On subgroups of residually nilpotent metabelian groups

ABSTRACT

We study conditions on an ideal A of a self-injective R such that the factor ring R/ A is again self-injective, extending certain of our results for PF rings (Faith, 2006 Faith , C. ( 2006 ). Factor rings of pseudo-Frobenius rings . J. Algebra and Its Applications 6 :(to appear). [CSA] [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We also consider the same question for p -injective, and for CS -rings. For the CS -rings we consider conditions under which A splits off as a ring direct factor, equivalently, when A is generated by a central idempotent. Definitive results are obtained for an ideal A which is semiprime as a ring, that is, has no nilpotent ideals except zero, and which is a right annihilator ideal. Then A is said to be an r -semiprime right annulet ideal, and is generated by a central idempotent in the following cases: (1) whenever A is generated by an idempotent as a right (or left) ideal (Theorems 3.4, 3.6); (2) in any Baer ring R (Theorem 3.5); (3) in any right and left CS -ring R (Theorem 4.2), and (4) in any right nonsingular right CS -ring R (Theorem 5.5).

These results also generalize results of the author in Faith (1985 Faith , C. ( 1985 ). The maximal regular ideal of self-injective and continuous rings splits off . Arch. Math. 44 : 511 – 521 . [CROSSREF] [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), where it is proven that the maximal regular ideal M( R) splits off in any right and left continuous ring.

The results are applied in Section 6 to extend theorems of Faith (1996 Faith , C. ( 1996 ). New characterizations of von Neumann regular rings and a conjecture of Shamsuddin . Publ. Mat. 40 : 383 – 385 . [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) characterizing VNR rings, and, as the title of Faith (1996 Faith , C. ( 1996 ). New characterizations of von Neumann regular rings and a conjecture of Shamsuddin . Publ. Mat. 40 : 383 – 385 . [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) suggests, extend the conjecture of Shamsuddin.     

Universal Reflection Subgroups and Exponential Growth in Coxeter Groups

We investigate the imaginary cone in hyperbolic Coxeter systems in order to show that any Coxeter system contains universal reflection subgroups of arbitrarily large rank. Furthermore, in the hyperbolic case, the positive spans of the simple roots of the universal reflection subgroups are shown to approximate the imaginary cone (using an appropriate topology on the set of roots), answering a question due to Dyer [9 Dyer , M. Imaginary Cone and Reflection Subgroups of Coxeter Groups. Preprint: http://arXiv.org/abs/1210.5206  [Google Scholar]] in the special case of hyperbolic Coxeter systems. Finally, we discuss growth in Coxeter systems and utilize the previous results to extend the results of [16 Viswanath , S. ( 2008 ). On growth types of quotients of Coxeter groups by parabolic subgroups . Comm. Algebra 36 ( 2 ): 796 – 805 .[Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]] regarding exponential growth in parabolic quotients in Coxeter groups.     

SOME CENTRALITY RESULTS NEW AND OLD

We prove a number of results on betweenness and closeness centrality and centralization. In particular, we prove the much used normalization expression for closeness centrality first given by Freeman (1979) Freeman, L. C. 1979. Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1: 215–239. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], correcting an error in the justification given in his paper. We explore the relationship between betweenness and the cutting number and use these results to prove and correct some centrality and centralization formulae first proposed by Borgatti and Everett (1997) Borgatti, S. P. and Everett, M. G. 1997. Network analysis of 2-mode data. Social Networks, 19: 243–269. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar].     

The Group Structure of the Normalizer of Γ0(N) After Atkin–Lehner

We determine the group structure of the normalizer of Γ₀(N) in SL ₂(?) modulo Γ₀(N). These results correct the Atkin–Lehner statement (Atkin and Lehner, 1970 Atkin , A. O. L. , Lehner , J. ( 1970 ). Hecke operator on Γ₀(N) . Math. Ann. 185 : 134 – 160 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Theorem 8).     

G-Prime Ideals in Semirings and Their Skew Group Semirings

Semirings have been studied by various researchers either in an attempt to broaden the techniques coming from semigroup theory or generalization of group theory and ring theory. From an algebraic point of view, semirings provide the most natural generalization of the theory of rings. In this article, we generalize some of the results of Lorenz and Passman (1979 Lorenz , M. , Passman , D. S. ( 1979 ). Prime ideals in crossed products of finite groups . Israel J. Math. 33 ( 2 ): 89 – 132 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) for semirings with finite group action on them.     

