Multiwavelet Constructions and Volterra Kernel Identification

The Volterra series is commonly used for the modeling of nonlinear dynamical systems. In general, however, a large number of terms are needed to represent Volterra kernels, with the number of required terms increasing exponentially with the order of the kernel. Therefore, reduced-order kernel representations are needed in order to employ the Volterra series in engineering practice. This paper presents an approach whereby multiwavelets are used to obtain low-order estimates of first-, second-, and third-order Volterra kernels. A family of multiwavelets is constructed from the classical finite element basis functions using the technique of intertwining. The resulting multiwavelets are piecewise-polynomial, orthonormal, compactly-supported, and can be constructed with arbitrary approximation order. Furthermore, these multiwavelets are easily adapted to the domains of support of the Volterra kernels. In contrast, most wavelet families do not possess this characteristic. Higher-dimensional multiwavelets can easily be constructed by taking tensor products of the original one-dimensional functions. Therefore, it is straightforward to extend this approach to the representation of higher-order Volterra kernels. This kernel identification algorithm is demonstrated on a prototypical oscillator with a quadratic stiffness nonlinearity. For this system, it is shown that accurate kernel estimates can be obtained in terms of a relatively small number of wavelet coefficients. These results indicate the potential of the multiwavelet-based algorithm for obtaining reduced-order models for a large class of weakly nonlinear systems.     

Two-dimensional bilinear oscillator: group-preserving scheme and steady-state motion under harmonic loading

We study the dynamic behavior of a single-mass, two-degree-of-freedom bilinear oscillator, whose restoring force obeys a bilinear elastoplastic law. For the purpose of calculation we develop a group-preserving scheme utilizing the internal symmetry group of the model in the plastic phase so as to satisfy the yield condition exactly at each time step. Then the oscillator is subjected to biaxial harmonic excitations, and the responses are displayed. Based on circular motion assumption and harmonic balance method, the closed-form formulae to estimate the steady-state responses are derived, which are then compared with the results calculated by the group-preserving scheme. The accuracy of the formulae is thus confirmed. Simple formulae to select minimum driving force amplitudes or maximum yield forces which cause the bilinear oscillator steadily oscillating in the plastic phase are derived. For the benefit of engineers’ use we also derive closed-form formulae to decide the force ratios required to sustain the user-specified dissipation per cycle.     

Identification of a localized non-linearity

The great range of non-linearity sources had led to a high number of identification techniques. In this paper we deal with a particular case: the identification of non-linearity localized in structures. The approach is based on the Volterra kernels which will be expressed analytically in the case of multidimensional systems in non-linear feedback. Using some examples, we will show that, by means of random tests, it is possible to find all the specific transfer functions of the problem, together with the non-linearities brought into play. The main advantage of such a method lies in the fact that the first three Volterra kernels are enough to get a complete identification of the system. This asset makes the Volterra series approach very efficient by removing its main drawback, i.e. heavy calculations.     

Identification of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Systems Based on the Volterra Theory: Progress and Opportunities

The identification of nonlinear aeroelastic systems based on the Volterra theory of nonlinear systems is presented. Recent applications of the theory to problems in computational and experimental aeroelasticity are reviewed. Computational results include the development of computationally efficient reduced-order models (ROMs) using an Euler/Navier–Stokes flow solver and the analytical derivation of Volterra kernels for a nonlinear aeroelastic system. Experimental results include the identification of aerodynamic impulse responses, the application of higher-order spectra (HOS) to wind-tunnel flutter data, and the identification of nonlinear aeroelastic phenomena from flight flutter test data of the active aeroelastic wing (AAW) aircraft.     

Non-linear output frequency response functions of MDOF systems with multiple non-linear components

In engineering practice, most mechanical and structural systems are modelled as multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems such as, e.g., the periodic structures. When some components within the systems have non-linear characteristics, the whole system will behave non-linearly. The concept of non-linear output frequency response functions (NOFRFs) was proposed by the authors recently and provides a simple way to investigate non-linear systems in the frequency domain. The present study is concerned with investigating the inherent relationships between the NOFRFs for any two masses of non-linear MDOF systems with multiple non-linear components. The results reveal very important properties of the non-linear systems. These properties clearly indicate how the system linear characteristic parameters govern the propagation of the non-linear effect induced by non-linear components in the system. One potential application of the results is to detect and locate faults in engineering structures which make the structures behave non-linearly.     

