基于雨燕翅膀的仿生三角翼气动特性计算研究

针对低雷诺数微型飞行器的气动布局,设计出类似雨燕翅膀的一组具有不同前缘钝度的中等后掠(Λ=50?)仿生三角翼.为了定量对比研究三角翼后缘收缩产生的气动效应,设计了一组具有同等后掠的普通三角翼.为了深入研究仿生三角翼布局的前缘涡演化特性以及总体气动特性,采用数值模拟方法详细地探索了低雷诺数(Re=1.58×104)流动条...     

Aerodynamic Performance of a Gliding Swallowtail Butterfly Wing Model

In the present study, we perform a wind-tunnel experiment to investigate the aerodynamic performance of a gliding swallowtail-butterfly wing model having a low aspect ratio. The drag, lift and pitching moment are directly measured using a 6-axis force/torque sensor. The lift coefficient increases rapidly at attack angles less than 10° and then slowly at larger attack angles. The lift coefficient does not fall off rapidly even at quite high angles of attack, showing the characteristics of low-aspect-ratio wings. On the other hand, the drag coefficient increases more rapidly at higher angles of attack due to the increase in the effective area responsible for the drag. The maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the present modeled swallowtail butterfly wing is larger than those of wings of fruitfly and bumblebee, and even comparable to those of wings of birds such as the petrel and starling. From the measurement of pitching moment, we show that the modeled swallowtail butterfly wing has a longitudinal static stability. Flow visualization shows that the flow separated from the leading edge reattaches on the wing surface at α < 15°, forming a small separation bubble, and full separation occurs at α ≥ 15°. On the other hand, strong wing-tip vortices are observed in the wake at α ≥ 5° and they are an important source of the lift as well as the main reason for broad stall. Finally, in the absence of long hind-wing tails, the lift and longitudinal static stability are reduced, indicating that the hind-wing tails play an important role in enhancing the aerodynamic performance.     

An investigation on the lift force of a wing pitching in dynamic stall for a comfort control vessel

On the basis of a comfort control system for ocean vessels, the control forces and moments in the form of lift forces from active wings are of important interest. In an ocean vessel comfort control system, active wings or fins are commonly used and constantly adjust their angles of attack to produce optimal sea-keeping conditions. The unsteady nature of the flow field around a wing, and the behaviour of the generated lift force must be understood in order to optimize the comfort control system. This paper presents experimental data on the flow past a pitching wing, paying particular attention to the lagging effects between the fluid dynamic lift force and the motion of the wing at large angles of attack as a function of peak angle of attack and reduced frequency of oscillation. The range of motion investigated has been chosen according to the applicability of a comfort control wing surface. Numerical data is also included to aid explanation on some of the witnessed phenomena.     

排翼布局飞行器气动性能的实验研究

通过低速低湍流度风洞实验,研究了利用排翼布局改善充气飞机采用大厚度翼型机翼带来的气动效率偏低问题。首先比较了采用不同厚度翼型的单翼与排式双翼布局的气动特性。在此基础上,为了优化排翼布局的气动特性,研究了给后翼安装偏转角对排翼布局气动特性的影响。同时,基于NACA0030翼型,设计了波纹型外形的充气机翼,比较了此外形下单翼和排翼布局气动性能的差异。实验结果表明,采用排翼布局能够改善采用厚翼型单翼布局的气动性能,而给后翼安装一定偏转角可以进一步提高排翼布局的升力和升阻比。采用波纹外形和光滑外形机翼模型的对比结果表明,波纹外形能够在大迎角时改善充气机翼的失速性能。分析认为,造成这一现象的流动机理是由于波纹型机翼在实验条件下提前由层流转捩为湍流,使失速推迟,流动分离现象有所减弱。     

