Catalytic transformation of methane over in-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite in the presence of ethene

Methane is shown to react with ethene over In-loaded ZSM-5 to higher hydrocarbons such as propene and toluene at around 673 K. Such methane conversion is not catalyzed by proton-exchanged ZSM-5 (H-ZSM-5) under the same conditions, only C2H4 being converted to higher hydrocarbons. By using 13C-labeled methane (13CH4) as a reactant, the reaction paths for the formation of propene, benzene and toluene were examined. 13C-labeled propene (13CC2H6) is formed by the reaction of 13CH4 with C2H4. The lack of 13C-labeled benzene revealed that propene is not transformed to benzene, which instead originates entirely from C2H4. The 13C atom is inserted both into the methyl group and benzene ring in the toluene formed. This indicates that toluene is formed by two reaction paths; the reaction of 13CC2H6 with butenes formed by the dimerization of C2H4 and the reaction of benzene with 13CH4. The existence of the latter path was proved by the direct reaction of 13CH4 with benzene. The reaction of methane with benzene was also carried out in a continuous flow system over In-loaded ZSM-5. The reaction afforded 7.6% and 0.9% yields of toluene and xylenes, respectively, at 623 K.     

氯化亚铜氧化反应的化学动力学初探

多数被发掘的古代青铜文物表面都附着有某些钢锈,其中以粉状锈(Cu_2(OH)_3Cl)对铜器的腐蚀最为严重.迄今已有一些文献介绍粉状锈的生成机理,但对其反应过程的动力学研究尚未见报导。作为青铜合金中含量最丰的元素铜,被氧化腐蚀是分步进行的.本工作主要用X-光衍射及分光光度法对一价铜锈CuCl在潮湿环境中进行氧化反应的速度常数及表观活化能进行测定核算;对反应的中间产物及伴随现象进行分析探讨。     

Lewis acid-promoted three-component reactions of propargylic alcohols with 2-butynedioates and secondary amines

We report herein a three-component reaction of propargylic alcohols with 2-butynedioates and secondary amines, which furnished functionalized dihydroazepines. In the cases where benzylmethylamine and benzyl-i-propylamine were used as the secondary amine, the reaction afforded 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles and 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrroles, respectively, as the major product along with the desired dihydroazepines. The reaction mode depends on the electronic and steric effect of the substitutents on the secondary amines used. A tentative mechanism for this cascade process is postulated. The key intermediate is ascribed to 1,3,4-pentatrien-1-amine, which is formed by trapping the in situ generating allenic carbocation with enamine. Because of the reactivity of 1,3,4-pentatrien-1-amine formed, different products were thus formed.     

Addition reactions of thiazol-5(4H)-ones—II : Cycloaddition and Michael addition reactions of 4-substituted 2-phenylthiazol-5(4H)-ones

The mixture of adducts formed under mild conditions between a 4-substituted 2-phenylthiazol-5(4H)-one and an electron-deficient alkene is shown to include a stable cycloadduct and a Michael adduct formed through the 2- or the 4-position of the thiazolone. The reaction can be diverted towards the Michael adduct entirely, by adding traces of aqueous alkali to the reactants in acetone solution. A novel type of 1:2-adduct is present in the reaction mixture, and is shown to be formed through reaction of the cycloadduct with the alkene. A product formed by extrusion of carbonyl sulphide from the cycloadduct is the same as that obtained from the analogous oxazolone and the alkene, but generally the differences between the propensity of oxazolones and thiazolones to undergo various types of addition reaction with representative dipolarophiles are shown to be substantial.     

