Mössbauer study of the effect of acidic treatment on iron minerals during the demineralization of coals

Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine the iron-containing minerals that remained in two different Spanish subbituminous coals after acidic treatments. Spectra were taken before and after treatments of both coals with HCl and HCl followed by HF. Pyrite, jarosite and Fe²⁺-clay were the main iron mineral constituents of the untreated samples. After the treatments significant changes in the relative concentration of these species were noticed. The weakness of the used demineralization procedures is discussed.     

交替光谱辐照对叶用莴苣营养元素水平的影响

在人工光型植物工厂中采用深液流水培法栽培叶用莴苣,依托光谱时空分布可精准调控的智能LED光源系统,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱技术（ICP-AES）,研究了5 min,10 min,15 min,30 min,60 min,2 h,4 h和8 h等不同间隔的红、蓝光谱交替照射对叶用莴苣中K,P,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn和Cu等8种营养元素吸收和累积的影响。结果表明：(1) 与同时照射模式相比,所有的交替光谱处理均显著提高了叶用莴苣地上部生物量,其中鲜重提高幅度约为18.6%~67.4%,干重提高幅度约为5.1%~88.0%;所有的交替红蓝光谱照射下叶用莴苣体内Mg,Fe和Zn元素的植株累积量均得到显著（p＜0.05）地提高;所有的红蓝交替光谱辐射处理均不同程度地降低了叶用莴苣植株中Ca元素含量。(2) 间隔为5 min的红蓝交替光谱辐射下莴苣植株Fe元素含量显著高于其他任意处理,较其他处理增加了38.87%~85.37%,高频次的红蓝光切换照射刺激了叶用莴苣植株对Fe元素的吸收。(3) 红蓝交替光谱辐射有利于提高叶用莴苣的能量利用效率,与红蓝同时供光的RB处理相比,所有交替处理均显著提高了叶用莴苣的光、电能利用率,提高幅度分别约为34.3%~87.5%和34.6%~87.9%;其中,间隔为4 h的红蓝交替光谱辐射下叶用莴苣植株的光、电能利用率均最大,分别为6.13%和2.01%,除间隔为5和10 min的红蓝交替光谱辐射处理外的其他交替光谱处理下的植株光、电能利用率均与处理间最大值无显著性差异。(4) 叶用莴苣对K和Mg两种元素的吸收在红蓝光交替间隔为10 min,15 min,60 min及4 h等多个处理下呈现拮抗现象。(5) R/B(30 m)处理下叶用莴苣中P,Ca,Fe和Mn等四种元素的含量水平均呈现处理间最低水平,其中P和Ca元素含量水平显著低于对照。     

Identification of the Dispersion Behavior of Surface Treated Nanoscale Powders

The stability of highly acidic metal oxide surface treatments on rutile titanium dioxide nanopowders (40 nm nominal particle size) is examined. Dispersions are characterized in terms of their sedimentation behavior and light scattering pattern. Using elliptically polarized light scattering (EPLS), agglomerates are identified as fractal structures and size analysis is performed according to the measured fractal dimension. The effect of ultrasonication on agglomerate size and structure (compactness) is quantified for tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide surface treatments, as well as untreated titanium oxide. Surface treatments are shown to increase dispersion stability, as witnessed by the decreased size of large agglomerates and sedimentation behavior. The EPLS fractal studies, combined with ultrasonication analysis, reveals information of agglomerate shapes, primary particle bonds and structures, and agglomerate growth mechanisms.     

An AFM study of the effect of chemical treatments on the surface microstructure and adhesion properties of flax fibres

The mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced polymer composites are largely dependant on the adhesion between the matrix and the fibre. In order to enhance the interaction between flax fibres and unsaturated polyester resins, raw fibres were chemically modified using sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide plus acetic anhydride and formic acid-based treatments. The physical properties of the modified fibres were investigated by means of the atomic force microscopy. At first, the morphological analysis of the surfaces shows that after the chemical treatments, the fibres surface appear to be less heterogeneous in topology and smoother. Nonetheless, no significant roughness difference was found between the different treatments. Secondly, adhesion forces measurements were performed between a standard AFM silicon nitride tip and the fibres. The adhesion forces were found to vary according to the chemical treatment. The sodium hydroxide-based treatment was found to increase the adhesion force between the fibre and the AFM tip whereas the lowest adhesion force was found for the formic acid- based treated fibre. These results were attributed to the different hydrophilic character of the modified fibres. Due to the importance of the water layer adsorbed on the fibres, the adhesion forces between the AFM tip and the different samples are found to be mainly dominated by capillary forces in relation with the fibre's surface hydrophilicity.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy effectiveness in investigating the influence of special heat treatments of metallic glasses

The as quenched amorphous ribbons are in a metastable condition and need a thermal treatment to relax internal stresses and/or to induce magnetic anisotropy. The evaluation of the results of various annealing treatments of the alloy Metglas 2826 was performed by magnetic measurements and Mossbauer spectroscopy, for the characterization of structural relaxation, easy magnetization axis changes and transition to crystalline order. Heat treatments considered include conventional (batch), laser and magnetic annealing (in transversal field).     