Experiments on transonic limit-cycle-flutter of a flexible swept wing

The aeroelastic behavior of wing models is nonlinear particularly in the transonic speed range. The interaction between aerodynamic and structural forces can lead to the occurrence of Limit-Cycle Oscillations (LCOs). If in addition the wing model is flexible and backward swept, the kinematic coupling between bending and torsion makes the situation even more complex.In the research project “Aerostabil” such a wing was investigated, which was equipped with pressure transducers in three sections and accelerometers. The experiments were performed in the adaptive test section of the transonic wind tunnel TWG in Göttingen. Already Dietz et al. (2003) have reported about experimental details and preliminary results. Based on these data Bendiksen (2008) studied numerically LCO-flutter behavior using a very similar, theoretical model (G-wing) and Stickan et al. (2014) used the original data as a LCO flutter test case. The influence of flexibility on the steady aerodynamics of the wing was described in Schewe & Mai (2018). In this paper now the flutter experiments with the same flexible model were analyzed systematically in the transonic range 0.84 <Ma <0.89 and for six angles of attack from 1.46°to 2.7°. Maps of stability, LCO amplitudes and instantaneous pressure distributions are presented. It was found that unstable regions are islands, whose extent depends on the angle of attack. A LCO test case, already treated in the literature is examined in more detail. The analysis of the time functions showed that during LCO-flutter the motion induced aerodynamic sectional lift forces particularly in the outer wing are asymmetric and thus acting as amplitude limiter. The reason for the asymmetry lies in the shock/boundary layer interaction. The test case, containing the stages of built-up and the transition to the limit cycle provides an excellent opportunity for improving our knowledge about LCOs and for code validation purposes.     

Effects of unsteady deformation of flapping wing on its aerodynamic forces

Effects of unsteady deformation of a flapping model insect wing on its aerodynamic force production are studied by solving the Navier-Stokes equations on a dynamically deforming grid.Aerodynamic forces on the flapping wing are not much affected by considerable twist,but affected by camber deformation.The effect of combined camber and twist deformation is similar to that of camber deformation.With a deformation of 6% camber and 20°twist(typical values observed for wings of many insects),lift is increased bv 10%～20%and lift-to-drag ratio by around 10%compared with the case of a rigid flat-plate wing.As a result.the deformation can increase the maximum lift coefficient of an insect.and reduce its power requirement for flight.For example,for a hovering bumblebee with dynamically deforming wings(6?mber and 20°twist),aerodynamic power required is reduced by about 16%compared with the case of rigid wings.     

Experimental study of wings undergoing active root flapping and pitching

This paper presents the results of experiments carried out on mechanical wings undergoing active root flapping and pitching in the wind tunnel. The objective of the work is to investigate the effect of the pitch angle oscillations and wing profile on the aerodynamic forces generated by the wings. The experiments were repeated for a different reduced frequency, airspeed, flapping and pitching kinematics, geometric angle of attack and wing sections (one symmetric and two cambered airfoils). A specially designed mechanical flapper was used, modelled on large migrating birds. It is shown that, under pitch leading conditions, good thrust generation can be obtained at a wide range of Strouhal numbers if the pitch angle oscillation is adjusted accordingly. Consequently, high thrust was measured at both the lowest and highest tested Strouhal numbers. Furthermore, the work demonstrates that the aerodynamic forces can be sensitive to the Reynolds number, depending on the camber of the wings. Under pitch lagging conditions, where the effective angle of attack amplitude is highest, the symmetric wing was affected by the Reynolds number, generating less thrust at the lowest tested Reynolds value. In contrast, under pure flapping conditions, where the effective angle of attack amplitude was lower but still significant, it was the cambered wings that demonstrated Reynolds sensitivity.     

翼反角对高压捕获翼构型亚声速气动特性影响分析研究

高压捕获翼新型气动布局在高超声速设计状态下具有较好的气动性能, 新升力面的引入使其在亚声速条件下也具有较大的升力, 但在亚声速下的稳定特性还有待研究. 基于高压捕获翼气动布局基本原理, 在机身-三角翼组合体上添加单支撑和捕获翼, 设计了一种参数化高压捕获翼概念构型. 以捕获翼和机体三角翼上/下反角为设计变量, 采用均匀试验设计、计算流体力学数值计算方法及Kriging代理模型方法, 研究了0° ~ 10°攻角状态下不同翼反角对高压捕获翼构型亚声速气动特性的影响, 重点分析了升阻特性、纵向和横航向稳定性的变化规律以及流场涡结构等. 结果表明, 小攻角状态下翼反角对升阻比的影响比大攻角更加显著, 捕获翼上反时, 升阻比略微增大, 下反则升阻比减小; 三角翼上反时, 升阻比减小, 下反则升阻比先略微增大后缓慢减小; 翼反角对纵向稳定性的总体影响较小, 捕获翼上反会稍微提高纵向稳定性, 而三角翼上反则会降低纵向稳定性; 捕获翼或三角翼上反都会增强横向稳定性, 下反则减弱横向稳定性, 但大攻角状态时, 三角翼上反角过大对提升横向稳定性作用有限; 捕获翼上反航向稳定性增强, 下反航向稳定性则减弱, 而三角翼下反对提升航向稳定性的整体效果比上反更加显著.      

