Mechanism of controlling turbulent channel flow with the effect of spanwise Lorentz force distribution

A direct numerical simulation(DNS) is performed to investigate the control effect and mechanism of turbulent channel flow with the distribution of spanwise Lorentz force. A sinusoidal distribution of constant spanwise Lorentz force is selected, of which the control effects, such as flow characters, mean Reynolds stress, and drag reductions, at different parameters of amplitude A and wave number k_x are discussed. The results indicate that the control effects vary with the parameter A and k_x. With the increase of A, the drag reduction rate D_r first increases and then decreases rapidly at low k_x,and slowly at high k_x. The low drag reduction(or even drag increase) is due to a weak suppression or even the enhancements of the random velocity fluctuation and mean Reynolds stress. The efficient drag reduction is due to the quasi-streamwise vortex structure induced by Lorentz force, which contributes to suppressing the random velocity fluctuation and mean Reynolds stress, and the negative vorticity improves the distribution of streamwise velocity. Therefore, the optimal control effect with a drag reduction of up to 58% can be obtained.     

确定分布的展向Lorentz力调制下的槽道湍流涡结构

采用直接数值模拟方法,对槽道湍流中确定分布的Lorentz力的流动控制与减阻问题进行研究.讨论了Lorentz力作用于槽道湍流后,流场的特性和涡结构的特性,并对此类Lorentz力对槽道湍流的控制与减阻机理进行了讨论.研究发现:1)Lorentz力诱导的层流流场壁面附近存在梯度极大的展向速度剪切层,该剪切层容易形成流向涡结构;2)在给定合适参数的确定分布的Lorentz力作用下,湍流流场仅剩周期分布的准流向涡;3)与未控制流场相比,控制后的流场中,准流向涡的抬升高度大大降低,从而减小猝发强度,使壁面阻力下降.     

Effects of spanwise system rotation on turbulent stripes in a plane Poiseuille flow

In the transitional channel flow, the large-scale intermittent structure of localised turbulence, which is called the turbulent stripe pattern, can be found in the form of stripe arrangement. The structure of the turbulent stripe pattern is an oblique laminar–turbulent banded pattern and is inclined with respect to the streamwise direction. We performed direct numerical simulation at a transitional Reynolds number and very low-rotation numbers, and focused on the turbulent stripe pattern in the plane Poiseuille flow subjected to spanwise system rotation. We captured the turbulent stripe pattern in a rotating channel flow and found the augmentation and diminution of the turbulent stripe pattern were affected by the spanwise rotation. The contents of the discussion are the spatial size of the turbulent stripe pattern on the basis of the instantaneous flow fields, the energy spectra, and various statistics relating to the spanwise velocity component that characterise the turbulent stripe pattern. The turbulent stripe pattern was found to contain kinetic energy that was larger in very weakly rotating flows than in the static system. It was also found that the magnitude of the spanwise secondary flow increases, while the quasi-laminar region is wider at a very lowrotation number.     

Aspect ratio effects in turbulent duct flows studied through direct numerical simulation

Three-dimensional effects in turbulent duct flows, i.e., sidewall boundary layers and secondary motions, are studied by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS). The spectral element code Nek5000 is used to compute turbulent duct flows with aspect ratios 1–7 (at Re_{b, c} = 2800, Re_{τ, c} ? 180) and aspect ratio 1 (at Re_{b, c} = 5600, Re_{τ, c} ? 330), in streamwise-periodic boxes of length 25h. The total number of grid points ranges from 28 to 145 million, and the pressure gradient is adjusted iteratively in order to keep the same bulk Reynolds number in the centreplane with changing aspect ratio. Turbulence is initiated via a trip forcing active during the initial stages of the simulation, and the statistical convergence of the data is discussed both in terms of transient approach and averaging period. Spanwise variations in wall shear, mean-flow profiles, and turbulence statistics are analysed as a function of aspect ratio, and also compared with the spanwise-periodic channel (as idealisation of an infinite aspect ratio duct). The computations show good agreement with experimental measurements carried out in parallel at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago, and highlight the relevance of sidewall boundary layers and secondary vortices in the physics of the duct flow. The rich array of secondary vortices extending throughout the upper and lower walls of the duct, and their dependence on Reynolds number and aspect ratio, had not been reported in the literature before.     

