Sea Gas Field

The distribution station for China's first indepen-dently developed sea gas field, Hainan Dongfang 1-1,starts to supply natural gas to local projects in SouthChina's Hainan Province on August 1, 2003. The gasfield with an investment of 3.27 billion yuan (US$394million) and an annual gas output of 2.4 billion cu-bic metres is in the Beibuwan Sea area of the South     

Comparative studies on cadmium levels in the North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea and the Eastern Arctic Ocean

Summary Dissolved and total concentrations of cadmium have been determined in the North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea and the Eastern Arctic Ocean. The investigations started in 1975. The last sampling mission was in summer 1982. Trace metal determinations have been performed after contamination-free minimum pretreatment with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at specially designed rotating mercury film electrodes. Distinct areas of trace metal pollution could be discovered. The coastal zones of Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany are significantly more polluted than the open ocean areas. In the open sea trace metal levels decrease from south to north, yielding the lowest results in the Eastern Arctic Ocean with about 10 ng/kg for Cd, thus reflecting anthropogenic pollution in the southern part of the North Sea. Cadmium levels in the areas mentioned above are distinctly higher than open Atlantic values.It is implicitly to be understood that the data given in this paper can be used as a reliable basis for the detection of anthropogenic changes in the North Sea within the coming years, particularly as reliable trace metal data from the mid seventies are extremely scarce.

---

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Cadmiumgehalte in der Nordsee, der Norwegischen See, der Barentssee und dem östlichen Arktischen Ozean

Zusammenfassung Gelöstes und Gesamtcadmium wurden in der Nordsee, Norwegischen See, der Barentssee und dem östlichen Arktischen Ozean bestimmt. Die Untersuchungen wurden im Jahre 1975 begonnen. Spurenmetallbestimmungen erfolgten nach einer kontaminationsfreien, einfachen Vorbehandlung mit der differentiellen inversen Pulsvoltammetrie an speziellen rotierenden Quecksilberfilmelektroden. Deutlich abgegrenzte Gebiete mit Schwermetallpollution konnten aufgezeigt werden. Die Küstenzonen Belgiens, der Niederlande und Deutschlands sind deutlich höher belastet als die offene Nordsee. In der offenen See fallen die Werte von Süd nach Nord, mit den geringsten Beträgen um 10 ng/kg Cd im östlichen Arktischen Ozean, ein Befund, der die anthropogene Pollution der Nordsee wiedergibt. In allen oben erwähnten Gebieten sind die Cd-Werte deutlich höher als im offenen Atlantik.Es kann davon ausgegangen werden, daß die Resultate dieser Untersuchungen als zuverlässige Basis für die Aufdekkung von anthropogenen Veränderungen der Belastung der Nordsee innerhalb der kommenden Jahre dienen können, dies um so mehr als zuverlässige Daten bis zur Mitte der siebziger Jahre äußerst selten sind.

---

---

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Fresenius on the occasion of his 70th birthday

---

Awarded the prize of the Analytical Division of the Society of German Chemists     

Pyrite Genesis During Early Diagenesis in Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The content and isotopic compositions of different sulphur species in pore-water and solid phases have been examined on five sediment cores taken from muddy sediment region in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Relationships among these data have been investigated with the combination of morphology of mineral pyrite and organic matter so as to role out the diagenetic behaviour of sulphur species at the early stage of diagenesis in modern marine sediment and the origin of pyrite formation.     

Antibacterials from the Sea

The ocean contains a host of macroscopic life in a great microbial soup. Unlike the terrestrial environment, an aqueous environment provides perpetual propinquity and blurs spatial distinctions. Marine organisms are under a persistent threat of infection by resident pathogenic microbes including bacteria, and in response they have engineered complex organic compounds with antibacterial activity from a diverse set of biological precursors. The diluting effect of the ocean drives the construction of potent molecules that are stable to harsh salty conditions. Members of each class of metabolite—ribosomal and non‐ribosomal peptides, alkaloids, polyketides, and terpenes—have been shown to exhibit antibacterial activity. The sophistication and diversity of these metabolites points to the ingenuity and flexibility of biosynthetic processes in Nature. Compared with their terrestrial counterparts, antibacterial marine natural products have received much less attention. Thus, a concerted effort to discover new antibacterials from marine sources has the potential to contribute significantly to the treatment of the ever increasing drug‐resistant infectious diseases.     

Determination and distribution of elements in suspended matter and bottom sediments from the estuaries of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Bering Sea

Some aspects of sample analysis (for example, sampling, sample preparing, experimental conductions) from estuaries zones of the west part of Pacific shore have been discussed. The content of elements with different physico-chemical and geological properties in the water samples, suspended matter, bottom sediments, plankton and aerosols have been studied by the methods of neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence and also atomic emission (with ICP) and atomic absorption. Some peculiarities of their distribution and accumulation have been revealed.     

