R22与R410A热泵中冷凝器性能随支路数变化的比较

利用软件EVAP-COND,模拟对比了在室内换热器中分别采用R22与R410A制冷剂时冷凝器的性能随支路数的变化,结果表明:室内换热器作为冷凝器时,R410A的换热量比R22的要大,换热量的差别是由两排管共同造成的,两排管中R410A的换热量都比R22的要大;随支路数的增多,第一排管对冷凝器换热量差值的影响越来越显著,而第二排管的影响逐渐减弱;第一排管换热量的差别主要受传热系数的影响,而第二排管受传热温差和传热系数的综合影响。因此,支路增多时制约R410A和R22冷凝器换热量差别的因素,从传热温差和传热系数共同作用逐渐转变为传热系数起主导作用。     

Volt-ampere characteristics of a nitrogen DC plasma arc with anode melting

The characteristics of a nitrogen arc using a graphite cathode and a melting anode in a pilot-scale plasma furnace are investigated. The voltage is examined as a function of current and apparent plasma length. The voltage increases non-linearly with the increase of apparent plasma length, with the current fixed. The experimental data so obtained are compared with the predictions of the Bowman model for the electric arc, and with numerical simulations as well. The level of agreement between the experimental data at the melting anode and the numerical predictions confirms the suitability of the proposed the Bowman model. These characteristics are relevant to the engineering design and evaluation of a DC plasma furnace and reactor for the treatment of hazardous fly ash waste.     

Effective coefficients of quasi-steady Maxwell’s equations with multiscale isotropic random conductivity

The effective coefficients in the quasi-steady Maxwell’s equations are calculated for a multiscale isotropic medium by using a subgrid modeling approach. The conductivity is mathematically represented by a Kolmogorov multiplicative continuous cascade with a lognormal probability distribution. The scale of the solution domain is assumed to be large as compared with the scale of heterogeneities of the medium. The theoretical results obtained in the paper are compared with the results of a direct 3D numerical simulation and the results of the conventional perturbation theory.     

Hybrid diffractive-refractive 40° head-mounted display

The design of a head-mounted display with a field of view of 40 degrees and suitable for use with a micro display of 17.5 mm diagonal is presented. It is a combination of a diffractive-refractive eyepiece with an appropriate reflective relay system. The eyepiece design is based on a Kellner eyepiece. By replacing the cemented-doublet of the traditional eyepiece with a diffractive-refractive element (a plano-convex lens with the plane surface as the diffractive surface) an improved eyepiece is obtained. The proposed eyepiece shows a considerable reduction in physical size (which is particularly important for binocular systems) and weight, and exhibits superior performance compared to the traditional refractive type. It is emphasized that the proposed design has a performance that is well matched to a micro display with SXGA resolution.     

单模与多模光纤耦合器的光束合波

现有的光纤耦合器在作为分波器使用时具有较低的插入损耗,在作为合波器时插入损耗较大,为实现低损耗合波目的,提出一种由单模与多模光纤共同构成的混合型光纤耦合器。利用耦合波方程理论分析其工作原理,计算机模拟其耦合过程。采用熔锥法制作工艺,完成单模与多模光纤耦合器的制作,实验结果与理论模拟相吻合;该器件单模到多模光纤的耦合效率、多模到多模光纤的耦合效率均在90％以上,实现了两路光束的功率合波。作为低插入损耗合波器件可广泛应用于光通信以及双包层光纤激光器抽运光的注入。     

一种基于二元位相加密的大信息量数字全息水印

研究了一种基于二元位相加密的大信息量数字全息水印方法,对需隐藏的水印信息用二元位相编码,然后再用2台阶位相密钥进行加密,作为水印插入宿主图像中,解码后得到了高质量的水印结果.与平面波照明数字全息水印相比,采用位相密钥数字全息水印有效地提高了水印提取的安全性和相对光学效率,并保持了对大信息量水印的提取质量,解码过程不依赖于原图像. 计算和分析了二元位相密钥的空间分布对水印信息提取质量的影响,计算结果验证了理论的正确性.     

Dirac Equation in Space–Time with Torsion

The Dirac equation in a curved space–time endowed with compatible affine connection is reconsidered. After a detailed decomposition of the total action, the equation is obtained by varying with respect to the Dirac spinor and the torsion field. The result is a known Dirac-like equation with constraints that can be interpreted as the equation of a self-interacting spin 1/2 particle in curved space–time. The scheme is then translated into the language of the 2-spinor formalism of curved space–time based on the choice of a null tetrad frame. The spinorial equation so obtained coincides with the standard one in case of no torsion, while in general it remains a nonlinear equation describing a self-interacting spin 1/2 particle. The nonlinearity is produced by the interaction of the particle with its own current that remains conserved as in the free torsion case.     

