Scaling-Up fire

The role of combustion research in fire safety is revisited through the process of Scaling-Up fire. Scaling-Up fire requires the adequate definition of all the building blocks and couplings associated with the construction of a fire model. The model then has to deliver predictions of the evolution of a fire and its environment with the precision, completeness and robustness relevant to fire safety. Areas of combustion research relevant to the development of fire models emerge from an assessment of methodology, complexity, incompatibility and uncertainty associated to the Scaling-Up process.     

基于图像探测的早期火灾烟气模式研究

烟气是火灾过程中的重要物理现象。为改进早期火灾探测和预警,需要对基于图像探测的火灾烟气模式加以研究。以不同应用背景为依据,对烟气模式提出分类研究的思想。并以提高图像探测的可靠性和灵敏度为目的,对烟气的图像信息特征进行分析,提出了建立早期火灾烟气模式的设想。     

火灾烟气中CO2和CO的释放特性研究

火灾产生的有害烟气是造成人员伤亡的主要原因。火灾科学研究中,研究者对CO_2和CO研究较多,但对它们的释放过程和机理研究很少。本文利用国际文献中评价材料毒性的原始实验数据,从烟气毒性物质释放的角度,分析了火灾烟气中 CO_2和 CO的释放特性,特别是分析了通风量的影响机理。在此基础上,进一步研究发展出一个与动态释放过程相关的烟气危害性评价体系,从而在释放规律与材料选择、实际火灾中人员的逃生过程之间建立起直接联系。     

基于CCD图像的火灾空间定位方法

大空间中火源的空间位置的定位,一直是火灾自动探测与自动扑救中的难点。研究了一种利用单一CCD摄像头进行火灾自动空间定位的方法。根据计算机视觉原理,利用固定在自动消防水炮末端的CCD摄像头随水炮旋转扫描时的角度、位移变化,将CCD摄像头在不同位置所拍摄的图像中火源图像坐标和火源的空间坐标建立联系,从而实现了火源空间位置的自动定位。     

Pedestrian evacuation at the subway station under fire

With the development of urban rail transit, ensuring the safe evacuation of pedestrians at subway stations has become an important issue in the case of an emergency such as a fire. This paper chooses the platform of line 4 at the Beijing Xuanwumen subway station to study the emergency evacuation process under fire. Based on the established platform, effects of the fire dynamics, different initial pedestrian densities, and positions of fire on evacuation are investigated. According to simulation results, it is found that the fire increases the air temperature and the smoke density, and decreases pedestrians' visibility and walking velocity. Also, there is a critical initial density at the platform if achieving a safe evacuation within the required 6 minutes. Furthermore, different positions of fire set in this paper have little difference on crowd evacuation if the fire is not large enough. The suggestions provided in this paper are helpful for the subway operators to prevent major casualties.     

基于时序高分一号宽幅影像火后植被光谱及指数变化分析

为了探究国产高分卫星遥感技术监测火干扰对植被生长影响的能力及其表征植被指数,选取2014年发生在四川省雅江县和冕宁县的两场森林火灾形成的火烧迹地作为研究区,利用火灾前后时序的高分一号宽幅(GF-1 WFV)数据,对不同受灾程度火烧迹地火灾前后的光谱特征变化进行分析,并以月为单位分析了不同受害程度植被火后两年内由GF-1 WFV数据生成的归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)和全球环境监测植被指数(GEMI)等三种表征植被生长状态的植被指数的变化,结合研究区纬度、海拔和气候条件分析火后植被的年内恢复规律。结果表明：火烧造成植被色素和细胞结构破坏,使其不再表现出正常植被特有的光谱特征,在可见光区受害植被的反射率相比于正常植被偏高,且其值随受灾程度加重而升高;在近红外波段火干扰后的植被反射率降低,其值远低于正常植被的反射率值。NDVI,EVI和GEMI在表征植被恢复生长过程中存在高度相关性且对植被季节变化敏感,均能反映植被恢复的生长过程,具有描述火烧区植被恢复动态过程的能力;受灾植被恢复生长过程中的植被指数变化与正常植被年生长过程的植被指数变化趋势基本一致,同样存在生长季和非生长季;火烧区植被的NDVI,EVI和GEMI值相比正常植被对应植被指数值始终偏低,且植被受灾越严重,其植被指数值在同期中对应越低。     