Characterization of the structural and dynamic changes of cell wall obtained by ultrasound-water and ultrasound-alkali treatments

It is well-known that ultrasound has been studied for its cavitation, mechanical and thermal effects. As a pretreatment technology, ultrasonic alkali treatment has attracted much attention in the field of biomass biochemical transformation. In this study, the structural and dynamic changes of wood cell walls during ultrasound-water, alkali, and ultrasound-alkali treatments were investigated by stereoscopic microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the ultrasound-water, alkali, and ultrasound-alkali treatments had the effect of removing extractives from conduits. The uniform self-shrinking samples with shrinkage conduits were obtained by the alkali and ultrasound-alkali treatments. All of the treatments affected the relative content, structure and distribution of the chemical components in the wood cell walls. Compared with water-immersion samples, the relative content of hemicellulose of the treated samples reduced from 32.31% to 7.02% for ultrasound-8% NaOH treated samples. For the signal intensity of lignin, ultrasound-water treated and ultrasound-alkali treated samples displayed a more significant reductions than the alkali treated samples in the cell wall region. The crystal zone and amorphous zone of cellulose coexisted before and after the treatment, for all of the treated samples, and particularly for the ultrasound-assisted treated samples, the crystallinity increased from 38.15% for water-immersion samples to 57.42% for ultrasound-8% NaOH treated samples.     

Increasing the thermal conductivity of boron nitride and aluminum nitride particle epoxy-matrix composites by particle surface treatments

The thermal conductivity of boron nitride and aluminum nitride particle epoxy-matrix composites was increased by up to 97% by surface treatment of the particles prior to composite fabrication. The increase in thermal conductivity is due to decrease in the filler-matrix thermal contact resistance through the improvement of the interface between matrix and particles. Effective treatments for BN involved acetone, acids (nitric and sulfuric) and silane. The most effective treatment involved silane such that the coating resulted from the treatment amounted to 2.4% of the weight of the treated BN. The effectiveness of a treatment was higher for a larger BN volume fraction. At 57 vol.% BN, the thermal conductivity reached 10.3 W/ m·K. The treatments had little effect on the specific surface area of the BN particles. Silane treatments were also effective for AlN. At 60 vol.% AlN, the thermal conductivity reached 11.0 W/m·K.     

Influence of surface morphology of cpTi on the adsorption and attachment of collagen/chitosan

The surface microtopography of implant influences distinctly the rate of bone-formation and the ratio of bone-implant contact. However, it is indicated that the surface of titanium implant existed contamination after different surface treatments. Chitosan is one of the most abundant natural polymers for its adsorption property for metal ions. In this study, we report on the pretreatment of the metal surface and aim to compare the efficacy of three treatments for the binding ability of collagen/chitosan (CL/CS). The compound of collagen and chitosan was immobilized on the titanium oxide and the morphology and chemical composition were used to characterize the titanium surfaces by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The result showed that the surface displayed irregularities after roughness treatments and the rough surface was beneficial to the adsorption and attachment of CL/CS. The combination of CL/CS was related with the titanium surface character.     

西北灌漠土长期不同施肥改变土壤可溶性有机质的化学及光谱学特性

依托在河西走廊灌漠土上开始于1988年的长期定位试验,利用紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱、元素分析等方法研究了不同施肥处理下土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)的变化。试验设施用有机肥、绿肥、化肥和不施肥对照4个处理。结果表明,施肥增加DOM的含量,相比对照处理,有机肥处理、绿肥处理、化肥处理的可溶性有机碳(DOC)分别增加37%,29%,16%,可溶性有机氮(DON)分别增加334%,257%,182%,总碳水化合碳(TCs)分别增加90%,25%,2%,总有机酸碳(TOAs)分别增加195%,116%,58%。有机肥处理各指标比对照处理均差异显著,除TCs外绿肥处理、化肥处理的其他指标也比对照处理差异显著。紫外-可见光谱结果,施肥提高了DOM的紫外吸收特征值SUVA₂₅₄,SUVA₂₆₀,SUVA₂₇₂,SUVA₂₈₀,表明施肥增加了DOM的芳香及疏水部分比例、腐殖化程度、平均分子量,使DOM更趋于稳定。不同施肥处理间表现出相当一致的规律,有机肥效果最为明显,其次是绿肥、化肥。红外光谱分析结果,有机肥处理相对于其他处理芳香族特征峰从1 625 cm-1处向近红外方向移动出现在1 649 cm-1处,接近土壤胡敏酸芳香族特征峰(1 650 cm-1),说明有机肥处理土壤DOM的芳香性更高。绿肥处理在归属于糖、醇类及羧酸物质C—O伸缩振动的1 260～1 000 cm-1吸收峰高于其他处理,说明绿肥处理增加了土壤DOM的富氧基团类物质。化肥处理在归属于N—H振动的3 559,3 419和1 456 cm-1吸收峰高于其他处理,表明化肥增加了土壤DOM的胺类物质。元素分析结果显示有机肥、绿肥、化肥分别增加了C,O,N的相对含量。     