Cu／ZnO催化剂上逆向水煤气变换反应反应机理的Monte Carlo模拟

采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ方法模拟了ＣＯ２在Ｕ／ＺｎＯ催化剂上的解离反应，发现在ＣＯ２的解离过程中只有ＣＯ生成；若用Ｈ２对生成的表面吸附氧进行还原，所生成的Ｈ２Ｏ量与前期生成的ＣＯ量相同，说明在Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ上ＣＯ２和Ｈ２之间发生了化学计量的氧化还原反应，即逆向水煤气反应可能以表面氧化还原反应机理进行。     

Synthesis and investigation of polymers based on the nitriles of polycarboxylic acids and diamines

The influence of the reaction medium on the polycondensation of the tetranitriles of tetracarboxylic acids and diamines has been investigated. The reaction in phenol and cresols yields polymers with macroheterocycles in the chain—polyhexasocyclanes. If phenols with electron-accepting substituents are used as reaction medium, nonmacrocyclic polymers with side aroxyl groups in the chain, polyisoindoxazenes—are formed. The properties of these polymers were studied. Macroheterocyclic compounds formed by condensation of phthalodinitrile with diamines can be used as one of the initial substances in polyhexasocyclane synthesis. Polyamidohexasocyclanes were prepared by polycondensation of macroheterocycles with dicarboxylic acid dichlorides. Some regularities of their formation and their properties were investigated.     

Reaction of thioxanthylium perchlorate with diazomethane

The reaction of thioxanthylium perchlorate with diazomethane was investigated. Depending on the reaction conditions, seven compounds (II, III, V, VI, VIII, IX, and X) are formed which were identified on the basis of spectral data (mainly mass spectra) and chemical reactions. A synthesis was worked out (reaction of compound VII with boron trifluoride) in which dibenzo[b,f]thiepine (VIII) is formed as major product (55%).     

exo‐Selective Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction Catalyzed by Diamine Salts as Organocatalysts

An organocatalyst formed from a binaphthyl‐substituted diamine and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid exhibited unprecedented levels of exo selectivity in the Diels–Alder reaction of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with cyclopentadiene. A novel axially chiral diamine was also designed as an organocatalyst for an asymmetric variant of this reaction, in which the desired cycloadducts were formed with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. The highest diastereoselectivity observed was greater than 20:1 in favor of the exo cycloadduct in the asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction of crotonaldehyde with cyclopentadiene.     

Kinetics and selectivity of the copper-catalysed oxidative coupling of 4-(2′,6′-dimethylphenoxy)-2,6-dimethylphenol

The kinetics of the copper/N-methylimidazole catalysed oxidative coupling reaction with the C–O coupled dimer of 2,6-dimethylphenol (DMP or monomer), viz. 4-(2′,6′-dimethylphenoxy)-2,6-dimethylphenol (dimer), as the substrate have been studied. The reaction was found to obey Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The dimer is more easily oxidised than the monomer, but the formation of a copper–substrate complex is more difficult. The reaction rates are higher than in the case of the monomer, and the amounts of diphenoquinone (DPQ) formed are much lower. With the dimer as the substrate, the order of the reaction in copper is 2, confirming that the formation of a dinuclear copper complex is an important step in the reaction mechanism. The amount of DPQ formed is proportional to the initial amount of the dimer. A slight, but clear preference for the dimer over the monomer as the substrate has been observed from experiments with mixtures of monomer and dimer. The amount of DPQ formed decreases exponentially with an increase in the fraction of dimer in the mixture, which can be ascribed mainly to a statistical effect.     

Asymmetric PTC C-alkylation catalyzed by chiral derivatives of tartaric acid and aminophenols. Synthesis Of (R)- and (S)-alpha-methyl amino acids

A new type of efficient chiral catalyst has been elaborated for asymmetric C-alkylation of CH acids under PTC conditions. Sodium alkoxides formed from chiral derivatives of tartaric acid and aminophenols (TADDOL's 2a-e and NOBIN's 3a-h) can be used as chiral catalysts in the enantioselective alkylation, as exemplified by the reaction of Schiff's bases 1a-e derived from alanine esters and benzaldehydes with active alkyl halides. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the products formed in the reaction afforded (R)-alpha-methylphenylalanine, (R)-alpha-naphthylmethylalanine, and (R)-alpha-allylalanine in 61-93% yields and with ee 69-93%. The procedure could be successfully scaled up to 6 g of substrate 1b. When (S,S)-TADDOL or (R)-NOBIN are used, the (S)-amino acids are formed. A mechanism rationalizing the observed features of the reaction has been suggested.     

