Investigation by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of trail pheromones in ants

The Dufour's gland content of workers of two ant species of the genus Messor has been analyzed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The structures of the compounds in the pheromonal mixtures have been determined. In both cases only one intact gland, inserted in a properly dimensioned capillary vial, is sufficient to produce a clean and fully interpretable GC/MS profile. It is worth noting that, for the first time in Messor ants, farnesol has been detected as a minor component of glandular secretion in Messor capitatus.     

Study of fragmentation pathways of lithiated α,β‐unsaturated thioesters by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The fragmentation pathways of lithiated α,β‐unsaturated thioesters with different substituents were investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) in positive ion mode. In mass spectrometry of the α,β‐unsaturated thioesters, Ar‐CH?CH‐CO‐S‐Ph, loss of PhSLi and elimination of a thiophenol were the two major fragmentation reactions of the lithiated molecules. The elemental compositions of all the ions were confirmed by high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS/MS). The thioesters studied here were para‐monosubstituted on the phenyl ring of cinnamoyl and the electron‐withdrawing groups favored loss of a thiophenol, whereas the electron‐releasing groups strongly favored the competing reaction leading to the loss of PhSLi to form a cinnamoyl cation, Ar‐CH?CHCO⁺. The intensity ratios of the two competitive product ions were well correlated with the σ substituent constants. The mechanisms of these two competing routes were further investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assigning glucose or galactose as the primary glycosidic sugar in 3‐O‐mono‐, di‐ and triglycosides of kaempferol using negative ion electrospray and serial mass spectrometry

Kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐galactopyranoside and higher glycosides of these two flavonoids with α‐rhamnose at C‐2 and/or C‐6 of the primary sugar were studied by negative ion electrospray ionisation and serial mass spectrometry in a three‐dimensional (3D) ion trap mass spectrometer. Kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)‐β‐glucopyranoside could be distinguished from their respective galactose analogues by differences in the ratio of the radical aglycone ion [Y₀ – H]^?? to the rearrangement aglycone ion Y following MS/MS of the deprotonated molecules. Kaempferol 3‐O‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)‐β‐glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)[α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]‐β‐glucopyranoside could be distinguished from their respective galactose analogues by differences in the product ion spectra of the [(M – H) – rhamnose]^? ion following serial mass spectrometry. In the triglycoside, it was deduced that this ion resulted from the loss of the rhamnose substituted at 2‐OH of the primary sugar by observing that MS/MS of deprotonated kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl(1→2)[α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]‐β‐glucopyranoside showed the loss of glucose and not rhamnose. Thus the class of sugar (hexose, deoxyhexose, pentose) at C‐2 and C‐6 of the primary sugar can be determined. These observations aid the assignment of kaempferol 3‐O‐glycosides, having glucose or galactose as the primary glycosidic sugar, in LC/MS analyses of plant extracts, and this can be done with reference to only a few standards. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of sulfo‐conjugated and gluco‐conjugated urinary metabolites for detection of methenolone misuse in doping control by LC‐HRMS,GC‐MS and GC‐HRMS

Methenolone (17β‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐5α‐androst‐1‐en‐3‐one) misuse in doping control is commonly detected by monitoring the parent molecule and its metabolite (1‐methylene‐5α‐androstan‐3α‐ol‐17‐one) excreted conjugated with glucuronic acid using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) for the parent molecule, after hydrolysis with β‐glucuronidase. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the sulfate fraction of methenolone metabolism by LC‐high resolution (HR)MS and the estimation of the long‐term detectability of its sulfate metabolites analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMSMS) compared with the current practice for the detection of methenolone misuse used by the anti‐doping laboratories. Methenolone was administered to two healthy male volunteers, and urine samples were collected up to 12 and 26 days, respectively. Ethyl acetate extraction at weak alkaline pH was performed and then the sulfate conjugates were analyzed by LC‐HRMS using electrospray ionization in negative mode searching for [M‐H]^? ions corresponding to potential sulfate structures (comprising structure alterations such as hydroxylations, oxidations, reductions and combinations of them). Eight sulfate metabolites were finally detected, but four of them were considered important as the most abundant and long term detectable. LC clean up followed by solvolysis and GC/MS analysis of trimethylsilylated (TMS) derivatives reveal that the sulfate analogs of methenolone as well as of 1‐methylene‐5α‐androstan‐3α‐ol‐17‐one, 3z‐hydroxy‐1β‐methyl‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one and 16β‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3,17‐dione were the major metabolites in the sulfate fraction. The results of the present study also document for the first time the methenolone sulfate as well as the 3z‐hydroxy‐1β‐methyl‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one sulfate as metabolites of methenolone in human urine. The time window for the detectability of methenolone sulfate metabolites by LC‐HRMS is comparable with that of their hydrolyzed glucuronide analogs analyzed by GC‐MS. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of sulfation as a phase II metabolic pathway for methenolone metabolism, proposing four metabolites as significant components of the sulfate fraction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Screening and determination for potential α‐glucosidase inhibitory constituents from Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen using ultrafiltration‐LC/ESI‐MSn

