NiO/TiO2-B—维纳米复合材料的制备及在锂离子电池中的应用研究

通过水热法及均匀沉淀法制备了NiO/TiO2-B—维复合纳米材料.利用XRD、SEM等表征了纳米带的结构与形貌,采用恒电流充放电、CV等手段,对制备的复合纳米材料电极进行了电化学性能测试.结果表明,采用水热法及均匀沉淀法可以较为便捷的制备出NiO/TiO2-B纳米带,而且负载NiO后纳米带电化学性能得到了明显的提升,在0.1C倍率条件下首次放电容量可以达到304 mAh/g,高于纯TiO2-B纳米带的234 mAh/g;在1C的倍率下复合材料的首次放电容量可以达到233 mAh/g,容量提升了33.9;;在200次循环后容量仍能保持129 mAh/g.     

泡沫镍负载Ag/MoO2直接电极的制备及其电化学性能

采用水热法制备了不同Ag修饰量的Ag/MoO2纳米复合材料,并利用浸渍法将其负载在多孔泡沫镍(Nickel foam,NF)上制备成Ag/MoO2/NF无粘结剂型直接电极.在该电极中Ag/MoO2纳米颗粒均匀地负载在泡沫镍上形成了三维网络结构,其中MoO2纳米颗粒是由~10 nm的纳米晶组成.当Ag修饰量为5;时,Ag0.05/MoO2/NF具有最佳的电化学性能:在0.1 C的电流密度下,首次放电比容量高达1180 mAh/g,100次循环后仍保持805 mAh/g;且当电流密度由2 C降低至0.1 C时,比容量由468 mAh/g升高至820 mAh/g,表现出优异的储锂性能.     

银掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列的制备及其锂电性能

采用银镜反应对阳极氧化法制备的三维有序TiO2纳米管阵列进行Ag掺杂,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及X射线能量色散光谱仪(EDX)研究了复合Ag/TiO2纳米管阵列的微观结构及形貌;并进一步利用恒流充/放电、循环伏安(CV)及交流阻抗(AC)等方法测试其电化学性能.结果表明:复合Ag/TiO2纳米管的首次放电比容量为168 mAh/g,高于纯TiO2纳米管的118 mAh/g,且具有更好的稳定性能及倍率性能;性能改善的原因不仅得益于导电率的提高,而且得益于Ag作为负极材料时具有储锂活性.     

两步烧结法制备碳包覆的LiFePO4/C复合正极材料的研究

采用两步烧结法处理原位合成的碳包覆的LiFePO4/C复合正极材料,采用XRD、SEM对材料的结构及表面形貌进行了表征;通过CV、EIS及充放电测试仪进行电化学性能测试.结果表明,两步烧结法制备的材料具有良好的倍率性能及循环性能.0.2C时的首次放电比容量为142.5 mAh/g,循环30次后,放电比容量仍达到126.9 mAh/g;0.5 C时的首次放电比容量为122.9 mAh/g;1 C时的首次放电比容量为106.4 mAh/g;2 C时的首次充放电为81.3 mAh/g.     

SnO2/氮掺杂石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

采用温和的水热法在氧化石墨烯(GO)片层上原位生长纳米SnO2颗粒, 通过氨水调节体系pH值并对石墨烯进行掺氮,成功制备出了SnO2/氮掺杂石墨烯(N-rGO)和SnO2/石墨烯(rGO)纳米复合材料,并对它的电池和电催化性能进行研究.XRD和SEM等分析结果表明,SnO2颗粒均匀地分布在N-rGO和rGO表面,粒径分别为50 nm和100 nm左右.进一步的TEM结果表明,SnO2颗粒是由更细小的粒径为5~7 nm SnO2颗粒所组成的二次团聚体.半电池性能测试结果表明:在100 mA/g电流密度下,SnO2/N-rGO和SnO2/rGO的可逆容量分别为901 mAh/g、756 mAh/g,比同等条件下纯的纳米SnO2高6.0和4.9倍;在2 A/g的高电流密度放电情况下, SnO2/N-rGO和SnO2/rGO的放电比容量分别可以达到619 mAh/g和511 mAh/g,表现出优异的倍率性能.电催化性能测试表明:SnO2/N-rGO的催化活性要高于SnO2/rGO,催化氧还原反应(ORR)主要按照四电子转移过程进行,为非铂催化剂的研究提供了一个新的思路.     

