Polarization modulation spectroscopy of surface plasmon resonance

The features of surface plasmon resonance in gold nanofilms deposited on the surface of a total-internal-reflection prism have been investigated theoretically, using the Fresnel equation, and experimentally, with application of the polarization modulation technique. The angular characteristics of the polarization difference of the reflection coefficients for s-and p-polarized light, Δρ = R _s ² ? R _p ² , were measured in the wave-length range λ = 0.4–2.0 μm. It is shown that the characteristics of Δρ, in contrast to the results of standard measurements by the surface plasmon resonance method, have a resonance peak. Due to this, the characteristics of the polarization difference contain nonresonant components whose magnitudes are determined by the internal reflection coefficients for the metal and insulator; these parameters depend on the film thickness. The calculated and experimental data coincide when the model assumes exponential dependence of the refractive indices and extinction coefficients on the thickness of the metal film. It is established that the characteristic parameter of the exponential is a metal film thickness of 11.0 ± 0.5 nm, at which the film optical parameters correspond to the bulk characteristics.     

金属表面等离体子振荡

深入浅出地分析了金属表面等离体子振荡形成的机理，利用拉普拉斯方程得到了半无限金属、金属薄膜和球状纳米金属颗粒的表面等离体子振荡频率。     

Broadband integrated polarization beam splitter with surface plasmon

A broadband integrated waveguide polarization beam splitter consisting of a metal nanoribbon and two dielectric waveguides is proposed and numerically investigated. This surface plasmon based device provides a unique approach for polarization sensitive manipulation of light in an integrated circuit and will be essential for future classical and quantum information processes.     

Optical method to differentiate tequilas based on angular modulation surface plasmon resonance

We report the use of the prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique to differentiate between three types of tequilas white or silver, aged, and extra-aged. We used the angular interrogation method in which the structure is based on prism fabricated with BK7 glass coated with a gold layer as the SPR active layer. Our study was centered in the analysis of the resonant angle of the SPR generated by the three types of tequilas produced by the three major tequila-producing firms. We observed that each tequila sample produced a well-differentiated SPR curve. We found that resonant angle of the SPR curve produced by silver tequilas is larger than that produced by the aged and extra-aged tequilas of the same producer firm. We found that the position of the SPR curve is not exclusively determined by the alcohol contents; we believe that there are other parameters derived from the aging process that should be considered. The refractive index of the tequilas used in this study was estimated using the measured resonant angle.     

Spectral modulation of ultra-broadband femtosecond laser pulses based on surface plasmon resonance

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for spectral modulation of the femtosecond laser pulses with 110 nm ultra-broad bandwidth is demonstrated on the basis of the development of ultrashort pulse laser sources which supports good spatial resolution and high peak intensity. Employing the femtosecond surface plasmon polariton pulses launched by a Kretschmann configuration, whose reflectivity curve has the characteristic of the ultra-broad bandwidth, we observe a frequency-dependent loss with greater attenuation at the peak of the spectrum profile than in the wings, which is very useful for adequate spectral modulation. The SPR for the spectral modulation is investigated in theoretical and experimental aspects. The arbitrary spectral modulation of the femtosecond laser pulses can be fulfilled by controlling and optimizing the SPR of the gold film. The experimental result agrees well with the calculation.     

Geometrical phase and surface plasmon focusing with azimuthal polarization

Owing to a geometric phase effect, an isosceles triangular aperture etched into thin metal film leads to constructive or destructive interference of surface plasmons excited at the two equal sides under linearly polarized illumination. Through appropriate spatial arrangement of an array of triangles, a highly confined focal spot beyond the diffraction limit can be achieved at the geometric center under azimuthally polarized excitation with field enhancement comparable to a bull's eye plasmonic lens under radially polarized illumination. Through simply rotating the orientation of each triangle aperture by 90°, the plasmonic structure defocuses the same azimuthal polarization illumination due to destructive interference caused by a geometric π-phase difference between the two sides of the triangle and between the adjacent triangles.     