海水中铜的分光光度法测定

本文报道采用正交设计法选择实验的最佳试剂组合量,并报道了测定时有关参数的影响试验。分析方法的检测下限为0.11,测定两个不同海区水样的相对标准偏差分别为5.8%和8.4%。本法还分别测定了两个用低铜海水配制的方法验证控制样,结果令人满意。     

Dead Sea Minerals loaded polymeric nanoparticles

Therapeutic properties of Dead Sea Water (DSW) in the treatment of skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and photo aging UV damaged skin have been well established. DSW is in fact rich in minerals such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc and strontium which are known to exploit anti-inflammatory effects and to promote skin barrier recovery. In order to develop a Dead Sea Minerals (DSM) based drug delivery system for topical therapy of skin diseases, polymeric nanoparticles based on Poly (maleic anhydride-alt-butyl vinyl ether) 5% grafted with monomethoxy poly(ethyleneglycol) 2000 MW (PEG) and 95% grafted with 2-methoxyethanol (VAM41-PEG) loaded with DSM were prepared by means of a combined miniemulsion/solvent evaporation process. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized in terms of dimension, morphology, biocompatibility, salt content and release. Cytocompatible spherical nanoparticles possessing an average diameter of about 300 nm, a time controlled drug release profile and a high formulation yield were obtained.     

Dechlorination of contaminated sediments of Ionian Sea

Natural dredged sediments contaminated by PCBs from the heavy industrialized harbor of Taranto (S. Italy) on the Ionian Sea, previously dechlorinated by mechanical activation in different ball mills (SPEX and AGO-2), together with synthetic mixtures emulating the contaminated sediments, were submitted to thermogravimetric and calorimetric measurements as well as to X-ray powder diffraction in order to clarify the dechlorination reaction mechanism. Both major sediment components, i.e., carbonates and clay minerals, were found to be affected by the mechanical activation. As trace pollutants like PCBs are concentrated in clays, the mechanical activation of sediments increases the release of pollutants yielding a more active decontamination. DSC results were less informative as calorimetric peaks from different thermal events were found to overlap.     

Nanoemulsions with Amaranth and Sea Buckthorn Oils

Colloid Journal - Nanoemulsions (NEs) containing natural components are of particular interest for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries, including the encapsulation of hydrophobic...     

Plutonium isotopes in the Sea of Japan

Plutonium isotopes in the Sea of Japan were determined to assess radioactive contamination. Concentrations of ^239,240Pu in surface water of the Sea of Japan were maintained at a constant level over the past two decades in contrast to ¹³⁷Cs. A median value of surface ^239,240Pu in the Sea of Japan in this period was 5.6 mBq/m³ with the range between 2.1 and 14.0 mBq/m³, which is slightly higher than that in the western North Pacific. The vertical distribution of ^239,240Pu showed a surface minimum, a subsurface maximum and gradual decrease with increasing depth. The ²⁴¹Pu/^239,240Pu activity ratios in water columns were almost constant except for surface water. In regard to ^239,240Pu in surface water of the Sea of Japan, these findings suggest that rapid recycling of deeper plutonium occurs in the Sea of Japan due to deep convection in winter and biogeochemical processes such as particle scavenging and remineralization.     

Lindane Adsorption-Desorption on Chitin in Sea Water

Abstract

The adsorption and desorption processes by solid materials are important in determining the movement and fate of pesticide compounds in aquatic systems. Chitin is one of the constituents of natural organic matter and may serve as a model organic phase for studying the pesticide adsorption-desorption in marine systems. The lindane adsorption-desorption to chitin has been studied as a function of chitin concentration (2.5 gl^?1 to 12.5 gl^?1), temperature (5 to 45°C), pH (1.5 to 8) and salinity (15‰ to 36‰). Both, Freundlich and linear isotherms for the adsorption and desorption processes were used to represent the experimental data. Two-site Langmuir isotherm can describe well the measured sorption isotherm. The adsorbent-concentration effect and the adsorption-desorption hysteresis show the existence of different classes of site with different accessibility. Thus, the adsorption-desorption reaction of lindane is the result of more than a single mechanism. An increase in temperature (ΔH = ?4.0 ± 0.7 Kcal mol^?1) and a decrease in salinity resulted in both lower lindane adsorption and in a more reversible process. An increase of pH resulted in lower adsorption partition coefficients.     

Atmospheric Hydrocarbon Concentrations in the Baltic Sea Area

Abstract

During a marine research expedition in 1983 in the Baltic Sea area air samples were collected for the analysis of several organic and inorganic pollutants. The aim of the expedition was to obtain information on the airborne load in the sea as well as to measure the concentrations of the pollutants far away from source areas. In this paper the background concentrations of the primarily traffic originated aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene and xylenes will be presented.

The concentrations of benzene were from 0.2 to 2μg/m³, of toluene between 0.4–3μg/m³, of m-xylene 0.02–0.60μg/m³ while the concentrations of o-xylene were 0.01–0.1 μg/m³. The concentrations did not depend too much on the origin (continental/sea type) of the air masses. A weak minimum in the concentrations of the measured hydrocarbons was noticed in the central Baltic Sea area. When comparing lead concentrations in fine particles (< 2.5 μm) with those of benzene, toluene and m-xylene some coincidence between them could be observed.     