Note on Conic Bundles over Henselian Discrete Valued Fields with Real Closed Residue Field

ABSTRACT

Let ? be a complete set of Sylow subgroups of a finite group G, that is, ? contains exactly one and only one Sylow p-subgroup of G for each prime p. A subgroup H of a finite group G is said to be ?-permutable if H permutes with every member of ?. The purpose of this article is to study the influence of ?-permutability of all maximal subgroups of the Sylow subgroups of the generalized Fitting subgroup of some normal subgroup of a finite group G on the structure of G. Our results improve and extend the main results of Asaad (1998 Asaad , M. ( 1998 ). On maximal subgroups of Sylow subgroups of finite groups . Comm. Algebra 26 ( 11 ): 3647 – 3652 . [CSA] [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Asaad and Heliel (2003 Asaad , M. , Heliel , A. A. ( 2003 ). On permutable subgroups of finite groups . Arch. Math. 80 : 113 – 118 . [CROSSREF] [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Asaad et al. (1991 Asaad , M. , Ramadan , M. , Shaalan , A. ( 1991 ). Influence of π-quasinormality on maximal subgroups of Sylow subgroups of Fitting subgroup of a finite group . Arch. Math. 56 : 521 – 527 . [CROSSREF] [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Li et al. (2003 Li , Y. , Wang , Y. , Wei , H. ( 2003 ). The influence of π-quasinormality of maximal subgroups of Sylow subgroups of a finite group . Arch. Math. 81 ( 3 ): 245 – 252 . [CROSSREF] [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Ramadan (1992 Ramadan , M. ( 1992 ). Influence of normality on maximal subgroups of Sylow subgroups of a finite group . Acta Math. Hungar. 59 ( 1–2 ): 107 – 110 . [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), and Srinivasan (1980 Srinivasan , S. ( 1980 ). Two sufficient conditions for supersolvability of finite groups . Israel J. Math. 35 : 210 – 214 . [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

Central Extensions and Derivations of the Lie Algebras of Skew Derivations for the Quantum Torus

ABSTRACT

In this article, we study the central extensions and derivations of the Lie algebra of skew derivations for the quantum torus. The results of the article generalize those obtained in Jiang and Meng (1998a Jiang , C. , Meng , D. ( 1998a ). The derivation algebra of the associative algebra C _q [X, Y, X ^?1, Y ^?1] . Comm. Algebra 26 : 1723 – 1736 . [CSA] [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] b Jiang , C. , Meng , D. ( 1998b ). The automorphism group of the derivation algebra of the Virasoro-like algebra . Adv. Math. (China) 27 : 175 – 183 . [CSA]  [Google Scholar]) and Kirkman et al. (1994 Kirkman , E. , Procesi , C. , Small , L. ( 1994 ). A q-analog for the Virasoro algebra . Comm. Algebra 22 : 3755 – 3774 . [CSA] [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

AF-Domains and Their Generalizations

In this article, we are concerned with the study of the dimension theory of tensor products of algebras over a field k. We introduce and investigate the notion of generalized AF-domain (GAF-domain for short) and prove that any k-algebra A such that the polynomial ring in one variable A[X] is an AF-domain is in fact a GAF-domain, in particular any AF-domain is a GAF-domain. Moreover, we compute the Krull dimension of A? _k B for any k-algebra A such that A[X] is an AF-domain and any k-algebra B generalizing the main theorem of Wadsworth in [16 Wadsworth , A. R. ( 1979 ). The Krull dimension of tensor products of commutative algebras over a field . J. London Math. Soc. 19 : 391 – 401 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]].     

A note on some structure theorems of modules in category 0

ABSTRACT

Using the local subgroup strategy of An and O'Brien (1997 An , J. , O'Brien , E. A. ( 1997 ). A local strategy to decide the Alperin and Dade conjectures . J. Alg. 189 : 34 – 57 . [CROSSREF] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), An and O'Brien (1999 An , J. , O'Brien , E. A. ( 1999 ). The Alperin and Dade conjectures for the Fischer simple group Fi₂₃ . Internat. J. Alg. Comput. 9 : 621 – 670 . [CROSSREF] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), we classify the radical subgroups and chains of the Fischer simple group Fi ₂₂ and verify the Alperin weight conjecture and the Uno reductive conjecture for this group; the latter is a refinement of the Dade reductive and Isaacs–Navarro conjectures.