Stark spectra of Rydberg states in atomic cesium in the vicinity of n=18

The Stark structures in a cesium atom around n=18 are numerically calculated. The results show that the components of 20D states with a small azimuthal quantum number |m| shift upward a lot, and those with a large |m| shift downward a little within 1100 V/cm. All components of P states shift downward. Experimental work has been performed in ultracold atomic cesium. Atoms initially in 6P3/2 state are excited to high-n Rydberg states by a polarization light perpendicular to the field, and Stark spectra with |m|=1/2,3/2,5/2 are simultaneously observed with a large linewidth for the first time. The observed spectra are analyzed in detail. The relative transition probability is calculated. The experimental results are in good agreement with our numerical computation.     

Detonation initiation from shock and material interface interactions in hydrogen-air mixtures

A numerical study was conducted to explore the mechanisms of detonation initiation in a stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture resulting from the interaction between a Mach 2.8 shock and a perturbed material interface. The simulations used a high-order compressible numerical method for fluid dynamics with both detailed and simplified chemical-diffusive models. Three material interfaces were considered: no interface, a perturbed planar flame, and a perturbed helium interface. The case with no interface did not evolve into a detonation. The case with the flame produced a series of additional shock-flame and shock-shock interactions. The shock-shock interactions produced a series of contact surfaces and sliplines with increasing temperature. Hot spots eventually formed along these sliplines and a detonation was initiated shortly thereafter through a reactivity gradient mechanism. The overall process of detonation initiation was similar for both detailed and simplified chemical-diffusive models. Only the fine details, such as the precise time and location of the hot spots, were different. This indicates that simplified chemical-diffusive models are adequate to describe the initiation of detonations in the present configuration. The processes that ignited the detonation were also similar in the case where the flame was replaced with a helium interface. Helium has a similar acoustic impedance to the products and produced similar wave refraction patterns. Thus, the primary effect of the flame is to facilitate the shock-shock interactions that produce hot spots and initiate the detonation. The chemical energy released by the flame has a secondary influence.     

Ising model with a new class of four-spin interactions

The Ising model on a Union-Jack lattice, described by a Hamiltonian with second-neighbor pair-pair, four-spin, infinite-range interactions is considered. The model is solved exactly and the results are compared with MFA predictions. Within the exact treatment two new classes of phase transitions are obtained. The first one includes transitions from a disordered to a metastable, ordered and then to a stable and ordered phase with decreasing temperature. The metastable phase does not appear if the temperature is increased. The second one contains transitions between ordered and partialy ordered, partialy frustrated phases.     

二维半导体问题在复合网格上的有限差分格式

半导体器件的瞬时状态由3个方程组成的非线性偏微分方程组的初边值问题决定.依据实际数值模拟的需要,提出了一类二维半导体问题在时空局部加密复合网格上的有限差分形式,电场位势方程、电子和空穴浓度方程分别用五点差分格式和修正迎风格式近似,且在交界面上采用线性插值,并给出了电子和空穴浓度的最大模误差估计,最后给出了数值算例.     

Dynamics in two-elevator traffic system with real-time information

We study the dynamics of traffic system with two elevators using a elevator choice scenario. The two-elevator traffic system with real-time information is similar to the two-route vehicular traffic system. The dynamics of two-elevator traffic system is described by the two-dimensional nonlinear map. An elevator runs a neck-and-neck race with another elevator. The motion of two elevators displays such a complex behavior as quasi-periodic one. The return map of two-dimensional map shows a piecewise map.     

Dentinal surface-cutting efficiency using a high-speed diamond bur,ultrasound and laser

We compare an ultrasound bur with a conventional one and an Er:YAG laser for cavity preparations. Human molars were embedded in resin and sliced for this study. The surface abrasion was performed by a high-speed instrument and ultrasound. The cavity preparation was initially performed with a high-speed diamond bur. After this, a 2.94-μm laser with 400 mJ/pulse at 4 Hz, and a pulse width from 250–500 μs was applied to the tooth surface for 30 s in a sweeping motion. The samples were analyzed by SEM. The abrasion surface with a conventional bur showed structure removal with different grooves, a smear-layer presence, and occluded dentinal tubules. The abraded surface with the CVD bur suggested a removal process in layers. The laser-irradiated surface showed a rough aspect with opened tubules and the absence of a smear layer. The results of this study suggest that a high-speed diamond bur, ultrasound, and laser were able to perform cavity preparation. However, the CVD bur presented a higher surface quality.     

Interaction of a phosphatidylcholine derivative of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) with intact living cells: Steady-state fluorescence polarization and phase fluorometry studies

The potential interest of DPH-PC was checked with a macrophagic cell line (P388D1). The uptake of DPH-PC was associated with a rapid increase in both fluorescence intensity and a slow decrease in anisotropy values. A flow cytometry comparative study with DPH revealed in both cases the existence of two cell subpopulations with different labeling levels. The analysis of fluorescence decay of DPH-PC showed two components. The fractional intensity of the main component (9.7 ns) is higher than 92%. The Lorentzian distribution of the main lifetime presents an important homogeneity. The observation that an increase in temperature induced a decrease in steady state anisotropy values but did not affect the lifetime suggests that the anisotropy variations effectively reflect modifications in the cohesion of probe micro-surroundings. A transmembrane diffusional phenomenon of a fraction of fluorescent phospholipids (205) was suggested by a study with a nonpermeant membrane quencher. The transmembrane diffusion was confirmed by extraction of the phospholipid analog with fatty acid free BSA. The use of inhibitors of endogenous phospholipase A2 showed a progressive hydrolysis of the fluorescent phospholipid. Nevertheless, the hydrolysis can be neglected in the case of short term interactions with cells (<30 min). Therefore, it can be assumed that DPH-PC can be used as a membrane probe.     

