Semiconductor-metal transition in selenium under shock compression

Phase transitions in selenium are studied by time-resolved measurements of the electrical conductivity under shock compression at a pressure of up to 32 GPa. The pressure dependence of the electrical conductivity (σ(P)) has two portions: a sharp increase at P < 21 GPa and a plateau at P > 21 GPa. The experimental data and the temperature estimates indicate that, at P < 21 GPa, selenium is in the semiconductor state. The energy gap of semiconducting selenium decreases substantially under compression. At P > 21 GPa, the electrical conductivity saturates at ～10⁴ Ω^?1 cm^?1. Such a high value of the electrical conductivity shows the effective semiconductor-metal transition taking place in shock-compressed selenium. Experiments with samples having different initial densities demonstrate the effect of temperature on the phase transition. For example, powdered selenium experiences the transition at a lower shock pressure than solid selenium. Comparison of the temperature estimates with the phase diagram of selenium shows that powdered selenium metallizes in a shock wave as a result of melting. The most plausible mechanism behind the shock-induced semiconductor-metal transition in solid selenium is melting or the transition in the solid phase. Under shock compression, the metallic phase arises without a noticeable time delay. After relief, the metallic phase persists for a time, delaying the reverse transition.     

Localization of heat in the shock compressed matter and its application to materials processing

Abstract

Both the heterogeneous deformation and the localization of heat in the shock compressed materials are supported by in situ measurements and textural observations. Additional shock-induced radiation measurements on diamond powder aggregates confirm such a current aspect and the proposed model, namely the skin model, that allows us to estimate quantitatively both the amount of localized heat and the subsequent thermal diffusion process. The parameter, ratio of the skin thickness to the cube size or particle size, is a convenient, universal parameter to representthe shock state of powder and is independent of particle size but dependent on shock pressures. The skin temperatures are approximately constant and equal to the melting temperature. The shock processing, especially shock consolidation of powders, effectively utilizes these phenomena and can be designed based on the skin model.     

纳米多晶铁的冲击相变研究

利用分子动力学方法研究了不同晶粒度的纳米多晶铁在冲击压缩下的结构相变过程,模拟结果表明:纳米多晶铁的冲击结构相变(由体心立方(bcc)结构 α 相到六角密排(hcp)结构 ε 相)发生的临界冲击应力在15 GPa左右.纳米多晶铁在经过弹性压缩变形后,晶界导致的塑性变形开始发生,然后大多数相变从晶界成核并最终发展为大规模相变.不同变形过程在应力和粒子速度剖面上能得到清晰的体现,并通过微观原子结构分析分辨.冲击压缩后的微观结构以晶界原子和以fcc结构原子充当孪晶界的hcp原子为主.晶粒度明显影响晶界变形及相变 关键词： 冲击相变 纳米多晶铁 冲击波 分子动力学     

The role of the dynamic pressure in stationary heat conduction of a rarefied polyatomic gas

The effect of the dynamic pressure (non-equilibrium pressure) on stationary heat conduction in a rarefied polyatomic gas at rest is elucidated by the theory of extended thermodynamics. It is shown that this effect is observable in a non-polytropic gas. Numerical studies are presented for a para-hydrogen gas as a typical example.     

铁冲击相变的分子动力学研究

用分子动力学方法模拟了单晶铁(Fe)在一定初始温度下冲击相变(α相→ε相)的微观过程，结果显示温度会导致冲击相变压力阈值降低.基于此微观过程，对加卸载波系的传播规律进行了相应计算和分析，结果表明在卸载过程中逆相变波(ε相→α相)相对于波前以当地纵波声速传播，而相对波后以亚声速传播，这可由卸载压力-密度曲线给出相应解释；计算了不同初态的卸载压力-密度状态曲线，并给出了逆相变带的分布，其分布规律显示了卸载过程逆相变的滞后现象. 关键词： 分子动力学 多体势 冲击波 相变     