In the present study, it was demonstrated that ethyl acetate soluble fraction partitioned from heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (HEF) had a remarkable inhibitory effect on α‐glucosidase. Therefore HEF was selected as a starting material for screening the potential α‐glucosidase inhibitors using ultrafiltration liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UF‐LC/MS). Twenty‐six compounds were identified with analysis of LC/MS. UF assay indicated that 18 compositions might be α‐glucosidase inhibitors in HEF; eight of them were estimated for their α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, and the results showed that (2S)‐liquiritigenin, (2S)‐4′,6‐dihydroxy‐ 7‐methoxyflavanone and isoliquiritigenin displayed obvious inhibition of yeast α‐glucosidase. In addition, in order to control the quality of HEF, the content of five compounds in HEF was simultaneously determined for the first time. These results provide an important theoretical base for the further application of HEF to treat type 2 diabetes in the clinic and development of natural α‐glucosidase inhibitors with low toxicity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maculatic Acids—Sex Attractant Pheromone Components of Bald‐Faced Hornets

Yellowjackets in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula are prevalent eusocial insects of great ecological and economic significance, but the chemical signals of their sexual communication systems have defied structural elucidation. Herein, we report the identification of sex attractant pheromone components of virgin bald‐faced hornet queens (Dolichovespula maculata). We analyzed body surface extracts of queens by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD), isolated the compounds that elicited responses from male antennae by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and identified these components by GC mass spectrometry (MS), HPLC‐MS, and NMR spectroscopy. In laboratory olfactometer experiments, synthetic (2Z,7E)‐3,7‐dimethyldeca‐2,7‐diendioic acid (termed here maculatic acid A) and (2Z,7E)‐10‐methoxy‐3,7‐dimethyldeca‐10‐oxo‐deca‐2,7‐dienoic acid (termed here maculatic acid C) in binary combination significantly attracted bald‐faced hornet males. These are the first sex attractant pheromone components identified in yellowjackets.     

LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens,their precursors,and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate

We report a qualitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of the three known N,N‐dimethyltryptamine endogenous hallucinogens, their precursors and metabolites, as well as melatonin and its metabolic precursors. The method was characterized using artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as the matrix and was subsequently applied to the analysis of rat brain pineal gland‐aCSF microdialysate. The method describes the simultaneous analysis of 23 chemically diverse compounds plus a deuterated internal standard by direct injection, requiring no dilution or extraction of the samples. The results demonstrate that this is a simple, sensitive, specific and direct approach to the qualitative analysis of these compounds in this matrix. The protocol also employs stringent MS confirmatory criteria for the detection and confirmation of the compounds examined, including exact mass measurements. The excellent limits of detection and broad scope make it a valuable research tool for examining the endogenous hallucinogen pathways in the central nervous system. We report here, for the first time, the presence of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine in pineal gland microdialysate obtained from the rat. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New potential biomarkers for mesterolone misuse in human urine by liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

