On Finite Factorization Rings

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. R is a finite factorization ring (FFR) if every nonzero nonunit of R has only a finite number of factorizations up to order and associates. In this article, we give a characterization of R for R[X] and R[[X]] to be an FFR.     

On Factorization in Modules

In two articles, Anderson and Valdes-Leon generalized the theory of factorization in integral domains to commutative rings with zero divisors and to modules. Here we investigate some factorization properties in modules and state a result that relates factorization properties of an R-module, M, to the factorization properties of M as an (R/Ann(M))-module. Furthermore, we will investigate when a polynomial module, M[x], has the bounded factorization property, assuming that M has this property.     

Fractional and Wiener–Hopf factorizations

A connection between Wiener–Hopf factorizations of an analytic matrix function a(t) and fractional factorizations of the rational part of a⁻¹(t) is obtained. The result is applied to an explicit construction of Wiener–Hopf factorizations of a(t).     

On the Ascent of Properties Related to Unique Factorization Domains

In this article, we develop equivalent conditions for a certain class of monoidal transform to inherit either the property of being a completely integrally closed domain that satisfies the ascending chain condition on principal ideals, the property of being a Mori domain, the property of being a Krull domain, or the property of being a unique factorization domain, respectively. Such a class of monoidal transform is given in terms of an (analytically) independent set that forms a prime ideal in the base domain. Characterizations are provided illustrating the necessity of the “prime ideal” hypothesis when the base domain is a Noetherian unique factorization domain.     

On Generalizations of Commutativity

This note is concerned with generalizations of commutativity. We introduce identity-symmetric and right near-commutative, and study basic structures of rings with such ring properties. It is shown that if R is an identity-symmetric ring, then the set of all nilpotent elements forms a commutative subring of R. Moreover, identity-symmetric regular rings are proved to be commutative. The near-commutativity is shown to be not left-right symmetric, and we study some conditions under which the near-commutativity is left-right symmetric. We also examine the near-commutativity of skew-trivial extensions, which has a role in this note.     

Unique prime factorization for infinite tensor product factors

In this article, we investigate a unique prime factorization property for infinite tensor product factors. We provide several examples of type II and III factors which satisfy this property, including all free product factors with diffuse free product components. In the type III setting, this is the first classification result for infinite tensor product non-amenable factors. Our proof is based on Popa's intertwining techniques and a characterization of relative amenability on the continuous cores.     

Factorization in Integral Domains,IV

Let D be an integral domain such that every nonzero nonunit of D is a finite product of irreducible elements. In this article, we introduce and study several unifying concepts for the theory of nonunique factorization in D. They give a new way to measure, in some sense, how far an half-factorial domain (resp., bounded factorization domain, atomic domain) D is from being a UFD (resp., finite factorization domain, Cohen–Kaplansky domain) based on equivalence relations on the set of irreducible elements of D.     

On Generalizations of Prime Ideals

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. Let φ: S(R) → S(R) ∪ {?} be a function, where S(R) is the set of ideals of R. Suppose n ≥ 2 is a positive integer. A nonzero proper ideal I of R is called (n ? 1, n) ? φ-prime if, whenever a ₁, a ₂, ?, a _n  ∈ R and a ₁ a ₂?a _n  ∈ I?φ(I), the product of (n ? 1) of the a _i 's is in I. In this article, we study (n ? 1, n) ? φ-prime ideals (n ≥ 2). A number of results concerning (n ? 1, n) ? φ-prime ideals and examples of (n ? 1, n) ? φ-prime ideals are also given. Finally, rings with the property that for some φ, every proper ideal is (n ? 1, n) ? φ-prime, are characterized.     

On the Factoriality of Local Rings of Small Embedding Codimension

Let A be a local ring of dimension d. If A is a quotient of a regular local ring of dimension n = d+r, then we say that A has embedding codimension ≤ r. This paper investigates some special properties of local rings of small embedding codimension. The main idea is to exploit a result in [17], which says that local rings of small embedding codimension and depth ≥ 3 are parafactorial. This tells us, with suitable additional hypotheses, that the ring is factorial, or Gorenstein, or even a complete intersection.     

On Hopf Algebras and Their Generalizations

We survey Hopf algebras and their generalizations. In particular, we compare and contrast three well-studied generalizations (quasi-Hopf algebras, weak Hopf algebras, and Hopf algebroids), and two newer ones (Hopf monads and hopfish algebras). Each of these notions was originally introduced for a specific purpose within a particular context; our discussion favors applicability to the theory of dynamical quantum groups. Throughout the note, we provide several definitions and examples in order to make this exposition accessible to readers with differing backgrounds.     

On Some Generalizations of the Travelling-Salesman Problem

We discuss generalized travelling-salesman problems where nodes are visited either once or not, and a penalty cost is incurred for each unvisited node. The generalization includes the longest-path problem and the shortest-path problem with specified nodes to be visited. A new transformation of generalized into standard travelling-salesman problem is presented. We give computational results for the shortest-path problem with specified nodes. The transformation makes it possible to solve symmetric problems with a relatively large number of specified nodes, which cannot be solved by previously published algorithms based on a linear assignment relaxation. Furthermore, we show how to obtain improved lower bounds for a special Euclidean-type variant.     

On the unique representability of spikes over prime fields

For an integer n?3, a rank-n matroid is called an n-spike if it consists of n three-point lines through a common point such that, for all k in {1,2,…,n-1}, the union of every set of k of these lines has rank k+1. Spikes are very special and important in matroid theory. Wu [On the number of spikes over finite fields, Discrete Math. 265 (2003) 261-296] found the exact numbers of n-spikes over fields with 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 elements, and the asymptotic values for larger finite fields. In this paper, we prove that, for each prime number p, a GF(p) representable n-spike is only representable on fields with characteristic p provided that n?2p-1. Moreover, M is uniquely representable over GF(p).     

Algorithm for recognizing Cartesian graph bundles

Graph bundles generalize the notion of covering graphs and graph products. In [8], authors constructed an algorithm that finds a presentation as a nontrivial Cartesian graph bundle for all graphs that are Cartesian graph bundles over triangle-free simple base. In [21], the unique square property is defined and it is shown that any equivalence relation possessing the unique square property determines the fundamental factorization of a graph as a nontrivial Cartesian graph bundle over arbitrary base graph. In this paper we define a relation Δ having a unique square property on Cartesian graph bundles over K₄e-free simple base. We also give a polynomial algorithm for recognizing Cartesian graph bundles over K₄e-free simple base.     

On the Average of Exponents

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关于Hardy-Hilbert积分不等式的推广

本文通过引入适当的参数，及如下形式的权系数（ｘ＋β）１－ｔｋｔ（ｒ）－ｌｎ２α＋βｘ＋β１－１／ｒ，ｘ∈［α，∞）（α－β，ｒ＞１，１－１／ｒ＜ｔ１）．而使Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｈｉｌｂｅｒｔ积分不等式得到有意义的推广．这里ｋｔ（ｒ）＝∫∞０１（１＋ｕ）ｔ１ｕ１／ｒｄｕ，常数ｌｎ２＝０．６９３１４７１８＋．