扑翼飞行器带翼刀机翼气动特性实验研究

通过进行微型扑翼飞行器低速风洞试验,研究了带弯度机翼下翼面翼刀对扑翼飞行器升阻特性的影响。文中进行了带翼刀机翼和不带翼刀机翼在不同迎角下的风洞吹风试验。试验结果表明,带翼刀机翼升力系数大于不带翼刀机翼升力系数,从而证明了翼刀可以阻止机翼下表面气流展向流动,起到增加机翼升力的作用。当扑翼在小迎角飞行时,带翼刀机翼可以有效地提高扑翼的气动效率,改善扑翼的飞行性能。研究结果可为带翼刀机翼在扑翼飞行器上的应用提供技术支持。     

An experimental study on the forewing–hindwing interactions in hovering and forward flights

Force and PIV measurements were performed on rigid tandem wings in the hovering and forward flights at typical Reynolds numbers of real dragonflies. The Strouhal number of the forward flight was 0.6. The phase angles between the fore- and hindwings included 0°, 90°, and 180°. Wings operated in isolation were measured, too, as references. Although many past studies have shown that rigid tandem wings produced less average forces than a single wing regardless the phase angles, the results from the current study illustrated so only at the angle of 180°. However, the contrasting results at 0° and 90° could be due to the differences in parameters of the flow, wing kinematics, and wing shapes. The phase-locked PIV measurements revealed that interaction of wings was achieved through the modifications of the characteristics, such as the strength and locations, of the leading-edge and trailing-edge vortices of fore- and hind-wings. A comparison between the hovering and forward flights identified that the effects of incoming flow included moving the leading-edge and trailing-edge vortices further downstream, and modifying the flow between the tandem wings.     

Experimental investigation on aerodynamic performance of a flapping wing vehicle in forward flight

The aerodynamic performance of a flexible membrane flapping wing has been investigated here. For this purpose, a flapping-wing system and an experimental set-up were designed to measure the unsteady aerodynamic forces of the flapping wing motion. A one-component force balance was set up to record the temporal variations of aerodynamic forces. The flapping wing was studied in a large low-speed wind tunnel. The lift and thrust of this mechanism were measured for different flapping frequencies, angles of attack and for various wind tunnel velocities. Results indicate that the thrust increases with the flapping frequency. An increase in the wind tunnel speed and flow angle of attack leads to reduction in the thrust value and increases the lift component. The aerodynamic and performance parameters were nondimensionalized. Appropriate models were introduced which show its aerodynamic performance and may be used in the design process and also optimization of the flapping wing.     

蜻蜓滑翔时柔性褶皱前翅气动特性分析

蜻蜓是自然界优秀的飞行家,滑翔是其常见且有效的飞行模式.蜻蜓优异的飞行能力来源于其翅膀的巧妙结构,褶皱是蜻蜓翅膀上最为显著的结构之一,不仅提高了翅膀的刚度,还改变了其气动特性,而飞行过程中柔性翅膀会产生变形是蜻蜓翅膀的另一特性.为揭示蜻蜓在滑翔时,柔性褶皱前翅的变形,探究褶皱和柔性的共同作用对其气动特性的影响,基于逆向工程,依据前人的测量数据和研究成果,通过三维建模软件建立了蜻蜓三维褶皱前翅的计算流体力学(computational fluiddynamics,CFD)模型和计算结构力学(computational structuralmechanics,CSD)模型,并通过模态分析验证了此模型有足够的精度.基于CFD方法和CFD/CSD双向流固耦合计算方法分别对蜻蜓滑翔飞行时刚性和柔性褶皱前翅的气动特性进行了数值模拟,结果表明,柔性褶皱前翅受气动载荷后,翅脉和翅膜产生形变,柔性前翅上下表面压力差相较于刚性前翅减小了,从而其升力和阻力也减小了,而在大攻角时,变形后的前缘脉诱导出比刚性前翅更强的前缘涡.因此在攻角小于10$^\circ$时刚性前翅的气动特性优于柔性前翅,继续增大攻角,柔性前翅的气动特性则优于刚性前翅.前翅受载后气动响应时间短,翅尖的变形最大,仅仅产生了垂直于翅膀所在平面方向上的变形,而没有发生扭转,翼根处受到应力最大,褶皱上凸部分承受蜻蜓滑翔时前翅的主要载荷.      