In this paper, mesterolone metabolic profiles were investigated carefully. Mesterolone was administered to one healthy male volunteer. Urinary extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOFMS) for the first time. Liquid–liquid extraction was applied to processing urine samples, and dilute‐shoot analyses of intact metabolites were also presented. In LC‐QTOFMS analysis, chromatographic peaks for potential metabolites were hunt down by using the theoretical [M–H]^? as target ions in full scan experiment, and their actual deprotonated ions were analyzed in targeted MS/MS mode. Ten metabolites including seven new sulfate and three glucuronide conjugates were found for mesterolone. Because of no useful fragment ion for structural elucidation, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry instrumentation was employed to obtain structural details of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after solvolysis. Thus, their potential structures were proposed particularly by a combined MS approach. All the metabolites were also evaluated in terms of how long they could be detected, and S1 (1α‐methyl‐5α‐androst‐3‐one‐17β‐sulfate) together with S2 (1α‐methyl‐5α‐androst‐17‐one‐3β‐sulfate) was detected up to 9 days after oral administration, which could be the new potential biomarkers for mesterolone misuse. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple and sensitive assay for eflornithine quantification in rat brain using pre‐column derivatization and UPLC‐MS/MS detection

Eflornithine (α‐difluoromethylornithine) has been used to treat second‐stage (or meningoencephalitic‐stage) human African trypanosomiasis and currently is under clinical development for cancer prevention. In this study, a new ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS)‐based assay was developed and validated for the quantification of eflornithine in rat brain. To improve chromatographic retention and MS detection, eflornithine was derivatized with 6‐aminoquinolyl‐N‐hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate for 5 min at room temperature prior to injection. Derivatized eflornithine was separated on a reverse‐phase C₁₈ UPLC column with a 6‐min gradient; elution occurred at approximately 1.5 min. Prior to derivatization, eflornithine was reproducibly extracted from rat brain homogenate by methanol protein precipitation (~70% recovery). Derivatized eflornithine was stable in the autosampler (6 °C) for at least 24 h. This new assay had acceptable intra‐ and interday accuracy and precision over a wide dynamic range (5000‐fold) and excellent sensitivity with a lower limit of quantification of 0.1 µm (18 ng/mL) using only 10 μL of rat brain homogenate. The validated eflornithine assay was applied successfully to determine eflornithine distribution in different regions of rat brain in an in situ rat brain perfusion study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and Characterization of New 7‐Substituted 6,14‐Ethenomorphinane Derivatives: N‐{5‐[(5α,7α)‐4,5‐Epoxy‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐17‐methyl‐6,14‐ethenomorphinan‐7‐yl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl}arenamines

In this study, (5α,7α)‐4,5‐epoxy‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐17‐methyl‐6,14‐ethenomorphinan‐7‐carboxylic acid hydrazide ( 5 ) was synthesized by the condensation of methyl (5α,7α)‐4,5‐epoxy‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐17‐methyl‐6,14‐ethenomorphinan‐7‐carboxylate ( 4 ) with NH₂NH₂⋅H₂O. The (5α,7α)‐4,5‐epoxy‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐17‐methyl‐6,14‐ethenomorphinan‐7‐carboxylic acid 2‐[(arylamino)carbonyl]hydrazides 6a – 6q were prepared by the reaction of 5 with corresponding substituted aryl isocyanates, and the N‐{5‐[(5α,7α)‐4,5‐epoxy‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐17‐methyl‐6,14‐ethenomorphinan‐7‐yl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl}arenamines 7a – 7q were obtained via the cyclization reaction of 6a – 6q in the presence of POCl₃. The synthesized compounds have a rigid morphine structure, including the 6,14‐endo‐etheno bridge and the 5‐(arylamino)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl residue at C(7) adopting the (S)‐configuration (7α). The structures of the compounds were confirmed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HR‐MS) and various spectroscopic methods such as FT‐IR, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, APT, and 2D‐NMR (HETCOR, COSY, INADEQUATE).     

Identification of organic hydroperoxides and hydroperoxy acids in secondary organic aerosol formed during the ozonolysis of different monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes by on‐line analysis using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry

On‐line ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) enables the real‐time characterization of reaction products of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The analysis was conducted by directly introducing the aerosol particles into the ion source. Positive‐ion chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure (APCI(+)) ITMS was used for the characterization of constituents of biogenic SOA produced in reaction‐chamber experiments. APCI in the positive‐ion mode usually enables the detection of [M+H]⁺ ions of the individual SOA components. In this paper the identification of organic peroxides from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by on‐line APCI‐ITMS is presented. Organic peroxides containing a hydroperoxy group, generated by gas‐phase ozonolysis of monoterpenes (α‐pinene and β‐pinene) and sesquiterpenes (α‐cedrene and α‐copaene), could be detected via on‐line APCI(+)‐MS/MS experiments. A characteristic neutral loss of 34 Da (hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂) in the on‐line MS/MS spectra is a clear indication for the existence of an organic peroxide, containing a hydroperoxy functional group. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On‐line 2D‐LC‐ESI/MS/MS determination of rifaximin in rat serum