Effects of variable specific heat on energy transfer in a high-temperature supersonic channel flow

An energy transfer mechanism in high-temperature supersonic turbulent flow for variable specific heat (VSH) condition through turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), mean kinetic energy (MKE), turbulent internal energy (TIE) and mean internal energy (MIE) is proposed. The similarities of energy budgets between VSH and constant specific heat (CSH) conditions are investigated by introducing a vibrational energy excited degree and considering the effects of fluctuating specific heat. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of temporally evolving high-temperature supersonic turbulent channel flow is conducted at Mach number 3.0 and Reynolds number 4800 combined with a constant dimensional wall temperature 1192.60 K for VSH and CSH conditions to validate the proposed energy transfer mechanism. The differences between the terms in the two kinetic energy budgets for VSH and CSH conditions are small; however, the magnitude of molecular diffusion term for VSH condition is significantly smaller than that for CSH condition. The non-negligible energy transfer is obtained after neglecting several small terms of diffusion, dissipation and compressibility related. The non-negligible energy transfer involving TIE includes three processes, in which energy can be gained from TKE and MIE and lost to MIE. The same non-negligible energy transfer through TKE, MKE and MIE is observed for both the conditions.     

On minimum aspect ratio for duct flow facilities and the role of side walls in generating secondary flows

To the surprise of some of our colleagues, we recently recommended aspect ratios of at least 24 (instead of accepted values over last few decades ranging from 5 to 12) to minimise effects of side walls in turbulent duct flow experiments, in order to approximate the two-dimensional channel flow. Here we compile available results from hydraulics and civil engineering literature, where this was already documented in the 1980s. This is of great importance due to the large amount of computational studies (mainly direct numerical simulations, DNSs) for spanwise-periodic turbulent channel flows, and the extreme complexity of constructing a fully developed duct flow facility with aspect ratio of 24 for high Reynolds numbers with adequate probe resolution. Results from this non-traditional literature for the turbulence community are compared to our recent database of DNS of turbulent duct flows with aspect ratios ranging from 1 to 18 at Re_{τ, c} values of 180 and 330, leading to very good agreement between their experimental and our computational results at these low Reynolds numbers. The DNS results also reveal the complexity of a multitude of streamwise vortical structures in addition to the secondary corner flows (which extend up to z ? 5h). These time-dependent and meandering streamwise structures are located at the core of the duct and scale with its half-height. Comparisons of these structures with the vortical motions found in spanwise-periodic channels reveal similitudes in their time-averages and the same rate of decay of their mean kinetic energy ～ T^{? 1}_A, with T_A being the averaging time. However, differences between the two flows are identified and ideas for their future analysis are proposed.     

Investigating asymptotic suction boundary layers using a one-dimensional stochastic turbulence model

The turbulent asymptotic suction boundary layer is studied using a one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model. ODT is a fully resolved, unsteady stochastic simulation technique. While flow properties reside on a one-dimensional domain, turbulent advection is represented using mapping events whose occurrences are governed by a random process. Due to its reduced spatial dimensionality, ODT achieves major cost reductions compared to three-dimensional (3D) simulations. A comparison to recent direct numerical simulation (DNS) data at moderate Reynolds number (Re = u_∞ / v₀ = 333, where u_∞ and v₀ are the free stream and suction velocity, respectively) suggests that the ODT model is capable of reproducing several velocity statistics, i.e. mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy budgets, while peak turbulent stresses are under-estimated by ODT. Variation of the Reynolds number in the range Re ∈ [333,400,500,1000] shows that ODT can reproduce various trends observed as a result of increased suction in turbulent asymptotic suction boundary layers, i.e. the reduction of Reynolds stresses and enhanced skin friction. While up to Re = 500 our results can be directly compared to recent LES data, the simulation at Re = 1000 is currently not feasible through full 3D simulations, hence ODT may assist the design of future DNS or LES simulations at larger Reynolds numbers.     

涡流二极管三维强旋湍流流动的数值模拟

为了揭示涡流二极管内三维强旋流动的特性与其阻抗性能的关系,进一步提高涡流二极管正反向流动阻抗比,本文采用Reynolds应力模型对涡流腔内非对称强旋转湍流流动进行了数值模拟,分析了腔内矢量场与标量场的分布特性,基于涡流腔内的涡量分析,得到了涡流腔内旋流的强制涡与自由涡结构及各自区域范围,并研究了涡流腔径宽比对整体性能的...     

Three-dimensional turbulent flow over cube-obstacles

In order to investigate the influence of surface roughness on turbulent flow and examine the wall-similarity hypothesis of Townsend, three-dimensional numerical study of turbulent channel flow over smooth and cube-rough walls with different roughness height has been carried out by using large eddy simulation(LES) coupled with immersed boundary method(IBM). The effects of surface roughness array on mean and fluctuating velocity profiles, Reynolds shear stress, and typical coherent structures such as quasi-streamwise vortices(QSV) in turbulent channel flow are obtained. The significant influences on turbulent fluctuations and structures are observed in roughness sub-layer(five times of roughness height).However, no dramatic modification of the log-law of the mean flow velocity and turbulence fluctuations can be found by surface cube roughness in the outer layer. Therefore, the results support the wall-similarity hypothesis. Moreover, the von Karman constant decreases with the increase of roughness height in the present simulation results. Besides, the larger size of QSV and more intense ejections are induced by the roughness elements, which is crucial for heat and mass transfer enhancement.     