Subharmonic and grazing bifurcations for a simple bilinear oscillator

In this paper, subharmonic and grazing bifurcations for a simple bilinear oscillator, namely the limit discontinuous case of the smooth and discontinuous (SD) oscillator are studied. This system is an important model that can be used to investigate the transition from smooth to discontinuous dynamics. A combination of analytical and numerical methods is used to investigate the existence, stability and bifurcations of symmetric and asymmetric subharmonic orbits. Grazing bifurcations for a particular periodic orbit are also discussed and numerical results suggest that the bifurcations are discontinuous. We show via concrete numerical experiments that the dynamics of the system for the case of large dissipation is quite different from that for the case of small dissipation.     

Complex and chaotic response of a non-linear oscillator with an isothermal gas spring

In this paper we study the dynamics of a non-linear one-degree-of-freedom system subjected to an external harmonic excitation, representing a simplified model for the synchronous hydraulic oscillations that can occur in the draft tube of Francis turbines at partial loads. The application of different typical numerical techniques has shown the existence of multiple coexisting periodic solutions, and the non-periodic bounded solutions which exhibit deterministic chaotic behaviour. The relevant strange attractor has been defined and the loss of memory associated with an exponential divergence in time of close initial conditions resulting in chaotic dynamics have been found and measured. A partial classification of qualitatively different dynamical behaviours for the system has been outlined in the control parameter space.

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Sommario In questo articolo viene studiata la dinamica di un sistema non-lineare ad un singolo grado di liberta' soggetto ad una forzante armonica esterna, rappresentante un modello semplificato per le oscillazioni idrauliche sincrone che hanno luogo nei diffusori delle turbine tipo Francis a carico parziale. Applicando differenti tecniche numeriche, viene mostrata l'esistenza di soluzioni periodiche multiple, oltre che soluzioni non-periodiche limitate con tipico comportamento caotico deterministico. L'attrattore strano corrispondente e' stato definito e caratterizzato: la perdita di memoria associata alla divergenza esponenziale di orbite inizialmente vicine, tipica della dinamica caotica, e' stata individuata e calcolata numericamente. Una prima parziale classificazione dei vari comportamenti dinamici per il sistema viene evidenziata attraverso la rappresentazione nello spazio parametrico.

     

Time series prediction of nonlinear ship structural responses in irregular seaways using a third-order Volterra model

To predict the nonlinear structural responses of a ship traveling through irregular waves, a third-order Volterra model was applied based on the given irregular data. A nonlinear wave–body interaction system was identified using the nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) technique, which is one of the most commonly used nonlinear system identification schemes. The harmonic probing method was applied to extract the first-, second- and third-order frequency response functions of the system. To achieve this, a given set of time history data of both the irregular wave excitation and the corresponding midship vertical bending moment for a certain sea state was fed into the three-layer perceptron neural network. The network parameters are determined based on the supervised training. Next, the harmonic probing method was applied to the identified system to extract the frequency response function of each order. While applying the harmonic probing method, the nonlinear activation function (i.e., the hyperbolic tangent function) was expanded into a Taylor series for harmonic component matching. After the frequency response functions were obtained, the structural responses of the ship under an arbitrary random wave excitation were easily calculated with rapidity using a third-order Volterra series. Additionally, the methodology was validated through the in-depth analysis of a nonlinear oscillator model for a weak quadratic and cubic stiffness term, whose analytic solutions are known. It was confirmed that the current method effectively predicts the nonlinear structural response of a large container carrier under arbitrary random wave excitation.     

Control of primary and subharmonic resonances of a Duffing oscillator via non-linear energy sink

The use of non-linear energy sink to passively control vibrations of a non-linear main structure under the effect of bi-frequency harmonic excitation is addressed here. The excitation is assumed to induce both 1:1 and 1:3 resonance, and the response of the system is studied after using the Multiple Scale/Harmonic Balance Method, applied to obtain amplitude modulation equations in the slow time scale. The efficiency of the non-linear energy sink to reduce or suppress vibrations of the main structure is finally discussed.     