Frequency evolution of the magnetoimpedance effect in stress annealed Co-rich amorphous ribbons

Complex impedance measurements in the 1 kHz–10 MHz frequency range have been performed on CoFeSiB ribbons, subjected to different annealing treatments in order to modify their magnetic properties. The different impedance responses as a function of the applied magnetic field are explained by the magnetization processes that take place in the ribbons at different selected frequencies. In particular, an evolution from domain wall to spin rotation is observed in the 50 kHz–2 MHz frequency range, modulated by the changes introduced by the annealing treatments. PACS 75.30.Gw; 75.50.Kj; 75.60.Ch; 75.60.Nt; 81.05.Kf     

Influence of Se-deficiencies on the properties of In-doped CdCr2Se4 single crystals

Lattice constant, Curie temperature, and electrical conductivity of CdCr₂Se₄:In single crystals have been measured after heat treatments of the crystals in Se atmosphere and under streaming hydrogen. By these treatments, the concentration of the Se vacancies and of the charge carrier concentration is altered drastically. The lattice constant as well as the magnetic ordering temperature have been found not to be affected by these heat treatments.Since the Se vacancies act as doubly changed donors, the electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on the concentration of the Se vacancies. A resistivity anomaly and large magnetoresistance are observed only in crystals with considerable Se deficiency. From these results it is concluded that the magnetoresistance is caused by hopping conduction between donor sites partly emptied by compensating A-site vacancy acceptors. Large magnetoresistance is found in samples with considerable Se deficit because only in this case the conduction at lower temperatures is dominated by the impurity band.     

Influence of the atomic order on the magnetic characteristics of a Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy

The influence of the atomic order on the magnetic properties has been analyzed in a polycrystalline Ni_49.5Mn_28.5Ga₂₂ ferromagnetic shape memory alloy prepared by arc melting under Ar atmosphere. Different thermal treatments have been performed to modify the order degree of the alloy. The effect of the different thermal treatments on the magnetic and structural characteristics has been analyzed by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The magnetic and structural properties of the alloys are modified as a consequence of the atomic order change. The martensitic transformation temperatures increase as long as the order degree increases. On the other side, the Curie temperature and magnetization saturation also reflect the order degree of the alloy but seems to be linked to the particular order of the Mn sub-lattice.     

A symmetry property in the theory of optical activity

Two different theories of optically active materials are compared. It is shown by a simple example, namely reflection of light from an isotropic optically active material, that both treatments lead to contradictory results if a certain symmetry property between material parameters is applied. Thus an experimental decision between the two treatments should be possible.     

Effect of ordering transformation rate on the magnetic properties of Fe–Pt-based bulk alloys

We have investigated the ordering transformation and magnetic properties of Fe_59.75Pt_39.5Nb_0.75 bulk alloys in detail by using different high-temperature homogenization treatments, different cooling rates and different low-temperature annealing treatments to obtain samples with different microstructure and different atomically ordered states. The quenching rate after the high-temperature homogenization treatment was chosen much lower than in previous investigations. In this way, we were able to obtain nanostructured bulk alloys consisting exclusively of the hard-magnetic face-centered-tetragonal phase. A high remanence ratio was obtained by profiting from the nanocomposite exchange coupling between nearest-neighbor-ordered regions. The present results are compared with results of previous investigations in which much higher cooling rates were applied. We also discussed why the present alloy systems are less suitable for the attainment of exchange spring behavior.     

Nanoscratch studies of SiGe epitaxial layer damage on the Si substrate

The present study evaluates the wear performance of silicon-germanium (SiGe) epitaxial growth of thin films, in which the in situ scratch profile is followed by ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) examinations. The wear evaluation of SiGe films was carried out at different constant loads (2000, 4000, and 6000 μN) with the same sliding speeds. The microstructural morphology was observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)Findings show that annealing treatments of SiGe films exhibit the highest scratch resistance at 400 °C compared to that of the as-deposited sample. The main characteristic of SiGe film is its ability to withstand wear resistance; observations show that moderate compressive residual is beneficial to the film, since it can suppress crack initiation. The annealing treatments of SiGe films revealed the resultant adhesive and cohesive failure mechanism.     