Ultra-broadband and high-efficiency polarization conversion metasurface with multiple plasmon resonance modes

In this paper, we present a novel metasurface design that achieves a high-efficiency ultra-broadband cross polarization conversion. The metasurface is composed of an array of unit resonators, each of which combines an H-shaped structure and two rectangular metallic patches. Different plasmon resonance modes are excited in unit resonators and allow the polarization states to be manipulated. The bandwidth of the cross polarization converter is 82% of the central frequency,covering the range from 15.7 GHz to 37.5 GHz. The conversion efficiency of the innovative new design is higher than 90%.At 14.43 GHz and 40.95 GHz, the linearly polarized incident wave is converted into a circularly polarized wave.     

Multipole surface plasmon resonance of an aluminium surface

The surface photoelectric effect and the surface plasmon resonances appear when a p/transverse magnetic polarized laser hits a gas-solid interface. We model this effect in the long wave length (LWL) domain (λ_vac > 10 nm, ?ω < 124 eV) by combining the Ampère-Maxwell equation, written in classical approximation, with the material equation for the susceptibility. The resulting model, called the vector potential from the electron density (VPED), calculates the susceptibility as a product of the bulk susceptibility and the electron density of the actual system. The bulk susceptibility is a sum of the bound electron scalar susceptibility taken from the experiment and of the conduction electron non-local isotropic susceptibility tensor in a jellium metal (Lindhard, 1954 [1]). The electron density is the square of the wave function solution of the Schrödinger equation. The analysis of observables, the reflectance R and the photoelectron yield Y as well as the induced charge density permits to identify and characterize the multipole surface plasmon resonance of Al(111) appearing at ω_m ∼ 0.8ω_p or 11-12 eV.     

Measuring physical parameters with surface plasmon resonance heterodyne interferometry

If the incident angle of a light beam on the boundary surface between the thin metal film of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) apparatus and a test medium is equal to or very near the resonant angle, then the phase difference between the p- and s-polarizations of the reflected light is related to the associated physical parameter. The phase difference can be measured accurately with heterodyne interferometry. If the relationship between the phase difference and the associated physical parameter is specified, then the associated physical parameter can be estimated from the phase difference data. This method has the benefits of both common-path interferometry and heterodyne interferometry, such as simple structure, high stability, high resolution, easy operation, and rapid real-time measurement.     

The surface ace plasmon resonance effect in holography

A hologram has been made using a surface plasmon resonance wave as the reference beam. The surface wave was stimulated on a 1200-line/mm aluminum reflection grating that was coated with a thin layer of high resolution photographic emulsion. Experimental results are presented.     

Evanescently coupled resonance in surface plasmon enhanced transmission

The optical transmission through subwavelength holes in metal films can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by enabling interaction of the incident light with independent surface plasmon (SP) modes on either side of the film. Here, we show that this transmission is boosted by an additional factor of 10 when the energies of the SP modes on both sides are matched. These results, confirmed by a three-dimensional theoretical analysis, give a totally new understanding of the phenomenon of SP enhanced transmission. It is found that the holes behave like subwavelength cavities for the evanescent waves coupling the SPs on either side of the film. In this unusual device, the reflection at either end of the cavity is provided by the SP modes which act as frequency dependent mirrors.     

表面等离子体共振技术的一些新应用

介绍了表面等离子体共振技术在表面等离子体共振传感器、扫描近场光学显微技术、薄膜光学和膜厚测量、全息成像技术、Q开关、精密角度测量等领域的新应用.     

Effect of surface roughness on surface plasmon resonance absorption

The absorption of light by surface plasmons has been studied using the method of attenuated total reflection. The reflectance from a quartz-Ag interface has been measured as a function of angle and surface structure for the wavelength region from 3600 to 6000 . It is shown that the reflectance minimum for a smooth Ag film is changed in both angular position and spectral half-width by roughening the Ag surface with CaF₂ underlayers. Dispersion curves are presented which show that the wave vector of a surface plasmon propagating on an irregular surface is greater than that of an equally energetic surface plasmon propagating on a planar surface.     

Distributed optical fiber surface plasmon resonance sensors

The relationships of the resonant wavelength of optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors to the modulation layer refractive index, thickness and the refractive index of the bulk medium are obtained by using theoretical calculation model of optical fiber SPR sensors under certain conditions, which indicates that resonant wavelength of the sensors is approximately linear with modulation layer thickness. Based on the linear relationship, multiple SPR sensors with different resonant wavelengths can be fabricated in a single optical fiber named as distributed optical fiber surface plasmon resonance sensors (DOFSPRSs).Experimental results are presented, showing that it is practical to fabricate more than one SPR sensors in a single optical fiber.     