铁冲击相变的晶向效应

采用基于火炮加载的三样品精细波剖面对比测量,研究了晶向效应对铁弹-塑性转变及体心立方结构(bcc,α相)至六角密排结构(hcp,ε相)相变特性的影响.观测到单晶铁异常的弹-塑性转变行为,这与基于位错密度描述的黏塑性本构模型计算结果相符,对应的Hugoniot弹性极限δ_(HEL)均大于6 GPa,且具有晶向相关性,即δ(111)/(HEL)δ(110)/(HEL)δ(100)/(HEL);系统获取了相变起始压力P_(PT)晶向相关性的实验数据,[100],[110]和[111]晶向的PPT实测值分别为13.89±0.57 GPa,14.53±0.53 GPa,16.05±0.67 GPa,其变化规律与非平衡分子动力学计算结果相符.上述结果揭示出冲击压缩下单晶铁存在塑性与相变微观机理的强耦合,为完善用于冲击实验描述的相场动力学模型提供了重要的实验支撑.     

一种高密度玻璃的多形性高压相变和物态方程研究

在二级轻气炮上用无氧铜飞片直接撞击重玻璃平板样品(密度为4.817 g/cm³,材料牌号:ZF6)开展了冲击压缩实验研究,压力范围为52.1—167.8 GPa,并采用多通道瞬态辐射高温计和光分析技术测量了其雨贡纽线、高压声速和冲击波温度等动态特性.实验结果显示,上述性质在三个不同压力区间出现不连续性变化,表明冲击压缩下该样品材料存在多形性高压相变,相变起始压力分别为23,78和120 GPa.实测声速先是随冲击压力的增高而增加,并在78 GPa附近出现急剧下降,之后又随压力增长,并在120 GPa之后下降到体波声速,表明材料进入高压熔化相.温度数据同样在78和120 GPa处出现明显的不连续变化,并在120 GPa之后变化趋于平缓与计算的Lindeman熔化线相符,进一步印证了上述相变行为.实测雨贡纽数据与LASL数据库中的重玻璃数据相符,结果显示除23 GPa附近有一明显的突变外,高压区数据几近线性变化,表明重玻璃的两个高压相变均为二级相变.本文报道的重玻璃材料高压物性数据和序列相变认识对于发展反向加载技术、提高材料声速测量精度和适用压力范围具有实用价值. 关键词： 重玻璃 冲击温度 卸载声速 冲击相变     

空位缺陷和相变对冲击压缩下蓝宝石光学性质的影响

为了探究冲击压缩下蓝宝石光学性质的变化行为,本文采用第一性原理方法,在180 GPa的压力范围内计算了蓝宝石理想晶体和含空位点缺陷晶体的光学性质.吸收光谱数据表明,仅考虑压力和温度因素不能解释冲击消光实验的结果,而冲击诱导的氧离子空位点缺陷应该是导致该结果的一个重要原因.波长在532 nm处的折射率数据表明:1)蓝宝石的两个高压结构相变将导致其折射率明显上升;在Corundum和Rh_2O_3相区,其折射率将随冲击压力增大而降低;在CalrO_3相区,压力小于172 GPa时,其折射率随冲击压力增大而缓慢地降低,但172 GPa以上时折射率却随冲击压力增大而逐渐增大;2)空位点缺陷对折射率随冲击压力的变化规律有明显的影响.本文结果不仅有助于增强用空位点缺陷的物理机理来解释蓝宝石冲击透明性损伤现象的可靠性,而且对未来进一步的实验研究以及发展新型窗口材料有重要的参考作用.     