Influence of chemical treatments on the interfacial adhesion between sisal fibre and different biodegradable polymers

The influence of chemical treatments on the interfacial adhesion of sisal fibres and biodegradable matrices were studied in the present work. For that purpose, four different polymers were used: polycaprolactone (PCL), cellulose acetate, MaterBi Z (a commercial starch/polycaprolactone blend) and MaterBi Y (a commercial starch/cellulose derivatives blend). Alkaline and acetylation treatments were performed on sisal fibres. Properties were determined by means of tensile tests, adhesion measurements and contact angle determination. The interfacial shear strength was correlated with the hydrophilic character of the material.     

Effects of ultrasonic conditions on the interfacial property and emulsifying property of cellulose nanoparticles from ginkgo seed shells

Cellulose microparticles from ginkgo seed shells were treated by ultrasonic treatments within the selected output powders (150–600 W) and durations (10–60 min) to produce cellulose nanoparticles. The main aim of this study was to investigate effects of ultrasonic conditions on the interfacial property and emulsifying property of those cellulose nanoparticles. Compared to ultrasonic output powers, ultrasonic durations showed the greater influence on morphology and physical properties of cellulose nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that noodle-like cellulose particles with 1100 nm in length gradually became the short rod-like nanoparticles with 300 nm in length with increasing of ultrasonic duration from 10 min to 60 min. Moreover, results of contact angles indicated that ultrasound could significantly improve hydrophobicity of cellulose nanoparticles. The interfacial shear rheology showed that although all cellulose nanoparticles exhibited the similar interface adsorption behavior which showed the initial lag-phase of adsorption, followed by the interface saturation, the time of this initial lag-phase was affected by ultrasonic conditions. The increase of ultrasonic duration and ultrasonic power could shorten the time of this initial lag-phase, suggesting the resulting cellulose nanoparticles easier adsorption at the O/W interface. It was probably attributed to its small size and high hydrophobicity induced by intense ultrasonic treatments. Meanwhile, the cellulose nanoparticles with small size and higher hydrophobicity exhibited the better emulsifying ability to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions due to the formation of the viscoelastic interfacial film. This study improved understanding about changes in interfacial and emulsifying properties of cellulose nanoparticles caused by ultrasonic treatments.     

The research on the interfacial compatibility of polypropylene composite filled with surface treated carbon fiber

Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) in ambient air are used on carbon fiber to improve the fiber surface activity. Carbon fibers with length of 75 μm are placed into the plasma configuration. The interaction between modified carbon fibers and polypropylene (PP) was studied by three-point bending (TPB) test. The chemical changes induced by the treatments on carbon fiber surface are examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS results reveal that the carbon fiber modified with the DBD at atmospheric pressure show a significant increase in oxygen and nitrogen concentration. These results demonstrate that the surface of the carbon fiber is more active and hydrophilic after plasma treatments using a DBD operating in ambient air.     

美洲商陆对锰毒生理响应的FTIR研究

在一定Mn浓度梯度处理下(0,0.125,0.25,0.5,1 g·kg-1),超积累植物——美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana)不同组织器官的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)图谱发生了变化。其中,茎组织在3 336和2 916 cm-1处峰高先上升后下降,反映了有机物运输受阻情况的变化,即美洲商陆在低Mn刺激下会产生大量有机物作为渗透调节物质来增强其耐Mn性,高Mn则抑制了有机物的分泌和运输;根和叶组织分别在2 922和1 606 cm-1处表现不同变化趋势,但都反映了一个变化规律即低Mn处理下美洲商陆分泌的有机酸不断螯合Mn,随着Mn毒害的加重,其羧酸螯合力变弱;根组织1 732和1 026 cm-1、茎组织1 028 cm-1、叶组织1 052和967 cm-1处呈现差异性变化,但都与其膜脂过氧化有关;根组织1 375 cm-1处峰高先上升后下降,可能与植物在细胞壁结构上增强抗逆性有一定关系,即低Mn处理下细胞壁可能通过阳离子交换能力(CEC)的提高增强了耐Mn性。以上说明,利用FTIR研究重金属超积累植物化学组分具有应用价值。     

On the Contribution of Structural Relaxation to the Magnetic Softening During the Amorphous-Nanocrystalline Transformation

In the present paper the contribution of structural relaxation to the net magnetic softening will be treated taking place during the amorphous-nanocrystalline transformation. Isothermal heat treatments were carried out well below the crystallization, in the temperature range of (350-440)°C. Significant decrease of H _c and increase of permeability (50 Hz) can be found already due to these heat treatments. The beneficial role of stress relaxation (resulting from low heating rates) can be also detected in the resulting permeability at 50 Hz.