Surface correlations of hydrodynamic drag for transitionally rough engineering surfaces

Rough surfaces are usually characterised by a single equivalent sand-grain roughness height scale that typically needs to be determined from laboratory experiments. Recently, this method has been complemented by a direct numerical simulation approach, whereby representative surfaces can be scanned and the roughness effects computed over a range of Reynolds number. This development raises the prospect over the coming years of having enough data for different types of rough surfaces to be able to relate surface characteristics to roughness effects, such as the roughness function that quantifies the downward displacement of the logarithmic law of the wall. In the present contribution, we use simulation data for 17 irregular surfaces at the same friction Reynolds number, for which they are in the transitionally rough regime. All surfaces are scaled to the same physical roughness height. Mean streamwise velocity profiles show a wide range of roughness function values, while the velocity defect profiles show a good collapse. Profile peaks of the turbulent kinetic energy also vary depending on the surface. We then consider which surface properties are important and how new properties can be incorporated into an empirical model, the accuracy of which can then be tested. Optimised models with several roughness parameters are systematically developed for the roughness function and profile peak turbulent kinetic energy. In determining the roughness function, besides the known parameters of solidity (or frontal area ratio) and skewness, it is shown that the streamwise correlation length and the root-mean-square roughness height are also significant. The peak turbulent kinetic energy is determined by the skewness and root-mean-square roughness height, along with the mean forward-facing surface angle and spanwise effective slope. The results suggest feasibility of relating rough-wall flow properties (throughout the range from hydrodynamically smooth to fully rough) to surface parameters.     

Flow and heat transfer characteristics over rectangular blocked surfaces

Heat transfer and flow measurements were recorded over blocked surfaces to investigate the effects of flow velocity and block shape on flow separation and heat transfer. The results indicated that the flow separation occurred particularly on the first block and after the last blocks. The flow separation and block thickness resulted in higher turbulence and heat transfer, particularly in laminar flow. The average Stanton number increased as high as 125% in laminar, 80% in transitional, and 50% in turbulent flows above those of flat plate values. A new empirical equation indicated a good agreement with the experimental and numerical results.     

水力旋流器湍流流动的数值模拟

本文采用雷诺应力模型计算了水力旋流器的水相湍流流场,计算结果与实验数据吻合很好。与相关文献中采用修正的κ-ε模型的计算结果比较,本文采用雷诺应力模型的计算结果更接近于实验结果。计算得到了水力旋流器内的流线图、等压线以及零速包络面。     

涡旋燃烧炉流动、传热和燃烧特性的研究

本文应用强旋湍流气一固两相流动和煤粉燃烧的数学模型，对新型涡旋燃烧炉内的流动、传热和燃烧过程进行了系统的模拟和分析，得到了与实验相符合的结果。结果表明，涡旋燃烧炉内的湍流空气动力场分布具有强旋、回流和正在发展流的特点。水冷壁总吸热量随燃烧热负荷的增大成比例地增加。煤粉颗粒在炉内的平均停留时间随初始粒径的增大而加长。炉内可实现煤粉的低温、强旋、高效率和高强度燃烧。     

A minimal flow unit for the study of turbulence with passive scalars

The concept of a minimal flow unit (MFU) for the study of the basic physics of turbulent flows is introduced. The MFU is an initial vorticity configuration that consists of a few simple well-defined large-scale vortex structures. The form and position of these structures are chosen so that their interaction produces turbulence capturing many of the essential characteristics of isotropic homogeneous turbulence produced from random-phase initial conditions or that produced by continual random-phase forcing. The advantage of using the MFU is that the evolution of the vortex structures can be followed more clearly and the relationship between the evolving vortex structures and the various ranges in the energy spectrum can be more clearly defined. The addition of passive scalar fields to the MFU permits an investigation of passive scalar mixing that is relevant to the study of combustion. With a particular choice of the MFU, one that produces a trend to a finite-time singularity in the vorticity field, it is demonstrated that passive scalar distributed in the original large-scale vortices will develop intense gradients in the region where the vorticity is tending toward a singularity. In viscous flow, the evolution of the MFU clearly shows how the volume of the regions where originally well-separated passive scalars come into contact increases with increasing Reynolds number.     