     

Canonical Basis for Type A 4 (II)-Polynomial Elements in One Variable

ABSTRACT

All the 62 monomial elements in the canonical basis B of the quantized enveloping algebra for type A ₄ have been determined in Hu et al. (2003 Hu , Y. , Ye , J. , Yue , X. ( 2003 ). Canonical basis for type A ₄ (I)–Monomial elements . J. Algebra 263 : 228 – 245 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]  [Google Scholar]). According to Lusztig's idea (Lusztig, 1992 Lusztig , G. ( 1992 ). Introduction to quantized enveloping algebras . In: Tirao , J. , Wallach , N. , eds. New Developments in Lie Theory and Their Applications . Progress in Mathematics . Vol. 105 . Boston/Basel/Berlin : Birkhauser , pp. 49 – 65 . [Google Scholar]), the elements in the canonical basis B consist of monomials and linear combinations of monomials (for convenience, we call them polynomials). In this note, we compute all the 144 polynomial elements in one variable in the canonical basis B of the quantized enveloping algebra for type A ₄ based on our joint note Hu et al. (2003 Hu , Y. , Ye , J. , Yue , X. ( 2003 ). Canonical basis for type A ₄ (I)–Monomial elements . J. Algebra 263 : 228 – 245 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]  [Google Scholar]). We conjecture that there are other polynomial elements in two or three variables in the canonical basis B, which include independent variables and dependent variables. Moreover, it is conjectured that there are no polynomial elements in the canonical basis B with four or more variables.     

Automorphisms of Incidence Algebras

We study automorphisms of the incidence algebra of a finite quasiordered set M. In particular, we describe explicitly the group of outer automorphisms and give a criterion for any automorphism of this algebra to be a product of an inner one and an automorphism of M, which corrects some results of Spiegel (2001 Spiegel , E. ( 2001 ). On the automorphisms of incidence algebras . J. Algebra 239 : 615 – 623 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

Dixmier's Problem 6 for the Weyl Algebra (The Generic Type Problem)

ABSTRACT

In Dixmier (1968 Dixmier , J. ( 1968 ). Sur les algèbres de Weyl . Bull. Soc. Math. France 96 : 209 – 242 . [CSA] [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), the author posed six problems for the Weyl algebra A ₁ over a field K of characteristic zero. Problems 3, 6, and 5 were solved respectively by Joseph (1975 Joseph , A. ( 1975 ). The Weyl algebra—semisimple and nilpotent elements . Amer. J. Math. 97 ( 3 ): 597 – 615 . [CSA] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Bavula (2005a Bavula , V. V. ( 2005a ). Dixmier's Problem 5 for the Weyl algebra . J. Algebra 283 ( 2 ): 604 – 621 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Problems 1, 2, and 4 are still open. In this article a short proof is given to Dixmier's problem 6 for the ring of differential operators 𝒟 (X) on a smooth irreducible algebraic curve X. It is proven that, for a given maximal commutative subalgebra C of 𝒟 (X), (almost) all noncentral elements of it have the same type, more precisely, have exactly one of the following types: (i) strongly nilpotent; (ii) weakly nilpotent; (iii) generic; (iv) generic, except for a subset K*a + K of strongly semi-simple elements; (iv) generic, except for a subset K*a + K of weakly semi-simple elements, where K* := K\{0}. The same results are true for other popular algebras.     

Strongly J-Clean Matrices Over Local Rings

An element of a ring is called strongly J-clean provided that it can be written as the sum of an idempotent and an element in its Jacobson radical that commute. We investigate, in this article, a single strongly J-clean 2 × 2 matrix over a noncommutative local ring. The criteria on strong J-cleanness of 2 × 2 matrices in terms of a quadratic equation are given. These extend the corresponding results in [8 Li , B. ( 2009 ). Strongly clean matrix rings over noncommutative local rings . Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 46 : 71 – 78 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Theorems 2.7 and 3.2], [9 Li , Y. ( 2007 ). Strongly clean matrix rings over local rings . J. Algebra 312 : 397 – 404 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Theorem 2.6], and [11 Yang , X. , Zhou , Y. ( 2008 ). Strongly cleanness of the 2 × 2 matrix ring over a general local ring . J. Algebra 320 : 2280 – 2290 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Theorem 7].     

The Existence of Large E(R)-Algebras That Are Sharply Transitive Modules

The Bose–Mesner algebra of the association scheme of the ordinary n-gon has the following remarkable properties:

• (i) It has a P-polynomial structure with respect to every faithful basis element; and

• (ii) Any closed subset generated by a basis element has a P-polynomial structure with respect to this basis element.

C-algebras or table algebras that have these two properties are called perfect P-polynomial C-algebras or table algebras. By applying and extending some of the techniques developed in Xu (2006 Xu , B. ( 2006 ). Table algebras with multiple P-polynomial structures . J. Alg. Combin. 23 : 377 – 393 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), we will give a classification of perfect P-polynomial table algebras in terms of intersection matrices. As a direct consequence of this classification, we will prove that a standard real integral table algebra (A, B) with |B| ≥ 6 is a perfect P-polynomial table algebra if and only if it is exactly isomorphic to the Bose–Mesner algebra of the association scheme of the ordinary (2|B|?2)-gon or (2|B|?1)-gon. This result generalizes part of the main theorem in Xu (2006 Xu , B. ( 2006 ). Table algebras with multiple P-polynomial structures . J. Alg. Combin. 23 : 377 – 393 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We will present examples revealing that this result is not true if |B| ≤ 5.     