Evacuation dynamics with fire spreading based on cellular automaton

This paper investigates the dynamics of pedestrian evacuation with the influence of the fire spreading. An extended floor field model is proposed. In the new model, the effect of fire on the evacuation is considered by introducing the fire floor field. Thus, the floor field intensity is weighted by static, dynamic and fire floor fields. Numerical simulations are carried out to study the dynamics in the process of the evacuation. The influence of the parameters–weight of fire floor field, fire spread rate–on the evacuation efficiency is analyzed in detail. The simulation results show that the number of pedestrians evacuated out of the room is highly related to both the original location of the fire and the configuration of the room. Those results can bring some guidance to design the evacuation strategy in panic situation.     

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱探测的火灾早期过程特征信息研究

通过对火灾过程中各种特征参量进行分析,提出采用CO作为早期火灾探测的探测对象,并在此基础上建立起基于傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的完善试验系统。通过该实验系统进行了大量早期火灾加热阴燃及燃烧试验,经过光谱定量分析得到其各自CO浓度变化数据。在数据分析的基础上通过时间序列分析建模建立起CO浓度数据的二阶自回归模型,提取出表征火灾整体特性的过程特征信息参数1和2。通过相平面分析表明:真假火灾的过程特征信息参数具有明显的区域分布差异性,利用这种特性可以快速将真假火灾分辨出来。大量试验结果证实该探测方法能够在火灾发生早期及时对真假火灾进行有效辨别。     

地下狭长受限空间火灾实验及大涡数值模拟研究

本文建立了地下狭长受限空间火灾模拟实验台架,完成了不同燃烧物种类、不同燃烧物质量的火灾燃烧实验,建立了适用于狭长式地下受限空间火灾的大涡三维数学模型。研究重点在于测量狭长式地下受限空间火源热释放率和烟气温度分布,得到燃烧物分别为柴油、汽油的火源热释放率及烟气温度分布的实验测量数据;结合实验完成了狭长式地下受限空间火灾的大涡三维数值模拟分析。通过火灾数值模拟结果与实验结果进行比较分析,本文所建立的模型能较为真实地反映实际狭长式地下狭长受限空间火灾的情形。     

地下车库火灾过程及消防措施的研究

采用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS对大型地下车库的火灾情景进行了数值模拟,分别讨论了隔烟卷帘、水喷淋、排烟风机以及不同措施联合作用下的消防效果。结果表明,隔烟卷帘和水喷淋都能起到良好的消防效果并且联合作用时效果更佳;而机械排烟措施则不然,它反而在一定程度上加剧了火灾的发展,与前两种措施联合作用时仍无明显效果。这说明在地下车库中,当火灾发生时,排烟系统的启动要慎重,否则可能会加剧火灾的蔓延。     

消防机器人行走控制系统的设计与实现

近年来火灾事故频发,消防人员的安全问题无法保证,“机器换人”这一理念是处置火灾救援的一个重要手段和发展趋势。本文针对火灾现场的环境复杂性,设计了消防机器人的行走控制方案,通过设计电机驱动系统的硬件电路与针对行走控制系统进行MATLAB模拟仿真,实现并优化了消防机器人的越障及转弯功能。主要对电机驱动部分及整个系统软件流程进行设计。通过测试,验证了行走控制方案的可靠性。     