准晶体结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器特性研究

光纤表面等离子体共振传感器在高灵敏度传感和在线实时监测等领域具有重要意义. 设计了一种六重准晶体结构环形通道光纤表面等离子体共振传感器, 基于有限元法对该传感器的传感特性进行了数值模拟. 研究了光纤各结构参量对传感器特性的影响规律. 研究结果表明: 待测液折射率的有效监测范围为1.25–1.331, 最高灵敏度可达26400 nm·RIU^-1, 传感器具有损耗谱杂峰少、探测范围广、灵敏度高、设计灵活性高和光路可弯曲等特点, 在生化检测、公共安全、环境污染监测以及高灵敏度传感等领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

Switchable surface plasmon dichroic splitter modulated by optical polarization

For the miniaturization of optical devices, surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been widely utilized due to their outstanding confinement and field‐enhancement characteristics. Analyzing a spectrum of optical signals and splitting certain regions of the spectrum range within a submicrometer‐scale structure are demanded for optical integrated systems. In this paper, a novel type of dichroic surface plasmon launcher that can switch the launching direction according to incident polarization states is demonstrated. Compared to the previously reported plasmonic dichroic splitters, the proposed schemes do not use any asymmetric geometry for directional launching. Hence, the direction of guided SPPs can be interchanged according to the polarization state. Such characteristics will be helpful to design switchable plasmonic devices that can be applied to active plasmonic integrated circuits.     

纳米金表面修饰与表面等离子体共振传感器的相互作用研究

为了分析纳米金表面修饰对表面等离子体共振(SPR)的放大作用,以及其对传感器本身的影响,首先,基于色散介质的吸收理论,通过建立波长型SPR生物传感器四层膜结构的数学模型,理论分析了传感器表面所吸附纳米金对传感器的影响:纳米金的表面修饰,改变了表面等离子体传感器中棱镜表面各介质层内电磁场的能量分布,削弱了金属膜在共振吸收中的作用,从而使SPR曲线的半波宽度增加,最小反射系数增大,金膜的最优膜厚度也随之改变.其次,通过不同厚度的金膜外吸附纳米金的对比试验,验证了此理论.金膜厚45nm、表面修饰10nm纳米金颗 关键词： 表面等离子体共振 生物传感器 纳米金 金属膜     

Total internal reflection diffraction grating in conical mounting

The main conditions and parameters for obtaining surface relief total internal reflection diffraction gratings in conical mounting are presented. Calculated and experimental investigations reveal that there are ranges of grating periods, incidence angles, diffraction angles and gratings depths for which such gratings could be obtained, both for TE and TM polarizations. With optimized grating parameters the diffraction efficiency of the total internal reflection diffraction gratings can be greater than 90%.     

Low-cost,high performance surface plasmon resonance-compatible films characterized by the surface plasmon resonance technique

A new analytical method based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique is presented, with which SPR curves for both wavelength and angular modulations can be obtained simultaneously via only a single scan of the incident angle. Using this method, the SPR responses of TiO2-coated Cu films are characterized in the wavelength range from 600 nm to 900 nm. For the first time, we determine the effective optical constants and the thicknesses of TiO2-coated Cu films using the SPR curves of wavelength modulation. The sensitivities of prism-based SPR refractive index sensors using TiO2-coated Cu films are investigated theoretically for both wavelength and angular modulations, the results show that in the case of sensitivity with wavelength modulation, TiO2-coated Cu films are not as good as the Au film, however, they are more suitable than the Au film for SPR refractive index sensors with angular modulation because a higher sensitivity can be achieved.     

Collective surface plasmon resonance coupling in silver nanoshell arrays

Collective surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitations in an ordered array of silver nanoshells have been theoretically studied using generalized Mie theory. Near- and far-field radiative coupling between the nanoshells in the array result in a non-monotonic shift of the collective SPR band. When the distance between the shells in the array approaches that of the collective SPR wavelength, we observe narrowing of the collective SPR band due to constructive interference between the scattered electric field from the particles in the array. Further increase of the distance between the nanoshells in the array leads to destructive interference and broadening of the collective SPR band.