The acid catalysed reaction of 1,4-diketones with hydrogen sulphide : A convenient route to substituted thiophens

Various 1,4-diketones and 2-ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-diketones have been reacted with H₂S in acidic ethanol to give 2,5- or higher substituted thiophens as resulting from a spontaneous ring-closure reaction of initially formed sulphur analogues of the starting diketones. In some the corresponding 2-mercapto-2,3-dihydrothiophens and/or 2,5-dimercaptotetrahydrothiophens were formed as by-products. 1,4-Diphenyl-1,4-diketones behaved exceptionally under similar reaction conditions yielding preferentially 2,5-diphenylfurans.     

Organotrichlorogermane synthesis by the reaction of elemental germanium, tetrachlorogermane and organic chloride via dichlorogermylene intermediate

Organotrichlorogermanes were synthesized by the reaction of elemental germanium, tetrachlorogermane and organic chlorides, methyl, propyl, isopropyl and allyl chlorides. Dichlorogermylene formed by the reaction of elemental germanium with tetrachlorogermane was the reaction intermediate, which was inserted into the carbon-chlorine bond of the organic chloride to give organotrichlorogermane. When isopropyl or allyl chloride was used as an organic chloride, organotrichlorogermane was formed also in the absence of tetrachlorogermane. These chlorides were converted to hydrogen chloride, which subsequently reacted with elemental germanium to give the dichlorogermylene intermediate. The reaction of elemental germanium, tetrachlorogermane and organic chlorides provides a simple and easy method for synthesizing organotrichlorogermanes, and all the raw materials are easily available.     

Photochemical and thermal transformations of carboxylic dithiocarbamic anhydrides and acyl xanthates

The reaction of diphenylchloroacetyl chloride with different dithiocarbamates gave the corresponding dithiocarbamic anhydrides. Under analogous conditions, dithiocarbamyl phenylacetic acids and dithiocarbamyl acetic acids were formed from the reaction of dithiocarbamates with phenylchloroacetyl chloride and chloroacetyl chloride, respectively. O-Ethyl S-acyl xanthates were formed from the reaction of potassium O-ethyl xanthate with diphenylacetyl chloride, diphenylchloroacetyl chloride, cyclopentylphenylacetyl chloride and triphenylacetyl chloride. Photolysis of dithiocarbamic anhydrides gave a mixture of products consisting of 1,2-dichlorotetraphenylethane, carbon monoxide and the corresponding thiocarbamoyl sulfides. Acyl xanthates, on the other hand, gave carbon monoxide and the corresponding substituted ethane derivatives. When dithiocarbamic anhydrides were refluxed in hydroxylic solvents such as methanol, ethanol and n-propanol, the corresponding dithiocarbamyl acetates were formed. Thermal decomposition of acyl xanthates gave carbon disulfide and the corresponding esters.     

Electrophilic cyclization of (Z)-selenoenynes: synthesis and reactivity of 3-iodoselenophenes

We present here our results of the electrophilic cyclization reaction of (Z)-selenoenynes with different electrophiles such as I(2), ICl, PhSeBr, and PhSeCl. The cyclization reaction proceeded cleanly under mild reaction conditions, and 3-substituted selenophenes were formed in moderate to excellent yields. We observed that the nature of solvent and structure of (Z)-selenoenyne were important to the cyclization reaction. In addition, the obtained 3-iodoselenophenes were readily transformed to more complex products using a metal-halogen exchange reaction with n-BuLi and trapping the intermediate formed with aldehydes, furnishing the desired secondary alcohols in good yields. Conversely, using the palladium or copper catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with terminal alkynes or alkyl alcohols, we were able to convert 3-iodoselenophene to Sonogashira or Ullmann type products, respectively, in good yields.     