Continuous Cohomology of Permutation Groups on Profinite Modules

ABSTRACT

Model theorists have made use of low-dimensional continuous cohomology of infinite permutation groups on profinite modules, see Ahlbrandt and Ziegler (1991 Ahlbrandt , G. , Ziegler , M. ( 1991 ). What's so special about (?/4?)^ω? Archive for Math. Logic 31 : 115 – 132 . [CSA] [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Evans (1997b Evans , D. M. ( 1997b ). Computation of first cohomology groups of finite covers . J. Algebra 193 : 214 – 238 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Evans et al. (1997 Evans , D. M. , Ivanov , A. A. , Macpherson , H. D. ( 1997 ). Finite covers . In: Evans , D. M. , ed. Model Theory of Groups and Automorphism Groups . London Mathematical Society Lecture Notes 244 . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ Press , pp. 1 – 72 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), and Hodges and Pillay (1994 Hodges , W. , Pillay , A. ( 1994 ). Cohomology of structures and some problems of Ahlbrandt and Ziegler . J. London Math. Soc. 50 ( 2 ): 1 – 16 . [CSA] [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), for example. We expand the module category in order to widen the cohomological toolkit. For an important class of groups we use these tools to establish criteria for finiteness of cohomology.     

Classification of Pointed Fusion Categories of dimension 8 up to weak Morita equivalence

In this paper we give a complete classification of pointed fusion categories over ? of global dimension 8. We first classify the equivalence classes of pointed fusion categories of dimension 8, and then we proceed to determine which of these equivalence classes have equivalent categories of modules following the procedure presented in [9 Naidu, D. (2007). Categorical Morita equivalence for group-theoretical categories. Commun. Algebra 35(11):3544–3565.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 11 Uribe, B. (2017). On the classification of pointed fusion categories up to weak Morita equivalence. Pac. J. Math. 290(2):437–466.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]]. The results of this paper permit to recover the classification of twisted quantum doubles of groups of order 8 up to gauge equivalence of braided quasi-Hopf algebras that was previously done in [6 Mason, C., Ng, S.-H (2001). Group cohomology and gauge equivalence of some twisted quantum doubles. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 353(9):3465–3509.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] and [5 Goff, C., Mason, G., Ng, S.-H (2007). On the gauge equivalence of twisted quantum doubles of elementary abelian and extra-special 2-groups. J. Algebra 312(2):849–875.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]].     

On Serial Noetherian Rings

It is well known that every serial Noetherian ring satisfies the restricted minimum condition. In particular, following Warfield (1975 Warfield , R. B. ( 1975 ). Serial rings and finitely presented modules . J. Algebra 37 : 187 – 222 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), such a ring is a direct sum of an Artinian ring and hereditary prime rings. The aim of this note is to show that every serial ring having the restricted minimum condition is Noetherian.     

Supercharacter Theory Constructions Corresponding to Schur Ring Products

Diaconis and Isaacs have defined the supercharacter theories of a finite group to be certain approximations to the ordinary character theory of the group [7 Diaconis , P. , Isaacs , I. M. ( 2008 ). Supercharacters and superclasses for algebra groups . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 360 : 2359 – 2392 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]]. We make explicit the connection between supercharacter theories and Schur rings, and we provide supercharacter theory constructions which correspond to Schur ring products of Leung and Man [12 Leung , K. H. , Man , S. H. ( 1996 ). On Schur rings over cyclic groups, II . J. Algebra 183 : 273 – 285 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]], Hirasaka and Muzychuk [10 Hirasaka , M. , Muzychuk , M. ( 2001 ). An elementary abelian group of rank 4 is a CI-group . J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 94 : 339 – 362 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]], and Tamaschke [20 Tamaschke , O. ( 1970 ). On Schur-rings which define a proper character theory on finite groups . Math. Z. 117 : 340 – 360 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]].     

Homotopies for the Generalized Bar Complex Associated to Certain 3-Rowed Weyl Modules

In Buchsbaum and Rota (1994 Buchsbaum , D. , Rota , G.-C. ( 1994 ). A new construction in homological algebra . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91 : 4115 – 4119 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the authors presented a generalized bar complex associated to certain 3-rowed Weyl modules and proved that this complex is in fact a resolution via an induction on the number of overlaps between the second and third rows and a fundamental exact sequence (Akin and Buchsbaum, 1985 Akin , K. , Buchsbaum , D. ( 1985 ). Characteristic-free representation theory of the general linear group . Adv. Math 58 ( 2 ): 149 – 200 . [CSA]  [Google Scholar]). In this article we study the structure of this resolution by constructing a splitting contracting homotopy for the complexes corresponding to certain shapes.