Passive flow control by membrane wings for aerodynamic benefit

The coupling of passive structural response of flexible membranes with the flow over them can significantly alter the aerodynamic characteristic of simple flat-plate wings. The use of flexible wings is common throughout biological flying systems inspiring many engineers to incorporate them into small engineering flying systems. In many of these systems, the motion of the membrane serves to passively alter the flow over the wing potentially resulting in an aerodynamic benefit. In this study, the aerodynamic loads and the flow field for a rigid flat-plate wing are compared to free trailing-edge membrane wings with two different pre-tensions at a chord-based Reynolds number of approximately 50,000. The membrane was silicon rubber with a scalloped free trailing edge. The analysis presented includes load measurements from a sting balance along with velocity fields and membrane deflections from synchronized, time-resolved particle image velocimetry and digital image correlation. The load measurements demonstrate increased aerodynamic efficiency and lift, while the synchronized flow and membrane measurements show how the membrane motion serves to force the flow. This passive flow control introduced by the membranes motion alters the flows development over the wing and into the wake region demonstrating how, at least for lower angles of attack, the membranes motion drives the flow as opposed to the flow driving the membrane motion.     

Wing kinematics measurement and aerodynamics of free-flight maneuvers in drone-flies

The time courses of wing and body kinematics of two free-flying drone-flies, as they performed saccades, were measured using 3D high-speed video, and the morpho- logical parameters of the wings and body of the insects were also measured. The measured wing kinematics was used in a Navier-Stokes solver to compute the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the insects. The main results are as following. （1） The turn is mainly a 90° change of heading. It is made in about 10 wingbeats （about 55 ms）. It is of interest to note that the number of wingbeats taken to make the turn is approximately the same as and the turning time is only a little different from that of fruitflies measured recently by the same approach, even if the weight of the droneflies is more than 100 times larger than that of the fruitflies. The long axis of body is about 40° from the horizontal during the maneuver. （2） Although the body rotation is mainly about a vertical axis, a relatively large moment around the yaw axis （axis perpendicular to the long axis of body）, called as yaw moment, is mainly needed for the turn, because moment of inertial of the body about the yaw axis is much larger than that about the long axis. （3） The yaw moment is mainly pro- duced by changes in wing angles of attack： in a right turn, for example, the dronefly lets its right wing to have a rather large angle of attack in the downstroke （generally larger than 50°） and a small one in the upstroke to start the turn, and lets its left wing to do so to stop the turn, unlike the fruitflies who generate the yaw moment mainly by changes in the stroke plane and stroke amplitude.     

The flexibility effect of a plate according to various angles of attack in a free-stream

This paper presents a computational fluid–structure interaction analysis for a flexible plate in a free-stream to investigate the effects of flexibility and angle of attack on force generation. A Lattice Boltzmann Method with an immersed boundary technique using a direct forcing scheme model of the fluid is coupled to a finite element model with rectangular bending elements. We investigated the effects of various angles of attack of a flexible plate fixed at one of the end edges in a free-stream at a Reynolds number of 5000, which represents the wing flapping condition of insects and small birds in nature. The lift of the flexible plate is maintained at the large angle of attack, whereas the rigid plate shows the largest lift at angles of attack around 30–40° and then drastic reductions in the lift at the large angle of attack. If we consider the efficiency as the lift divided by the drag, the flexible plate shows better efficiency at angles of attack greater than 30° compared to the rigid plate. The better performance of the flexible plate at large angles of attack comes from the deformation of the plate, which produces an interaction between the trailing edge vortex and the short edge vortex. The horseshoe-shaped vortex produced by a large vortex interaction at the trailing edge side has an important role in increasing the lift, and the small projection area due to the deformation reduces the drag. Furthermore, we investigate the role of flexibility on the lift and the drag force of the rectangular plate in a free-stream as the Reynolds number increases. Whenever a large vortex interaction at the trailing edge side is shown, the efficiency of the rectangular plate is improved. Especially, the flexible plate shows better efficiency as the Reynolds number increases regardless of the angle of attack.     