Amination of aromatic olefins with anilines: a new domino synthesis of quinolines

A new catalytic amination of aromatic olefins with anilines is presented. In a domino reaction, substituted quinoline derivatives are obtained in the presence of cationic rhodium complexes, such as [Rh(cod)2]BF4, and PPh3. Ethylbenzene is formed as a by-product in this new oxidative reaction. The first transition metal catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of styrene with anilines occurs as a side reaction. Mechanistic investigations strongly support the regioselective oxidative amination of styrene as the key reaction step.     

Aminochlorsilane und ihre Umsetzung mit Ammoniak und Methylamin

Monoalkylamino-and dialkylaminodimethylchlorosilanes are easily formed by reaction of dimethyldichlorosilane with the double of primary or secondary amines. They are very hygroscopic. The monoalkylaminoderivatives tend to selfdecomposition. The reaction with methylamine leads as expected to dialkylamino-methylamino-dimethylsilanes, whereas ammonia splits off the alkylamino as well as the dialkylamino groups and gives cyclosilazanes.     

Oxonia-cope rearrangement and side-chain exchange in the Prins cyclization

[reaction: see text] Evidence is presented here for the mechanism of the Prins cyclization of benzylic homoallylic alcohols, which shows that the outcome of the reaction is dependent upon the substituents on the aromatic ring. The presence of an electron-rich aromatic ring favors an oxonia-Cope rearrangement yielding a symmetrical tetrahydropyran as the major product formed via a side-chain exchange process. In contrast, with electron-deficient aromatic rings the expected 2,4,6-trisubstituted tetrahydropyran is formed.     

XAS/EXAFS studies of Ge nanoparticles produced by reaction between Mg2Ge and GeCl4

We present results of an XAS and EXAFS study of the synthesis of Ge nanoparticles formed by a metathesis reaction between Mg₂Ge and GeCl₄ in diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether). The progress of the formation reaction and the products formed at various stages in the processing was characterised by TEM and optical spectroscopy as well as in situ XAS/EXAFS studies using specially designed reaction cells.     

Chloride ion catalyzed conformational inversion of carbocation intermediates in the hydrolysis of a benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide

A highly efficient procedure for converting 7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (1) to its trans-9,10-chlorohydrin (5) with excellent yield and purity by the reaction of anhydrous HCl in THF has been developed. The rate of reaction of 5 has been determined as a function of sodium chloride concentration in 1:1 dioxane-water solutions. A large common ion rate depression for the reaction of the chlorohydrin was observed, and the rate data are fit to a mechanism in which all of the tetrol products are formed by the reaction of water with the C-10 carbocation intermediate. Yet, the cis/trans ratio of tetrols from the reaction of the carbocation intermediate from the hydrolysis of chlorohydrin 5 is different than the cis/trans tetrol ratio from the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of diol epoxide 1, which hydrolyzes via a carbocation with the same connectivity as that formed in the hydrolysis of 5. To rationalize these results, it is proposed that the S(N)1 reaction of chlorohydrin 5 yields a different distribution of carbocation conformations than that formed from the reaction of 1 with H(+). The energy barrier for the inversion of these carbocation conformations must be large relative to the energy barriers for the reaction of each carbocation conformation with water. In solutions containing sufficient concentrations of chloride ion, however, a lower energy pathway via a halohydrin exists for the interconversion of the carbocation conformations. Thus, chloride ion catalyzes the interconversion of these two carbocation conformations.     

The behavior of the cyclopropyl phenyl sulfide and phenoxycyclopropane in the reaction with nitrous acid

The behavior of cyclopropyl phenyl sulfide and phenoxycyclopropane in the nitrosation reaction was studied. Cyclopropyl phenyl sulfide was found to convert quantitatively to cyclopropyl phenyl sulfoxide under the action of nitrous acid formed in situ. Under the same conditions, phenoxycyclopropane undergoes transformation to 5-phenoxyisoxasoIine (nitrophenols are formed as byproducts in this reaction).