碳包覆Zn2SnO4锂电池负极材料的制备及电化学性能研究

利用Zn2SnO4纳米颗粒和葡萄糖为反应物,通过简单的水热法制备了碳包覆的Zn2SnO4纳米颗粒.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、热重分析(TG)和拉曼光谱对样品的结构、形貌和性质进行了表征.XRD和SEM结果表明制备了立方尖晶石型Zn2SnO4纳米颗粒.TEM、TG和Raman结果表明制备了碳包覆的Zn2SnO4.电化学性能测试结果表明在200 mA/g的较大电流密度下,碳包覆Zn2SnO4纳米颗粒首次充放电容量分别为1429.2 mAh/g和737.7 mAh/g,库伦效率为51.6;.经过50次循环后放电容量保持374.8mAh/g,表现出良好的循环性能,优于纯Zn2SnO4纳米颗粒.碳材料的引入抑制电极材料体积膨胀同时提高了其导电性能.     

废旧隔膜衍生碳负极的电化学储锂性能

以废隔膜为前体,通过一步热解碳化制备碳负极材料,考察了温度和时间对碳化产物的影响,并研究了碳负极材料的电化学储锂性能.结果 表明,废隔膜的最佳碳化温度为420℃,碳化时间为120 min;用作锂离子电池负极材料时,在50 mA/g低电流密度充/放电时的可逆放电比容量高达543.8 mAh/g;即使在高电流密度2000 mA/g循环1000圈后,可逆放电比容量仍可稳定在125.0 mAh/g左右,表现了良好的电化学储锂性能.该研究结果不仅有助于缓解废旧隔膜对环境产生的危害,而且能充分发挥废弃资源中的利用价值、降低电极材料的制备成本.     

MoO3的水热法制备、表征及储锂性能

以钼酸钠和水杨酸钠为原料,通过水热法合成了MoO3.借助X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对材料的结构和形貌进行表征,采用电化学工作站和充放电仪对电池的电化学性能进行测试.研究结果表明:在180 ℃下水热反应12 h制备得到六方相MoO3(h-MoO3)纳米块相较于在180 ℃下水热反应24 h制备得到正交相MoO3(α-MoO3)纳米片的电化学性能更佳.当h-MoO3 作为锂离子电池负极电极材料时,其首次放电比容量为2068.1 mAh/g.在电流密度为50 mA/g下循环50次后,其放电比容量仍然高达946.4 mAh/g,这归因于h-MoO3较小的电化学转移阻抗.     

碳纳米管/天然石墨复合负极材料的制备与表征

利用碳纳米管(CNT)独特的结构和良好的导电性等特征,提高天然石墨的电子传导能力,本文采用喷雾干燥再高温煅烧的方法制备CNT/天然石墨锂离子负极复合材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和电化学测试技术等方法对复合材料的结构和形貌及电化学性能进行表征.碳纳米管的包覆有利于在电极中构建空间三维导电网络,大大提高充放电比容量和循环稳定性能.电化学测试结果:在0.1C,纯天然石墨的首次放电比容量为359 mAh/g,CNT/天然石墨负极材料放电比容量为417 mAh/g,且在0.1C下循环100次后容量保持率仍有93.2;,比天然石墨提高16;.     

锂硫电池硫-膨胀石墨正极材料的制备和性能研究

采用热膨胀法制备出膨胀率较高的膨胀石墨,并将膨胀石墨和升华硫进行混合热处理,制备出硫-膨胀石墨复合正极材料.利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜及电化学测试等方法表征材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能.结果表明,这种复合正极材料在25 mA/g的充放电条件下表现出良好的充放电性能,首循环放电比容量接近1600 mAh/g,经过50个放电循环后其比容量仍旧保持在1200 mAh/g之上.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

Evolution of the Defect Structure of Zinc-Oxide as a Consequence of Tribophysical Activation

Zinc-oxide powder was tribophysically activated in a high-energy vibro mill in a continual regime in air for 3, 30 and 300 minutes with the purpose of modifying the powders physico-chemical properties. By analyzing of data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the values of distances between corresponding crystallographic planes, average domain sizes of coherent scattering, i.e. crystallites, width of diffraction lines due to the existence of microstrains, and microstrain values, minimal dislocation densities, dislocation density due to microstrain and real dislocation density, and also average distances between dislocations were determined. The dependence of these values on the activation time was established, which enabled analysis of the evolution of the defect structure of zinc-oxide powders during tribophysical activation by grinding in the described regime.     

Some peculiarities of spectral proprieties of leukocytes

This article presents the results of spectral investigations of white blood human cells including absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence (using low-temperature measurements). For this research, the main optical centres were identified and local distribution of emitting and absorbing centres into white blood human cells was determined. In addition, the spectra of normal and pathological (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-CLL) cells were compared.     

立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取

在本征铁弹相变的软模理论的基础上,依据弹性本构关系和居里原理,给出了立方晶系晶体所有可能的自发应变的种类,研究了立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取问题.以Th群和Oh群为例,阐明了不同类的序参量导致晶体对称性变化相同的的原因,提出了该情况下序参量选取的“就少不就多”的原则.得到了发生本征铁弹相变时所有可能的序参量及晶体的对称性的变化.