A highly sensitive and selective on‐line two‐dimensional reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (2D‐LC‐ESI/MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine rifaximin in rat serum by direct injection. The 2D‐LC‐ESI/MS/MS system consisted of a restricted access media column for trapping proteins as the first dimension and a Waters C₁₈ column as second dimension using 0.1% aqueous acetic acid:acetonitrile as mobile phase in a gradient elution mode. Rifampacin was used as an internal standard. The linear dynamic range was 0.5–10 ng/mL (r² > 0.998). Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained over the calibration range. The assay was successfully used in analysis of rat serum to support pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

立体选择性合成2-(a-噻吩甲酰基)-3-取代苯基-4-乙氧羰基-5-甲基-反式-2,3-二氢呋喃

溴化(a-噻吩甲酰基)甲基三苯鉮1与3-取代苯甲叉基-2,4-戊二酮 2以碳酸钾为碱,在苯中55℃条件下反应,可以较好的收率、高立体选择性地生成反-2-(a-噻吩甲酰基)-3-取代苯基-4-乙氧羰基-5-甲基-2,3-二氢呋喃3。产物结构均经波谱予以确定。本文还提出了生成产物的可能机理。     

Characterization of xylazine metabolism in rat liver microsomes using liquid chromatography–hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap–mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT: Xylazine is an α₂‐adrenoceptor agonist and it is widely used in veterinary anesthesia in combination with ketamine. There is limited information on the metabolism of xylazine. A quantitative method for the determination of xylazine by HPLC‐ESI/MS/MS was developed. The method consisted of a protein precipitation extraction followed by analysis using liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Thermo Betasil Phenyl 100 × 2 mm column combined with an isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, methanol, water and formic acid (60:20:20:0.4) at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. The mass spectrometer was operating in selected reaction monitoring mode and the analytical range was set at 0.05–50 μm . The precision (%CV) and accuracy (%NOM) observed were 2.3–7.2 and 88.2–96.4%. In vitro metabolism studies were performed in rat liver microsomes and results showed moderate cytochrome P450 affinity (K_m = 10.1 μm ) and a low metabolic stability of xylazine with a half‐life of 4.1 min in rat liver microsomes. Five phase 1 metabolites were observed. The main metabolite observed was an oxidation of the thiazine moiety at m/z 235 and, to a lesser extent, we observed the formation of N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)thiourea at m/z 181 and three distinctive hydroxylated metabolites at m/z 237. Further experiments with ketamine and ketoconazole strongly supported that the metabolism of xylazine to its main metabolite is mediated by CYP3A in rat liver microsomes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bioanalytical method development,validation and quantification of dorsomorphin in rat plasma by LC‐MS/MS

The present investigation describes the development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method for the estimation of dorsomorphin in rat plasma. A sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was developed using multiple reaction monitoring mode, with the transition of m/z (Q1/Q3) 400.2/289.3 for dorsomorphin and m/z (Q1/Q3) 306.2/236.3 for zaleplon. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reverse phase Agilent XDB C₁₈ column (100 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 5 mm ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) 90:10 v/v, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The effluence was ionized in positive ion mode by electrospray ionization (ESI) and quantitated by mass spectrometry. The retention times of dorsomorphin and internal standard were found to be 2.13 and 1.13 min, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of dorsomorphin and internal standard in rat plasma was above 80%. Dorsomorphin calibration curve in rat plasma was linear (r² ≥ 0.99) ranging from 0.005 to 10 µg/mL. Inter‐day and intra‐day precision and accuracy were found to be within 85–115% (coefficient of variation). This method was successfully applied for evaluation of the oral pharmacokinetic profile of dorsomorphin in male Wistar rats. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LC/MS/MS analysis of α‐tocopherol and coenzyme Q10 content in lyophilized royal jelly,beebread and drone homogenate