基于多光谱图像的烟雾检测

烟雾检测对于火灾早期防范非常重要,传统的智能视频和图像处理技术易受背景运动信息影响,抗干扰性差,且不容易区分森林水雾和燃烧产生的烟雾,森林防火误报率高。为此提出一种新的多光谱图像检测方法检测烟雾。采用多光谱成像系统,获取400至720 nm波段范围的烟雾、水雾光谱图像序列,对图像进行分层像素整合处理;利用欧氏距离度量不同分块光谱特征差异,获取动态区域光谱特征向量,根据目标与背景间光谱特征向量差异,提取烟雾、水雾区域。室内外试验结果表明：多光谱图像检测方法可用于烟雾检测,能够有效地检测并区分烟雾和水雾,与视频图像方法结合,可有效地用于森林火灾监测,降低森林火灾检测误报率。     

Low-cost active optical system for fire surveillance

Detection of smoke plumes using active optical sensors provides many advantages with respect to passive methods of fire surveillance. However, the price of these sensors is often too high as compared to passive fire detection instruments, such as infrared and video cameras. This article describes robust and cost effective diode-laser optical sensor for automatic fire surveillance in industrial environment. Physical aspects of the sensing process allowing to simplify the hardware and software design, eventually leading to significant reduction of manufacturing and maintenance costs, are discussed. The article is published in the original.     

Structure and generation mechanism of blue whirls

Blue whirls are newly discovered blue rotating flames transitioned from fire whirls generated on liquid fuel surfaces. Compared with the traditional fire whirls, blue whirls have a distinct flame structure and are almost soot-free. Studies of the blue whirl are expected to promote the development of clean combustion theory and technology. In this paper, we numerically and theoretically investigate the lifting process of fire whirls and blue whirls, and then discuss their structure and transition mechanisms. In contrast to the explanations in the literature, it is found that blue whirls can be created without the occurrence of bubble-type vortex breakdown in the rotating flow. The blue whirl can be considered as a special form of lifted fire whirl with a considerable liftoff distance and without being blown out. According to the simulation, both blue whirls and fire whirls have the typical triple-flame structure. The unique structure of blue whirls is closely related to the thermal expansion of gas and the restriction of the radial flow by the axis. The theoretical solution of the unified lifting curve for fire whirls and blue whirls is obtained, which is qualitatively in agreement with the numerical result. There are 4 different branches in the lifting curve, two of which are stable, respectively representing fire whirls with small liftoff distances, and blue whirls with larger liftoff distances. The unstable branches between the stable branches lead to non-continuous transitions between fire whirls and blue whirls, as observed in the experiment. The current study explains the existing physical phenomenon and makes valuable predictions that may guide future experiments and simulations.     

Study on Heat Transfer in Intumescent Fire Retardant Epoxy Coatings During Combustion

The heat transfer process and combustion behavior of intumescent fire retardant epoxy (IFR-EP) coatings were studied using a cone calorimeter and multi-channel data acquisition instrument. The results showed that the combustion process of the coating and its heat transfer process were closely connected and interacted. Compared with the intumescent char layer of IFR-EP coating B, that used expandable graphite (EG) as a synergistic additive, the char layer of IFR-EP coating A, that used Sb₂O₃ and chlorinated paraffin (CP) as synergistic additives, was more effective to hinder the transfer of external heat to the interior of the sample. Various other factors, such as the content of fire retardants, can also remarkably affect the heat transfer process of the coatings. Two typical char layer physical structure models, a uniform-cellular char physical structure and a nonuniform-crack char physical structure, are presented based on our investigations of the char layers, with each being most appropriate for one of the two types of samples.     

