医用活性高分子吸附材料在血液灌流临床应用的进展

本文报道了医用活性高分子吸附材料在血液净化中的应用，着重介绍各种吸附材料的性能及其在血液灌流、血液灌流和血液透析联合治疗有关疾病的新进展。     

低密度脂蛋白的分离与分析研究进展

低密度脂蛋白（LDL）在血浆中的水平异常升高是导致动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的主要危险因素,因此LDL的有效分离对于预防心脑血管疾病至关重要。迄今为止,人们已经发展了多种LDL分离技术,尤其是基于吸附配体和基底材料的血液灌流技术,已逐渐成为一种主流LDL分离方法。本文综述了多种LDL分离方法,即血浆置换法、双重滤过法、免疫吸附法、葡聚糖硫酸酯吸附法、肝素诱导的体外沉淀法以及血液灌流法,并详细讨论了LDL分离中使用的多种吸附配体,包括非离子型（包括免疫型、疏水型、双亲型）和阴离子型,及其基底材料。并展望了未来LDL分离技术的发展,以期对新型LDL吸附剂的开发提供参考。     

高交联大孔吸附剂对海洛因依赖者的临床应用试验

采用高交联大孔吸附剂充填制成了"一次性使用血液灌流器",并对海洛因依赖者进行血液灌流临床治疗实验,观察海洛因的清除率、血液生化各项指标及血液相容性,实验结果表明,该高交联大孔吸附剂充填制成的"一次性使用血液灌流器"具有安全、有效和实用等特点。     

血液灌流吸附清除中分子物质的实验研究

我们从所研制的系列树脂中筛选出对中分子物质(MMS)吸附作用较好的5种吸附树脂,并将其中HP-A_3和HP-A_9用于尿毒症患者血浆体外模拟灌流和急性肾衰大鼠血液灌流。应用MMS总量测定法和Sephadex G25凝胶层析法研究树脂对MMS的吸附清除作用。结果表明,这两种树脂体内、外清除MMS作用显著,HP-A_9树脂体内清除效果更好,其血液相容性也更为理想,有希望应用于临床治疗某些MMS堆积的疾病。     

血液透析联合血液灌流治疗急性肾功能衰竭的临床效果分析

目的分析急性肾功能衰竭采取血液透析联合血液灌流治疗的临床效果。方法选取2010年1月—2015年1月期间惠州市中医医院收治的24例急性肾功能衰竭患者作为研究对象,按治疗方法的不同将本组患者分为两组,对照组12例患者接受单纯血液透析治疗,观察组12例患者接受血液透析联合血液灌流治疗,治疗2个月后,对两组患者的临床指标及临床效果进行统计对比。结果观察组治疗后CRP、Cr、BUN、MMS指标优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗有效率为91.67%(11/12),高于对照组75.00%(9/12),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对急性肾功能衰竭患者的治疗,采取血液透析联合血液灌流治疗的临床效果显著,促进患者康复,在临床中具有良好的应用价值。     

血液净化高分子吸附材料

简要总结了我们近年来在血液净化高分子吸附材料方面取得的研究成果. 对于有机小分子吸附剂、中分子吸附剂和生物大分子吸附剂的系统研究,不仅取得了大量的基础性研究结果,而且筛选出了性能优良的血液净化吸附剂,已经与血液灌流装置一起开始应用于临床.     

HA—2型大孔吸附剂用于血液灌流／血液透析联合清除中分子物质、治疗流行性出血热并发急性肾衰的临床应用研究

本文研究了ＨＡ—２型大孔吸附剂用于血液灌流治疗流行性出血热并发急性肾衰，观察其血液相容性及疗效。     

以壳聚糖为载体的内毒素吸附剂

内毒素血症(Endotoxemia)可出现于多种疾病过程中,导致器官坏死、不可逆休克和死亡。如何及时并有效地清除患者体内的内毒素,是临床医学面临的一个难题．选用高效吸附剂,籍助血液灌流的方法从血液中直接清除内毒素,受到了人们越来越多的关注。     

HA—2型大孔吸附剂用于血液灌流／血液透析联合清除中分子物…

本文研究了ＨＡ－２型大孔吸附剂用于血液灌流治疗流行性出血热并发急性肾衰，观察其血液相容性及疗效。     

神经毒品解毒和戒瘾的新疗法──血液灌流疗法

贩毒吸毒是当今世界最严重的社会公害之一，对社会安定和人们的身心健康构成极大威胁。至今，解毒和戒瘾还一直沿用传统医疗手段。本文介绍了毒品的药理学和成瘾机制以及有关解毒戒瘾的治疗方法，着重探讨了血液灌流疗法在治疗毒品滥用上的应用前景。     

Selective water sorbents for multiple application, 6. Freshwater production from the atmosphere

In this communication we consider an application of new selective water sorbents for freshwater production from the atmosphere. We present a general scheme of water production and discuss its efficiency in different climatic areas. The results of our lab-scale tests have demonstrated the feasibility of this method with the output of 3–5 kg of water per 10 kg of the dry sorbent per day.     