基于Volterra级数的核爆地震参数化非线性特征提取方法

地震时间序列的模型参数可以作为核爆地震信号识别的特征.现有基于ARMA( autoregressive moving average)模型参数的地震信号特征提取方法是一种线性方法,且只利用了信号的二阶统计信息,识别精度不高.为此,利用地震波的混沌特性,提出了一种核爆地震非线性特征提取方法:首先对地震波信号进行相空间重构...     

Structural health monitoring and damage detection using an intelligent parameter varying (IPV) technique

Most structural health monitoring and damage detection strategies utilize dynamic response information to identify the existence, location, and magnitude of damage. Traditional model-based techniques seek to identify parametric changes in a linear dynamic model, while non-model-based techniques focus on changes in the temporal and frequency characteristics of the system response. Because restoring forces in base-excited structures can exhibit highly non-linear characteristics, non-linear model-based approaches may be better suited for reliable health monitoring and damage detection. This paper presents the application of a novel intelligent parameter varying (IPV) modeling and system identification technique, developed by the authors, to detect damage in base-excited structures. This IPV technique overcomes specific limitations of traditional model-based and non-model-based approaches, as demonstrated through comparative simulations with wavelet analysis methods. These simulations confirm the effectiveness of the IPV technique, and show that performance is not compromised by the introduction of realistic structural non-linearities and ground excitation characteristics.     

Improvement of parameter estimation for non-linear hysteretic systems with slip by a fast Bayesian bootstrap filter

Modeling and identification of non-linear hysteretic systems are widely encountered in the structural dynamics field, especially for the hysteresis with slip. A model, called SL model, which can describe the pinching of most practical hysteresis loops perfectly was proposed by Baber and Noori (J. Eng. Mech. 111 (1985) 1010). A method of estimating the parameters of SL model on the basis of input-output data based on bootstrap filter was proposed by the writers. Bootstrap filter is a filtering method based on Bayesian state estimation and Monte Carlo method, which has the great advantage of being able to handle any functional non-linearity and system and/or measurement noise of any distribution. The standard bootstrap filter, however, is not time efficient, i.e., it is very time consuming and is not suitable for real-time applications. In this paper, previous work by the writers is extended to do the parameter estimation of SL model by a fast Bayesian bootstrap filtering technique. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.     

Stochastic jump and bifurcation of Duffing oscillator with fractional derivative damping under combined harmonic and white noise excitations

The stochastic jump and bifurcation of Duffing oscillator with fractional derivative damping of order α (0<α<1) under combined harmonic and white noise excitations are studied. First, the system state is approximately represented by two-dimensional time-homogeneous diffusive Markov process of amplitude and phase difference using the stochastic averaging method. Then, the method of reduced Fokker–Plank–Kolmogorov (FPK) equation is used to predict the stationary response of the original system. The phenomenon of stochastic jump and bifurcation as the fractional orders' change is examined.     

Resonant response of a non-linear vibro-impact system to combined deterministic harmonic and random excitations

The resonant resonance response of a single-degree-of-freedom non-linear vibro-impact oscillator, with cubic non-linearity items, to combined deterministic harmonic and random excitations is investigated. The method of multiple scales is used to derive the equations of modulation of amplitude and phase. The effects of damping, detuning, and intensity of random excitations are analyzed by means of perturbation and stochastic averaging method. The theoretical analyses verified by numerical simulations show that when the intensity of the random excitation increases, the non-trivial steady-state solution may change from a limit cycle to a diffused limit cycle. Under certain conditions, impact system may have two steady-state responses. One is a non-impact response, and the other is either an impact one or a non-impact one.     

On the response of a preloaded mechanical oscillator with a clearance: Period-doubling and chaos

The dynamic behavior of a harmonically excited, preloaded mechanical oscillator with dead-zone nonlinearity is described quantiatively. The governing strongly nonlinear differential equation is solved numerically. Damping coefficient-force ratio maps for two different values of the excitation frequency have been formed and the boundaries of the regions of different motion types are determined. The results have been compared with the results of the forced Duffing's equation available in the literature in order to identify the differences between cubic and dead-zone nonlinearities. Period-doubling bifurcations, which take place with a change of any of the system parameters, have been found to be the most common route to chaos. Such bifurcations follow the scaling rule of Feigenbaum. b half length of the clearance.     