This study shows the results of application liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for assay of the content of α‐tocopherol and coenzyme Q₁₀ in bee products of animal origin, i.e. royal jelly, beebread and drone homogenate. The biological matrix was removed using extraction with n‐hexane. It was found that drone homogenate is a rich source of coenzyme Q₁₀. It contains only 8 ± 1 µg/g of α‐tocopherol and 20 ± 2 µg/g of coenzyme Q₁₀. The contents of assayed compounds in royal jelly were 16 ± 3 and 8 ± 0.2 µg/g of α‐tocopherol and coenzyme Q₁₀, respectively. Beebread appeared to be the richest of α‐tocopherol. Its level was 80 ± 30 µg/g, while the level of coenzyme Q₁₀ was only 11.5 ± 0.3 µg/g. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mass spectrometric study of glucose and cellobiose produced during enzymatic hydrolysis of α‐cellulose extracted from oak late‐wood annual rings

We present the first results concerning interannual variations in concentrations of glucose and cellobiose, obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of α‐cellulose. The α‐cellulose was extracted from late‐wood of oak. The tree‐ring chronologies, wood components and their physical and chemical properties provide information about the ecosystem in which the tree grew, and thus information regarding climate variability and the impact of human activity in the past. The large molecular size and insolubility make it difficult to determine precisely the chemical and physical properties of the intact cellulose polymer. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the principal method of degradation of cellulose. In this study the feasibility has been examined of characterizing α‐cellulose through analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) of the degradation products from hydrolysis. Degradation of α‐cellulose was possible without using alkaline or acid buffers. Analysis by MS provided the opportunity to obtain information on the biodegradation of saccharides. The presence of cellobiose and glucose in the degradation product was evidenced by the mass spectra. We have compared the abundances of these glucose and cellobiose ions with carbon isotope ratios, the efficiency of extraction of α‐cellulose from the wood and tree‐ring width indices. The challenge is to establish, with respect to climate changes and environmental conditions, the significance of the variations from one year to another in the observed abundances of glucose and cellobiose ions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of an LC–MS/MS method for quantification of two isomeric phenylpropenes and the application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats

Isomers β‐asarone and α‐asarone have recently been demonstrated to have differential pharmacological activities . Here, we report an LC–MS/MS method developed using acetonitrile to extract two isomeric phenylpropenes from rat plasma. Separation was achieved using a XDB‐C₁₈ column (100 × 2.1 mm; i.d., 1.8 μm) with a mobile phase of methanol–0.1% formic acid (55:45, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Calibration curves ranging from 5.20 to 2080 ng/mL for β‐asarone and from 3.68 to 1470 ng/mL for α‐asarone were linear (r² ≥ 0.9938) with the lower limits of quantification being 5.20 and 3.68 ng/mL for both isomers. Intravenous administration of β‐asarone (2.22 mg/kg) and α‐asarone (2.36 mg/kg) in rats yielded half‐lives of 13.40 ± 4.11 and 28.88 ± 7.82 min with clearance values of 0.196 ± 0.062 mL/min/kg and 0.112 ± 0.012 mL/min/kg for β‐asarone and α‐asarone, respectively.     

A rapid screening method for prenylated flavonoids with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in licorice root extracts

Due to their substitution with an isoprenoid group, prenylated flavonoids have an increased affinity for biological membranes and target proteins, enhancing their potential bioactivity. Although many prenylated flavonoids have been described, there are no methods that specifically screen for their presence in complex mixtures, prior to purification. We describe a method based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) that allows rapid screening for prenylated flavonoids in multi‐component plant extracts. Identification of the prenylated flavonoids is based on screening for neutral losses of 42 u and 56 u in the positive‐ion mode MS² and MS³ spectra within the MS chromatograms. In addition, this method discriminates between a prenyl chain and a ring‐closed prenyl (pyran ring), based on the ratio of the relative abundances of the ions that lose 42 u and 56 u (42:56). The application of this screening method on a 70% aq. ethanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra indicated the presence of 70 mono‐ and di‐prenylated flavonoids. In addition, of each prenylated flavonoid the type of prenylation, chain or pyran ring was determined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.