries information on the phase fluctuations of the scattered wave. In the range of weak scattering, the ratio of the absolute value of the fourth-moment two-position coherence function over the two-position intensity correlation exactly describes the mean-square fluctuation of the relative phase between the two positions. The acoustic frequency is high so that the Kirchhoff approximation can be used. Two types of spectral functions for surface-height fluctuations are considered: a Gaussian spectrum and the Donelan-Pierson spectrum. The latter is obtained from a model for the fluctuations of the ocean surface height which are controlled by the wind speed at the ocean surface.     

Fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a rough ocean surface

Abstract

Three types of statistical fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a randomly rough ocean surface are derived and numerically evaluated. The first one is related to the scintillation index which characterizes intensity fluctuations. The second one is the two-position intensity correlation function which describes the spatial correlation of wave intensity. The third is the fourth-moment two-position coherence function which carries information on the phase fluctuations of the scattered wave. In the range of weak scattering, the ratio of the absolute value of the fourth-moment two-position coherence function over the two-position intensity correlation exactly describes the mean-square fluctuation of the relative phase between the two positions. The acoustic frequency is high so that the Kirchhoff approximation can be used. Two types of spectral functions for surface-height fluctuations are considered: a Gaussian spectrum and the Donelan-Pierson spectrum. The latter is obtained from a model for the fluctuations of the ocean surface height which are controlled by the wind speed at the ocean surface.     

Observations of acoustic surface waves in outdoor sound propagation

Acoustic surface waves have been detected propagating outdoors under natural conditions. Two critical experimental conditions were employed to ensure the conclusive detection of these waves. First, acoustic pulses rather than a continuous wave source allowed an examination of the waveform shape and avoided the masking of wave arrivals. Second, a snow cover provided favorable ground impedance conditions for surface waves to exist. The acoustic pulses were generated by blank pistol shots fired 1 m above the snow. The resultant waveforms were measured using a vertical array of six microphones located 60 m away from the source at heights between 0.1 and 4.75 m. A strong, low frequency "tail" following the initial arrival was recorded near the snow surface. This tail, and its exponential decay with height (z) above the surface (approximately e(-alpha z)), are diagnostic features of surface waves. The measured attenuation coefficient alpha was 0.28 m(-1). The identification of the surface wave is confirmed by comparing the measured waveforms with waveforms predicted by the theoretical evaluation of the explicit surface wave pole term using residue theory.     

Nonlinear propagation and control of acoustic waves in phononic superlattices

The propagation of intense acoustic waves in a one-dimensional phononic crystal is studied. The medium consists in a structured fluid, formed by a periodic array of fluid layers with alternating linear acoustic properties and quadratic nonlinearity coefficient. The spacing between layers is of the order of the wavelength, therefore Bragg effects such as band gaps appear. We show that the interplay between strong dispersion and nonlinearity leads to new scenarios of wave propagation. The classical waveform distortion process typical of intense acoustic waves in homogeneous media can be strongly altered when nonlinearly generated harmonics lie inside or close to band gaps. This allows the possibility of engineer a medium in order to get a particular waveform. Examples of this include the design of media with effective (e.g., cubic) nonlinearities, or extremely linear media (where distortion can be canceled). The presented ideas open a way towards the control of acoustic wave propagation in nonlinear regime.     

Investigation of acoustic waves propagation and flow in nanodispersed medium

Propagation of acoustic waves in nanodisperse powders and powder flow under the influence of acoustic vibrations have been investigated in the horizontal tube with the use of visualization and hot-wire anemometer methods.     

The nonlinear propagation of acoustic waves in a viscoelastic medium containing cylindrical micropores

Based on an equivalent medium approach, this paper presents a model describing the nonlinear propagation of acoustic waves in a viscoelastic medium containing cylindrical micropores. The influences of pores' nonlinear oscillations on sound attenuation, sound dispersion and an equivalent acoustic nonlinearity parameter are discussed. The calculated results show that the attenuation increases with an increasing volume fraction of micropores. The peak of sound velocity and attenuation occurs at the resonant frequency of the micropores while the peak of the equivalent acoustic nonlinearity parameter occurs at the half of the resonant frequency of the micropores. Furthermore, multiple scattering has been taken into account, which leads to a modification to the effective wave number in the equivalent medium approach. We find that these linear and nonlinear acoustic parameters need to be corrected when the volume fraction of micropores is larger than 0.1%.     

Anisotropic propagation of surface acoustic waves on nitride layers

The anisotropic propagation of surface acoustic modes in GaN and AlN induced by the c-sapphire substrate is presented. In the GaN case, the slow acoustic propagation velocity of GaN compared with sapphire leads to guided modes in the overlayer, which propagate at higher velocities but are more attenuated than the Rayleigh mode. Above the transonic state, pseudo-SAW modes are observed, some of them with low insertion losses. In contrast, only the Rayleigh mode is observed in AlN filters due to its higher acoustic propagation velocity with respect to sapphire. The difference in the crystal structure of the sapphire and the nitrides induces a dependence of the sound velocity of all the modes, and hence their frequency, on the propagation direction. The simulations show very good agreement with the experimental data for both nitride/sapphire structures when the anisotropy induced by the substrate is taken into account.     