火灾逃生过程的模拟与讨论—–以吉林禽业火灾为例

2013年6月3日,吉林禽业公司发生大火,300多名员工中120人遇难,是我国2000年以来死亡人数最多的一次火灾.此次火灾造成巨大伤亡的一个重要原因是厂房的6个出口只有3个可用,并且员工不知道每个出口的可用性信息.本文运用经典的地面场模型对吉林禽业火灾逃生过程进行模拟,研究了厂房各出口的重要性差异以及出口的可用性对逃生效果的影响.结果表明,如果多开一个出口,最多可挽救54.3%的遇难者,如果6个出口全部可用,76.6%的遇难者能够逃离.另外,在出口可用性信息完全掌握的情况下,遇难人数也会减少21.6%.由此可见,保证人群集聚现场出口的可用性以及信息的及时流通对于保护人民的生命财产安全至关重要.     

基于免疫遗传算法改进的BP神经网络在灭火系统电路板故障诊断中的应用

针对装甲车辆灭火系统电路板规模较大,功能日趋多样与完善的同时,其复杂程度也日益提高,故障层次越来越多,故障现象与故障原因的映射关系更加复杂,组合故障频发,传统的故障诊断方法已不能满足灭火系统电路板故障诊断的要求。设计了基于免疫遗传算法优化的BP神经网络对灭火系统电路板进行故障诊断,并在免疫和遗传过程中保留了部分训练最优解。实现了神经网络收敛速度的提高,使用Matlab编程优化算法并完成了电路板仿真故障的诊断。通过实验验证了该诊断模型的准确性和可靠性,为电气系统通用检测设备的神经网络诊断方法实现提供了理论支撑。     

Scale-model experiments of moving fire whirl over a line fire

A fire whirl, observed during a wildland fire in Brazil in 2010, occurred over a narrow but long line fire and moved along the line fire at nearly a constant speed. There appeared to be no mountains, tall buildings or trees near the scene, indicating that the fire whirl was generated merely by the interaction between the line fire and background wind. Scale-model experiments having different line fire configurations were designed and performed to reconstruct the above-mentioned Brazil fire whirl. Moving fire whirls were successfully reconstructed during the scale-model experiments, the mechanism and conditions of which are discussed herein.     

基于移动机器人的室内火灾预警点探测与定位的方法研究

火灾探测技术已成为对火灾进行预防的重要手段之一,目前常用的固定式火灾探测装置不能自主的探测和定位到火警点,对火灾发生初期的预防和灭火有一定的局限性。论文针对该问题,在分析火灾探测技术的基础上,提出一种多位姿仿人鼻的火灾探测装置,并制备出样机,同时尝试将其与可移动机器人结合来实现对室内火警点的探测和定位。基于不同的烟雾情况制定出不同的探测准则,根据该准则进行路径轨迹仿真,经过仿真结果可以看到移动机器人最终定位到火警点的位置。可移动的火灾探测装置在探测和定位到火警点的过程中,若所在空间中由拐角或家具死角导致烟雾扩散有聚集死角的情况存在,会对探测和定位过程造成很大的影响,仿真实验中的移动机器人在探测和定位火警点中的轨迹可以看出死角的存在虽然影响了对火警点的探测,但最终还是能够探测和定位到火警点,其路径轨迹表现出很好的一致性和连续性。     

Numerical modelling of the work of a pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting at the ignitions of liquid hydrocarbon fuels

The work of a pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting is modelled, which is designed for fire fighting at oil storages and at the spills of oil products, whose vapors were modelled by gaseous methane. The system represents a device for separate installation, which consists of a charge of solid propellant (the gas generator) and a container with fine-dispersed powder of the flame-damper substance. The methane combustion was described by a one-stage gross-reaction, the influence of the concentration of vapors of the flame-damper substance on the combustion process was taken into account by reducing the pre-exponent factor in the Arrhenius law and was described by an empirical dependence. The computational experiment showed that the application of the pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting ensures an efficient transport of fine-dispersed aerosol particles of the flame-damping substance and its forming vapors to the combustion zone; the concentration of particles ensures the damping of the heat source. The work was financially supported by the President of the Russian Federation (NSh-9886.2006.9), Presidium of RAS (Project No. 4.1), and the Program of Interdisciplinary Integration Basic Research of SB RAS No. 26.