Fast fabrication of epoxy-functionalized magnetic polymer core-shell microspheres using glycidyl methacrylate as monomer via photo-initiated miniemulsion polymerization

Epoxy-functionalized magnetic polymer microspheres with high magnetic responsiveness were prepared through a one-step photo-initiated miniemulsion polymerization. This kind of core-shell particle can be synthesized successfully with hydrophilic monomer, glycidyl methacrylate, as a single monomer by a 10 min ultraviolet irradiation, and phase separation induced eccentric cores. The morphology of the particles was examined with a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The incorporation of magnetic particles was characterized with X-ray diffraction. The magnetic content of the microspheres was detected by both vibrating sample magnetometer and thermo-gravimetric analyzer.     

Improved measurements of thermally induced birefringence effects in a laser material using a half-wave plate

The polarization dependence of a probe beam for use in measuring thermally induced birefringence effects in a laser-diode end-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic laser has been investigated. The variation in intensity of the probe beam was found to be 10.2% for a linearly polarized probe beam, 20.6% for a circularly polarized probe beam, and 31.4% for a circularly polarized probe beam using a half-wave plate with a pump power of 12 W. The angle between the analyzer and the inclination of the major axis of the elliptical polarization with respect to the x axis was controlled using a half-wave plate. By combining a half-wave plate with a circularly polarized probe beam, the variation in intensity increased compared with conventional methods.     

镶嵌于玻璃中的CdSe_(1-x)S_x量子点的电调制光谱测量

采用直流偏置的交流调制电场测量了玻璃中各向同性的CdSe1 xSx 量子点的电调制光谱 ,介绍了各向同性材料电调制光谱的测量方法 ,分析了与一般电调制光谱测量方法不同的原因。采用偏置后的交流调制电场 ,可以检测到与电场同频率 ( 1f)而位相差 90°的CdSe1 xSx 量子点的电吸收信号 ,该信号比采用二倍频检测 ( 2 f)的信号大一个数量级 ,比通常采用正弦波调制电场的信号大 3个数量级。采用直流偏置调制电场有利于各向同性材料的电光性能的测量     

Three-dimensional treatment of convective flow in the earth's mantle

A three-dimensional finite-element method is used to investigate thermal convection in the earth's mantle. The equations of motion are solved implicitly by means of a fast multigrid technique. The computational mesh for the spherical problem is derived from the regular icosahedron. The calculations described use a mesh with 43,554 nodes and 81,920 elements and were run on a Cray X. The earth's mantly is modeled as a thick spherical shell with isothermal, free-slip boundaries. The infinite Prandtl number problem is formulated in terms of pressure, density, absolute temperature, and velocity and assumes an isotropic Newtonian rheology. Solutions are obtained for Rayleigh numbers up to approximately 10⁶ for a variety of modes of heating. Cases initialized with a temperature distribution with warmer temperatures beneath spreading ridges and cooler temperatures beneath present subduction zones yield whole-mantle convection solutions with surface velocities that correlate well with currently observed plate velocities.     

Fabrication of high‐aspect‐ratio Fresnel zone plates by e‐beam lithography and electroplating

The fabrication of gold Fresnel zone plates, by a combination of e‐beam lithography and electrodeposition, with a 30 nm outermost zone width and a 450 nm‐thick structure is described. The e‐beam lithography process was implemented with a careful evaluation of applied dosage, tests of different bake‐out temperatures and durations for the photoresist, and the use of a developer without methylisobutylketone. Electrodeposition with a pulsed current mode and with a specially designed apparatus produced the desired high‐aspect‐ratio nanostructures. The fabricated zone plates were examined by electron microscopy and their performances were assessed using a transmission X‐ray microscope. The results specifically demonstrated an image resolution of 40 nm.     

Verification of surface WGM in radio frequency band

The ideas of generating surface whispering gallery mode (SWGM) through coating a microresonator with a layer of metamaterials is proposed in our previous work. In this paper, we verify the SWGM with a square resonator based on two-dimensional LC network in radio frequency band. The equivalent node voltage distribution matrix of this resonator is derived. Results show that node voltage can be amplified when the square resonator is covered with a layer of double negative metamaterials. The performance of the metamaterial resonator as a dielectric sensor with excellent sensitivity has been demonstrated. This work may put a great step toward the realization of SWGM sensors using metamaterials.