Why there is No Salt in the Sea

What, precisely, is `salt'? It is a certainwhite, solid, crystalline, material, alsocalled sodium chloride. Does any of that solidwhite stuff exist in the sea? – Clearly not.One can make salt from sea water easily enough,but that fact does not establish thatsalt, as such, is present in brine. (Paper andink can be made into a novel – but no novelactually exists in a stack of blank paper witha vial of ink close by.) When salt dissolves inwater, what is present is no longer `salt' butrather a collection of hydrated sodium cationsand chloride anions, neither of which isprecisely salt, nor is the collection. Theaqueous material in brine is also significantlydifferent from pure water. Salt may beconsidered to be present in seawater, but onlyin a more or less vague `potential' way.Actually, there is no salt in the sea. In bothancient and modern treatments of otherimportant chemical concepts, including thenotions of `element', related complication,especially polysemy (terms with multiplemeanings), also occurs. In a recent paper, Paul Needham discussed the(predicable) properties of chemical substances,phases, and solutions. He provided a valuablecharacterization of cases in which severalquantities occupy the same space. He alsoconcluded that solution properties are not`intensive', because solvent and solute do nothave parts in common. He tacitly assumed thatingredients are not altered by their inclusionin a solution. This may be the case in somespecial cases (deutero-benzene dissolved inbenzene, say) but is not true in general – andcertainly does not apply to the case of brine,which Needham used as an example – since theions that exist in the solution, and also theaqueous material there, are quite differentfrom the pure ingredients used in making thesolution. An adequate theory of wholes andparts (mereology) must take into account thatwhen individuals enter combinations ofinteresting sorts they no longer are the verysame individuals that existed prior to thecomposition. It appears that no such formaltheory now actually exists.     

241Pu concentration in southern Baltic Sea ecosystem

Summary ²⁴¹Pu concentrations were calculated indirectly in different compartments of the southern Baltic ecosystem by the activity measurements of²⁴¹Am isotope from the increase of the<span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>b-emitting²⁴¹Pu at 16-18 years after the Chernobyl accident. Enhanced levels of²⁴¹Pu were observed in all analyzed samples. Maximum values (0.408 and 0.367 mBq^. g^-1d.w.) of the estimated²⁴¹Pu concentrations were found in sediments of Internal Puck Bay and Gdańsk Bay, respectively, and in the suspended matter from water of Gdańsk Bay (77.8 mBq^.g^-1d.w.). The highest²⁴¹Pu/^239+240Pu activity ratio was found in the suspended matter (1500) and water (140). The²⁴¹Pu activity of the air dust was very high in April 1986, 3643±34.3 mBq^.g^-1d.w., and the²⁴¹Pu/^239+240Pu activity ratio was 56, but the highest²⁴¹Pu/^239+240Pu activity ratio of the air dust was measured in August. Then the²⁴¹Pu concentration in air dust decreased quickly to values similar to those before the Chernobyl accident.<span style='font-size:12.0pt'>This study provides new data for the ²⁴¹Pu concentrations in various compartments of the Baltic Sea ecosystem.     

Sources of carbon isotopes in Baltic Sea sediments

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Radiocarbon and specific phospholipid-derived biomarkers were used to trace chemical warfare agents (CWA) at the Gotland Deep dumping site of...     

海水化学需氧量的光度法测定

海水中有机污染物在强碱性条件下可被高锰酸钾氧化,通过对生成物溶液中锰酸钾浓度的吸光度测量（λ-430 nm）,测定海水中化学需氧量（COD）。该法的线性范围为0．40～4．50mg／L（以邻苯二甲酸氢钾＋甲酸钠体系为标准溶液）;测定海水COD的相对标准偏差（RSD）为15．6％,回收率为89％～115％。     

Photometric Determination of Tin in Caspian Sea Water

Procedures were developed for the photometric determination of tin(II) with pyrogallol azo compounds, 2,3,4-trihydroxyphenylazo-5-sulfonaphthalene (R₁) and 2,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-3-sulfo-5-chlorazobenzene (R₂), in the presence of triphenylguanidine and bathophenantroline. The complexation of tin(II) with R₁ and R₂ was studied. It was found that different-ligand complexes formed in the presence of hydrophobic amines. A bathochromic shift in absorption spectra was observed along with shifts of optimum pH formation. The effect of reagent concentration, time, and temperature on the formation of different-ligand complexes was studied, and their stoichiometry was determined by different methods. It was shown that the determination of tin(II) with R₂ in the presence of the third component is highly selective. The developed procedures were used for the photometric determination of tin in Caspian Sea water.__________Translated from Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, Vol. 60, No. 5, 2005, pp. 468–470.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Nagiev, Gambarov, Mamedov, Chyragov.