冲击相变研究的现状与趋势

 就冲击相变研究中的几个前沿性领域：相变塑性和剪力影响，相变后行为，冲击相变的理论和本构描述，以及微观机理的瞬态实时测量等的研究现状和发展趋势作了综述分析。文中强调了对材料横向剪切行为进行直接测量的重要性。     

A model of Photoinduced Regular-Dimerized Stack Transitions

We present a model of photoinduced regular-dimerized stack transitions and discuss theoretically the behavior of the organic molecular mixed-stack charge-transfer crystal, Tetrathiafulvalene-Chloranil (TTF-CA). We investigate both the photoinduced structural phase transitions and the thermal phase transition between the regular-stack neutral phase at high temperatures and the dimerized-stack ionic phase at low temperatures. Our model is based on a simple phenomenological insight that the molecules have three stable displacements in the crystal. The cooperative effect is accounted for by introducing harmonic coupling between the molecules. It is the first attempt to include not only the photo-excitation but also the temperature effect on an equal footing.     

反向碰撞法测量Bi的低压Hugoniot数据

在火炮和二级轻气炮上利用反向碰撞技术,通过测量飞片击靶速度以及飞片/窗口的界面粒子速度,获得了金属铋(Bi)在10-45 GPa压力范围内的Hugoniot数据. 该方法克服了电探针法在测量低压Hugoniot数据时由于导通一致性差而不能准确得到冲击波速度的难题,同时又避免了精确测量样品中冲击波走时的问题. 实验获得的冲击波速度(D)-波后粒子速度(u)Hugoniot数据表明,Bi在粒子速度u=0.9 km/s附近D-u曲线发生了明显拐折,产生这一拐折的原因推测与冲击导致的Bi的固-液相变有关. 关键词： Hugoniot数据 反向碰撞 冲击相变 铋     

Ising model with a new class of four-spin interactions

The Ising model on a Union-Jack lattice, described by a Hamiltonian with second-neighbor pair-pair, four-spin, infinite-range interactions is considered. The model is solved exactly and the results are compared with MFA predictions. Within the exact treatment two new classes of phase transitions are obtained. The first one includes transitions from a disordered to a metastable, ordered and then to a stable and ordered phase with decreasing temperature. The metastable phase does not appear if the temperature is increased. The second one contains transitions between ordered and partialy ordered, partialy frustrated phases.     

Symmetry Restoring Phase Transitions at High Density in a 4D Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model with a Single Order Parameter

High density phase transitions in a 4-dimensional Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model containing a single symmetry breaking order parameter coming from the fermion-antifermion condensates are researched and expounded by means of both the gap equation and the effective potential approach. The phase transitions are proven to be second-order at a high temperature T; however at T = 0 they are first- or second-order, depending on whether A/m(0), the ratio of the momentum cutoff A in the fermion-loop integrals to the dynamicalfermion mass m(0) at zero temperature, is less than 3.387 or not. The former condition cannot be satisfied in some models. The discussions further show complete effectiveness of the critical analysis based on the gap equation for second order phase transitions including determination of the condition of their occurrence.     

Symmetry Restoring Phase Transitions at High Density in a 4D Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model with a Single Order Parameter

High density phase transitions in a 4-dimensional Nambu-dona-Lasinio model containing a single symmetry breaking order parameter coming from the fermion-antifermion condensates are researched and expounded by means of both the gap equation and the effective potential approach. The phase transitions are proven to be second-order at a high temperature T; however at T = 0 they are first- or second-order, depending on whether A/m(0), the ratio of the momentum cutoff A in the fermion-loop integrals to the dynamical fermion mass m(0) at zero temperature, is lessthan 3.387 or not. The former condition cannot be satisfied in some models. The discussions further show complete effectiveness of the critical analysis based on the gap equation for second order phase transitions including determination of the condition of their occurrence.     

Effects of inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering on supernova dynamics and radiated neutrino spectra

Based on the shell model for Gamow-Teller and the random phase approximation for forbidden transitions, we calculate cross sections for inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (INNS) under supernova (SN) conditions, assuming a matter composition given by nuclear statistical equilibrium. The cross sections are incorporated into state-of-the-art stellar core-collapse simulations with detailed energy-dependent neutrino transport. While no significant effect on the SN dynamics is observed, INNS increases the neutrino opacities noticeably and strongly reduces the high-energy tail of the neutrino spectrum emitted in the neutrino burst at shock breakout. Relatedly the expected event rates for the observation of such neutrinos by earthbound detectors are reduced by up to about 60%.     