High-frequency single-electron transport in a quasi-one-dimensional GaAs channel induced by surface acoustic waves

We report on an experimental investigation of the direct current induced by transmitting a surface acoustic wave (SAW) with frequency 2.7 GHz through a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) channel defined in a GaAs - AlGaAs heterostructure by a split gate, when the SAW wavelength was approximately equal to the channel length. At low SAW power levels the current reveals oscillatory behaviour as a function of the gate voltage with maxima between the plateaux of quantized 1D conductance. At high SAW power levels, an acoustoelectric current was observed at gate voltages beyond pinch-off. In this region the current displays a step-like behaviour as a function of the gate voltage (or of the SAW power) with the magnitude corresponding to the transfer of one electron per SAW cycle. We interpret this as due to trapping of electrons in the moving SAW-induced potential minima with the number of electrons in each minimum being controlled by the electron - electron interactions. As the number of electrons is reduced, the classical Coulomb charging energy becomes the Mott - Hubbard gap between two electrons and finally the system becomes a sliding Mott insulator with one electron in each well.     

Single-electron transport driven by surface acoustic waves in quasi-one-dimensional channel

Fourier grid Hamiltonian method is applied to calculate the quantized acoustoelectric current induced by surface acoustic wave (SAW) in a quasi-one-dimensional channel defined in a GaAsAl_xGa_1−xAs heterostructure by split gate. Using simple models for the electrostatic potential barrier and piezoelectric potential, we obtain the first quantized plateau. Moreover, the role of the parameter β, defined as a ratio of piezoelectric potential amplitude to the effective height of electrostatic potential barrier induced by split gate, is also examined during the calculations of the instantaneous ground state energies and the single-electron tunneling probabilities. The flatness of the plateau is also discussed.     

Analytical study of the propagation of acoustic waves in a 1D weakly disordered lattice

This paper presents an analytical approach of the propagation of an acoustic wave through a normally distributed disordered lattice made up of Helmholtz resonators connected to a cylindrical duct. This approach allows to determine analytically the exact transmission coefficient of a weakly disordered lattice. Analytical results are compared to a well-known numerical method based on a matrix product. Furthermore, this approach gives an analytical expression of the localization length apart from the Bragg stopband which depends only on the standard deviation of the normal distribution disorder. This expression permits to study on one hand the localization length as a function of both disorder strength and frequency, and on the other hand, the propagation characteristics on the edges of two sorts of stopbands (Bragg and Helmholtz stopbands). Lastly, the value of the localization length inside the Helmholtz stopband is compared to the localization length in the Bragg stopband.     

Experimental study of propagation of instability waves in a submerged jet under transverse acoustic excitation

An experimental study was conducted on the specific features of instability wave propagation in the mixing layer of a turbulent jet when the jet is excited by an external acoustic wave. We used the technique of conditional phase averaging of data obtained by particle image velocimetry using the reference signal of a microphone placed near the jet. The influence of the excitation frequency on the characteristics of large-scale structures in the mixing layer was investigated. It is shown that the propagation patterns of the instability waves agree well with previously obtained data on the localization of acoustic sources in turbulent jets.     

分层砂底对浅海信道声传播影响的研究

推导有指向性脉冲声源在海底是分层结构的浅海中声场的积分表达式;分别仿真了爆炸声源和指向性脉冲源在浅海信道中传播的信号波形,其中假设了海底的沉积层和基底分别由水浸泡的砂和固态介质构成,砂底的参数数值用孔隙介质理论和实测相结合的方法进行选择;此外,在用砂和玻璃珠分别模拟砂层海底的水池内,观测了指向性脉冲源在不同接收点的信号的波形;结果表明:仿真波形的包络得到实验的印证。从而证明本文建立的指向性脉冲源在具有砂层海底的浅海中声场模型是可行的,可用于预报海洋环境参数对接收波形的影响,为水下通信、声呐信号设计与处理提供参考信息。     

Experimental study in correlation variation of acoustic propagation channel in Philippine sea

I.IntroductionSonarsignalisoftcndistortcdbythcwcightingofthcacousticchanncl'stransfcrfunction.Inthiscase,therearetwosonarsignaIproccssingmcthodswhichcanbcuscdtodccrcascthedistortionofthcsignal.Oneisthcsclcctionofamorcto1crantsignalwithcorrcspondingsigna1proeessingmethod.Forexamp1e,astcpfrcqucncymodulatcdsignalwithpostintcgratcdpro-ccssingcanbeusedinthiscasc.Theanothcrisobtainingthcrcsponscfunctionofthcacousticchanne1andmatchingitwithamatehfiltCr.Bothofthcscmcthodsrcquirethcstudyofhme-frequen…     

钽酸镓镧与石英声表面波传播特性对比研究

钽酸镓镧(LGT)是近年研制出的新型压电材料。计算了这种材料在不同切向和传播方向的声表面波传播特性,并和石英晶体上相应切向和传播方向的声表面波传播特性进行了对比分析。计算结果表明这种材料的声表面波传播速度一般比石英低1000 m/s左右,和石英一样,具有零温度切向和纯模方向,但它的机电耦合系数K²却远高于石英。还对目前报道的LGT的不同材料常数进行了对比计算,计算结果表明不同材料常数的声表面波传播特性有明显的差异,其中以频率温度系数差异最大。     

Specific propagation directions of acoustic waves for piezoelectric and nonpiezoelectric media

I reanalyze the problem of the existence of longitudinal normals inside the symmetry planes of piezoelectric crystals belonging to the symmetry class mm2. The equations determining components of longitudinal normals situated outside the symmetry planes for media of this symmetry are discussed. It is proven that nonpiezoelectric media of rhombic symmetry could have 4 or 8 distinct acoustic axes. Examples of nonpiezoelectric elastic media of monoclinic symmetry without acoustic axes are given. The method of determination of the components of acoustic axes for piezoelectric media of arbitrary symmetry is presented. With the help of this method, I discuss the problem of acoustic axes for piezoelectric media of the symmetry class mm2. The text was submitted by the author in English.