Large-eddy simulation of impinging jets with embedded azimuthal vortices

We have carried out large-eddy simulations of an impinging jet with embedded azimuthal vortices, a model of the wake of a helicopter hovering in ground effect. The azimuthal vortices are generated by sinusoidal forcing of the velocity at the jet exit. They strengthen while they are advected towards the ground; when they are close to the solid surface, a layer of opposite-sign vorticity is formed at the wall, and lifted up to form a secondary vortex that interacts with the primary one. Regions of reversed flow are caused by the strong, localised, adverse pressure gradient. After this interaction, the primary vortices begin to decay, mostly due to the Reynolds shear stresses, which contribute to the turbulent diffusion of vorticity term in the budget of the phase-averaged azimuthal vorticity. This mechanism is extremely robust, and plays the most important role in the vortex decay even if no turbulence is initially present in the jet, or if the no-slip condition is removed. A three-dimensional instability also plays a role: removing it leads to slower decay. Our results also point out some challenges for turbulence models for the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations.     

A class of finite difference schemes with low dispersion and controllable dissipation for DNS of compressible turbulence

In this paper, a class of finite difference schemes which achieves low dispersion and controllable dissipation in smooth region and robust shock-capturing capabilities in the vicinity of discontinuities is presented. Firstly, a sufficient condition for semi-discrete finite difference schemes to have independent dispersion and dissipation is derived. This condition enables a novel approach to separately optimize the dissipation and dispersion properties of finite difference schemes and a class of schemes with minimized dispersion and controllable dissipation is thus obtained. Secondly, for the purpose of shock-capturing, one of these schemes is used as the linear part of the WENO scheme with symmetrical stencils to constructed an improved WENO scheme. At last, the improved WENO scheme is blended with its linear counterpart to form a new hybrid scheme for practical applications. The proposed scheme is accurate, flexible and robust. The accuracy and resolution of the proposed scheme are tested by the solutions of several benchmark test cases. The performance of this scheme is further demonstrated by its application in the direct numerical simulation of compressible turbulent channel flow between isothermal walls.     

水轮机导叶分离流动的数值模拟

1引言分离流在本质上是粘性流动和非粘性流动互相干扰的一类复杂流动,绕流中的分离现象往往使水力机械叶片水力损失急剧增加、效率下降,形成的压力脉动还将造成水力机械的振动山。尾水管涡带的形成和分离密切相关,是造成水力机械在部分负荷时机组振动和出力摆动的主要根源［‘j,在偏离最优工况时,叶片内的分离流动将十分严重。本文结合某电站机组出现的振动问题,求解Navier－Stokes的二维方程组,对导叶分离流场进行了分析。2控制微分方程组设导叶内流动为二维不可压粘性流动,控制微分方程组的守恒形式为：。、。分别为。,y两方向…     

Suboptimal control of wall turbulence with arrayed dimple actuators for drag reduction

Direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow with moving dimples at the bottom wall is carried out using the pseudo-spectral method and the curvilinear coordinate system. Suboptimal control based on the spanwise wall shear stress is applied for skin-friction drag reduction, and is implemented by the finite-size sensor-actuator system. The control law is realised in physical space by using a cross-shaped truncation of the wall shear stress information, which can be measured by the sensor. Only the information of wall shear stress inside the sensor area is utilised and that outside the sensor area is obtained by a linear reconstruction from the averaged value over the sensor. To effectively intervene the near-wall coherent structures, low-pass filtering of the spanwise wall shear stress is additionally implemented to eliminate the extra disturbances induced by the presence of dimple actuators, and the filtered stress is used as the control input. Numerical tests on the present control strategy show that the pressure form drag caused by the presence of dimples is reduced significantly as compared with the original suboptimal control, and the reduction of total drag is comparable with that of the opposition control. The underlying mechanism is further analysed by looking into the interaction between the moving dimples and the near-wall coherent structures.     

研究两相流中固粒对流体湍动特性影响的新方法

本文提出了计算两相流中固粒对流体湍动特性影响的一种新方法，得到不同情况下固粒对流体端动特性的影响。将该方法用于槽流湍流场的求解，说明该方法是可行的。     

Experimental investigation on laminar separation control for flow over a two-dimensional bump

The laminar boundary layer separation flow over a two-dimensional bump controlled by synthetic jets is experimentally investigated in a water channel with hydrogen-bubble visualisation and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. The two-dimensional synthetic jet is applied near the separation point. Two Reynolds numbers (Re = 700 and 1120) based on the bump height and free-stream velocity are adopted in this experiment, and seven different excitation frequencies at each Reynolds number are considered, focusing on the separation control as well as the vortex dynamics. The experimental results show that the optimal control can only be achieved within some excitation frequencies at both Reynolds numbers. However, beyond this range, further increasing the excitation frequency leads to an increase in the separation region. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique and vortex identification by swirling strength (Λ_ci) are applied for the deeper analysis of the separated flow. The reconstructed Λ_ci field by the first four POD modes is used and vortex lock-on phenomenon is observed. It is found that the negative synthetic jet vortex with clockwise rotation draws the separated wake shear layer as it is convected downstream, and then they syncretise together. Thus, the new vortex is induced and shedding downstream periodically.