Bi在固液混合相区的冲击参数测量及声速软化特性

冲击相变与熔化作为材料特性的一项重要研究内容,对于多相物态方程构建具有重要意义.本文利用追赶稀疏原理和阻滞法,基于火炮加载技术获得了17.3—28.3 GPa范围内纯铋(Bi)的高精度声速数据和Hugoniot参数,分析了声速软化规律,得到固-液混合相区Bi材料声速随压力的近似线性递减关系C=3.682-0.015p,并进一步确定Bi的冲击熔化压力区间为18—27.4 GPa.同时,Bi/Li F界面速度剖面的预期平台段在固液混合相区表现出渐进爬升的异常特征,分析认为,该现象与Bi材料的非均匀熔化动力学行为及冲击熔化完成时间尺度较长有关.     

Uniform uniaxial anisotropic systems with coupled vector order parameters

Phase transitions in magnets, described by two coupled, m-component vector order parameters, having uniform uniaxial anisotropies are studied. Using a phenomenological model, it is shown that when both order parameters are anisotropic, phase transitions are always second order, in either the uniaxial or the (m???1)-isotropic phase. This is contrary to the isotropic case of two coupled order parameters, for which phase transitions are fluctuation-induced first order. The transitions are still continuous into the m-isotropic phase even when the only anisotropic order parameter is the one with the lowest mean-field critical temperature. New discontinuous transitions still occur in either the uniaxial or the (m???1)-isotropic phase, when the only anisotropic order parameter has the highest mean-field critical temperature.     

Shock wave working of high-TC superconductors

Abstract

The results of investigating the processes of explosive compaction of Y-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O powdered ceramic high temperature superconducting materials and the shock-induced variation of their properties are presented. The possibility for obtaining metal-ceramic cylinder and spiral-shaped articles is illustrated. The shock wave loading of sintered ceramics is shown to result in degrading its superconducting properties up on R(T), which are subsequently restored by low-temperature annealing. The loss of superconducting properties is demonstrated to correlate with the X-ray lines width. In case of Bi-4334 ceramic, we have observed the improving SP-properties on susceptibility just after shocking it. The effect of the compaction pressure, initial particle size, atmosphere (air, O₂, N₂), initial temperature on material properties is studied.     

Atomistic investigation of phase transition in solid argon induced by shock wave transmission

A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to study the phase transition process in argon induced by shock wave transmission. Deriving the relation between the shock and piston velocities, the theoretical equation of state for argon is presented. Also, argon equation of state is obtained by measuring the quantities directly from simulations to be able to detect the phase transitions. The phase transition is also detected by using argon phase diagram and free energy calculations. A comparison shows good agreement between the theoretical and MD results for the phase transitions. Based on these simulations, it is concluded that under a shock wave transmission with suitable energy, the solid argon experiences a phase transition from solid to liquid and another from liquid to supercritical fluid. By reflecting the shock wave back at the end of its passage, the whole argon may reach the supercritical state.     

一种新的氮化碳相的冲击波合成

 为了合成理论预测存在的高密度氮化碳相,以富氮的C-N-O非晶材料和晶态的双氰胺为前体,在低于50 GPa的冲击压力范围内进行了一系列冲击回收实验。回收产物的XRD衍射表明,形成了由β-C₃N₄和一种新的氮化碳相组成的复合相。该新相的衍射峰可以完全指标化为一个单斜晶胞,晶胞常数为a=0.981 nm,b=0.723 nm,c=0.561 nm,β=95.2°,晶胞体积V_cell=0.396 6 nm³。根据实验结果可以认为,氮化碳复合相的形成是前体有机分子在瞬态的冲击波化学反应后,经历了极高速的冲击淬火过程（约10⁹ K/s）,作为一种高压亚稳相而被保存下来。冲击压缩富氮的有机物前体,是合成氮化碳相的一种新方法。