汞离子天然吸附剂

汞离子是现代工业中剧毒的污染物之一,研究者致力于汞离子高效吸附剂的研制已有多年.本文基于国内外最新研究文献,系统论述了汞离子天然吸附剂如壳聚糖、矿物、微生物及其改性材料等的吸附性能,并详细比较了各种吸附剂的优缺点,指出天然吸附剂来源广泛、价格便宜,尤其是修饰后的壳聚糖吸附性能甚至可以和一些合成吸附剂相媲美.在所报道的天然吸附剂中,引入巯基后的戊二醛交联壳聚糖,对初始浓度为500 mg/L的汞离子的吸附容量可达1 604.7mg/g,属已知的汞离子天然吸附剂中之最.天然汞离子吸附剂在工业废水处理中显示出了广阔的应用前景.     

Sorption of radionuclides on inorganic sorbents

Inorganic sorbents are often used in separation of metals and radionuclides in radioanalytical application and they were also used in technological scale for separation of radionuclides in cleanup of Three Mile Island NPP. Inorganic sorbents become popular in the last years because no problem with organic contamination, there are stable against radiation, sorption efficiency can be tailor made for selective separation of chosen metal. Contrary to the organic sorbents they have usually lower capacity and chemical stability is limited to narrower pH. Nevertheless of some problems, many good properties of inorganic sorbents make them very attractive for sorption study.     

Application of carbon sorbents for the concentration and separation of metal ions.

Solid-phase extraction is an attractive approach in the preparation of many kinds of samples prior to analysis; highly selective sorbents are desirable for this purpose. The objective of this review is to provide updated information about carbon-based sorbents, their interaction modes and potential application for the concentration and separation of metal ions from environmental samples prior to their determination. New selective phases such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are described. Selected examples illustrate the potential of these sorbents.     

Selective Water Sorbents for Multiple Applications, 10. Energy Storage Ability

The application of new selective water sorbents for storage of low temperature heat is analyzed. Values of energy storage ability E are measured by a DSC technique for more than fifteen samples of selective water sorbents based on silica gels, aluminas, carbon Sibunit and aerogels as host matrices and CaCl₂, LiBr, MgCl₂ as impregnated salts. E-values up to 8.4 kJ/g and 4.0 kJ/g are found for forced and naturally saturated sorbents, which are much higher than for common sorbents, like zeolites and unimpregnated silica gels. The temperature dependence of E gives an estimation of sensible and latent heat contributions as well as the average heat of water desorption and average specific heat of dry sorbents. A comparison between the SWSs and others materials proposed in literature is done.     

Chemisorption of microimpurities of nitrogen(II) and (IV) oxides in the presence of an excess amount of oxygen

Chemisorbents and chemical absorbents synthesized by impregnation of a γ-Al₂O₃ substrate with active components in the form of transition metal oxides and potassium salts of metallic acids are recommended for application. The sorbents are intended for neutralization of microconcentrated nitrogen mono- and dioxides from an oxygen-enriched medium. The synthesis parameters and physicochemical properties of the sorbents are presented and the conditions of the most effective operation of each type of sorbents are specified.     

Composite sorbents of inorganic ion-exchangers and polyacrylonitrile binding matrix

Methods of preparation of granules of inorganic ion exchangers as well as methods for improvement of granular strength of these materials are reviewed. The resulting ion exchangers are classified in three groups—“intrinsic”, supported and composite ion exchangers. Their properties are compared and possibilities of their technological application are evaluated. A new method of preparation of inorganic-organic composite sorbents of inorganic ion-exchangers and polyacrylonitrile binding matrix is described, advantages and disadvantages of such sorbents are discussed. Proposed fields of application include tratment of liquid radioactive and/or hazardous wastes, decontamination of natural water as well as analytical applications.     

Determination of total oncopterin,neopterin and biopterin in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography with solid phase extraction

A new, sensitive method for the determination of oncopterin, biopterin, and neopterin in human urine has been developed using SPE with 6,7‐dimethylpterin as internal standard and gradient HPLC with fluorescence detection. SPE was tested for the pre‐treatment of urine samples on different types of sorbents (strong ion exchange resins, polar adsorbents, and reversed‐phase sorbents). RP‐SPE with subsequent evaporation of eluate has been found to be the most appropriate. The extraction efficiency exceeded 95% for all selected pterins. The extracted pterins were subsequently analyzed on a Purospher RP‐18 RP column. The LOD of oncopterin was 1.43 nmol/L of urine. The intra‐day and inter‐day imprecision at a physiological oncopterin concentration never exceeded 10%. The potential of this method was tested using urine samples of healthy volunteers and cancer patients without methotrexate therapy.     

Emerging materials for sample preparation

This review provides an update on the implementation of emerging materials as sorbents for sample preparation in combination with chromatographic separation. We have focused on recent applications of metal–organic frameworks, layered double hydroxides, porous carbons obtained from polymers or biomass precursors, and silicates (clays and zeolites). The review is directed toward the strategies followed by the authors to engineer suitable supports enabling the application of materials with unconventional size and shape as high‐performance sorbents to explore new boundaries in sample pretreatment in manual or automated modes.     

Application of the sol-gel method for the preparation of some inorganic ion-exchangers in spherical form

Starting from the principles of sol-gel method, developed originally for the preparation of nuclear fuels in spherical form, their application to the preparation of microspheres of various non-nuclear elements is presented. In addition to the preparative conditions of the primarily hydroxidic spheres, their conversion into other insoluble compounds such as phosphates, ferrocyanides, sulphides, etc. is described. These sol-gel products work very well as ion-exchangers; their sorption properties are quite comparable to those of the common powder sorbents, the sphere from being their main beauty. Applicability of these sorbents as well as their limitations are also discussed.