A flow control mechanism in wing flapping with stroke asymmetry during insect forward flight

A theoretical modeling approach as well as an unsteady analytical method is used to study aerodynamic characteristics of wing flapping with asymmetric stroke-cycles in connection with an oblique stroke plane during insect forward flight. It is revealed that the aerodynamic asymmetry between the downstroke and the upstroke due to stroke-asymmetrical flapping is a key to understand the flow physics of generation and modulation of the lift and the thrust. Predicted results for examples of given kinematics validate more specifically some viewpoints that the wing lift is more easily produced when the forward speed is higher and the thrust is harder, and the lift and the thrust are generated mainly during downstroke and upstroke, respectively. The effects of three controlling parameters, i.e. the angles of tilted stroke plane, the different downstroke duration ratios, and the different angles of attack in both down- and up-stroke, are further discussed. It is found that larger oblique angles of stroke planes generate larger thrust but smaller lift; larger downstroke duration ratios lead to larger thrust, while making little change in lift and input aerodynamic power; and again, a small increase of the angle of attack in downstroke or upstroke may cause remarkable changes in aerodynamic performance in the relevant stroke.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10072066, 90305009) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX-SW-L04, KJCX2-SW-L2)The English text was polished by Ron Marshall.     

柔性扑翼的气动特性研究

以往扑翼的气动力计算研究都很少考虑扑翼的柔性,而在鸟的扑翼动作中,在外加气动力和鸟自身的扑动力作用下,扑翼的柔性变形相当大。本文在原有匀速刚性模型的基础上,提出考虑了扑翼扑动速率变化和形状变化的扑翼分析模型,使之更接近鸟翼柔性扑动真实情况。通过计算分析气动特性发现,控制适当的话,柔性变形能大大改善扑翼的气动性能。本文通过模拟鸟扑翼的柔性运动,计算了时柔性扑翼气动力以及平均升力系数和平均推力系数随着扑动角、倾斜角等参数变化的情况,从而从气动的角度解释了为什么鸟在不同的飞行阶段扑翼规律各不相同,并为柔性扑翼飞行器的设计提供了理论依据。     

The effect of phase angle and wing spacing on tandem flapping wings

In a tandem wing configuration, the hindwing often operates in the wake of the forewing and, hence, its performance is affected by the vortices shed by the forewing. Changes in the phase angle between the flapping motions of the fore and the hind wings, as well as the spacing between them, can affect the resulting vortex/wing and vortex/vortex interactions. This study uses 2D numerical simulations to investigate how these changes affect the leading dege vortexes (LEV) generated by the hindwing and the resulting effect on the lift and thrust coefficients as well as the efficiencies. The tandem wing configuration was simulated using an incompressible Navier-Stokes solver at a chord-based Reynolds number of 5 000. A harmonic single frequency sinusoidal oscillation consisting of a combined pitch and plunge motion was used for the flapping wing kinematics at a Strouhal number of 0.3. Four different spacings ranging from 0.1 chords to 1 chord were tested at three different phase angles, 0°, 90° and 180°. It was found that changes in the spacing and phase angle affected the timing of the interaction between the vortex shed from the forewing and the hindwing. Such an interaction affects the LEV formation on the hindwing and results in changes in aerodynamic force production and efficiencies of the hindwing. It is also observed that changing the phase angle has a similar effect as changing the spacing. The results further show that at different spacings the peak force generation occurs at different phase angles, as do the peak efficiencies.     

Oscillatory motions of a prestrained compliant membrane caused by fluid–membrane interaction

Flow over a compliant membrane is a complex problem where the interaction between fluid and membrane determines the nature of the aerodynamic characteristics of the membrane wing. This investigation is concerned with the deformation and oscillatory motion of a membrane under aerodynamic loading. The approach is computational, but the analytical solution is also presented for a constant pressure loading. The computational results are compared with the experimental data available in the literature as well as with the present analytical solution. In this study, the values of Reynolds number are 38 416 and 141 500, and the angle of attack and prestrain range from 10° to 40° and from 0 to 0.074, respectively. This range of parameters makes the outcome of the investigation more relevant to applications involving the flight of micro air vehicles and the membrane wings of flying mammals such as bats. The computations indicate a mostly asymmetric deflection with the point of maximum camber located nearly at 40% of the chord length from the leading edge. The deflection is decreased with prestrain, and it is increased with Reynolds number. Moreover, the lift coefficient generally increases with the angle of attack. However, for Re=141 500, it increases first to a peak at 20–30° angle of attack, and then decreases. The drag coefficient is much higher than that of conventional airfoils. The membrane oscillates in the streamwise and vertical directions. The largest amplitude of oscillations is observed at 40° for Re=38 416. The oscillations are caused by the oscillatory nature of the flow due to fluid–membrane interaction and the formation of the leading edge and trailing edge vortices. Compared with a rigid membrane of the same camber, the compliant membrane has a smaller recirculation region which may lead to a delayed stall.