Formulation and numerical implementation of a constitutive law for concrete with strain-based damage and plasticity

A triaxial constitutive law for concrete within the framework of isotropic damage combined with plasticity is proposed in this paper. It covers typical characteristics of concrete like non-linear uniaxial compression and tension, bi- and triaxial failure criteria and dilatancy with a unified strain-based approach. Thus, this model is quite simple and especially suitable for strain-driven methods like common finite elements. It is complemented with a regularization method based on the crack band approach. A further issue is discussed with procedures for the model parameter determination for a wide range of concrete grades. The application of the model is demonstrated with typical benchmark tests for plain concrete.     

First-passage failure of strongly non-linear oscillators with time-delayed feedback control under combined harmonic and wide-band noise excitations

A procedure for studying the first-passage failure of strongly non-linear oscillators with time-delayed feedback control under combined harmonic and wide-band noise excitations is proposed. First, the time-delayed feedback control forces are expressed approximately in terms of the system state variables without time delay. Then, the averaged Itô stochastic differential equations for the system are derived by using the stochastic averaging method. A backward Kolmogorov equation governing the conditional reliability function and a set of generalized Pontryagin equations governing the conditional moments of first-passage time are established. Finally, the conditional reliability function, the conditional probability density and moments of first-passage time are obtained by solving the backward Kolmogorov equation and generalized Pontryagin equations with suitable initial and boundary conditions. An example is worked out in detail to illustrate the proposed procedure. The effects of time delay in feedback control forces on the conditional reliability function, conditional probability density and moments of first-passage time are analyzed. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by digital simulation.     

Mathematical Modeling and Parameter Identification of a Planar Servo-Pneumatic Test Facility. Part II: Experimental Identification

The main objective of this paper is the identification of the inertia parameters of a rigid body under planar motion using a planar servo-pneumatic test facility designed for vibration tests. The hardware realization of the test facility used is discussed. The pneumatic components as well as the mechanical components of the test facility are described by linear and by nonlinear mathematical models, derived in Part I [1] of this paper. These model equations are used as identification hypotheses in the identification process. A comparison of time histories obtained by computer simulations of the nonlinear test facility model and by laboratory experiments shows that this nonlinear test facility model provides a realistic identification hypothesis for the estimation experiments. Based on different model hypotheses the inertia parameters of the test table and of the payload have been successfully identified from laboratory experiments. The relative estimation errors of the identified parameters are less than 10%.     

Reconstructing the transient,dissipative dynamics of a bistable Duffing oscillator with an enhanced averaging method and Jacobian elliptic functions

Systems characterized by the governing equation of the bistable, double-well Duffing oscillator are ever-present throughout the fields of science and engineering. While the prediction of the transient dynamics of these strongly nonlinear oscillators has been a particular research interest, the sufficiently accurate reconstruction of the dissipative behaviors continues to be an unrealized goal. In this study, an enhanced averaging method using Jacobian elliptic functions is presented to faithfully predict the transient, dissipative dynamics of a bistable Duffing oscillator. The analytical approach is uniquely applied to reconstruct the intrawell and interwell dynamic regimes. By relaxing the requirement for small variation of the transient, averaged parameters in the proposed solution formulation, the resulting analytical predictions are in excellent agreement with exact trajectories of displacement and velocity determined via numerical integration of the governing equation. A wide range of system parameters and initial conditions are utilized to assess the accuracy and computational efficiency of the analytical method, and the consistent agreement between numerical and analytical results verifies the robustness of the proposed method. Although the analytical formulations are distinct for the two dynamic regimes, it is found that directly splicing the inter- and intrawell predictions facilitates good agreement with the exact dynamics of the full reconstructed, transient trajectory.     

Solution of time-domain acoustic wave propagation problems using a RBF interpolation model with “a priori” estimation of the free parameter

In the last decade, Meshless Methods have found widespread application in different fields of engineering and science. Beyond novelty, their mathematical simplicity and numerical accuracy have been the key of their rapid dissemination. Among meshless techniques, RBF (Radial Basis Functions) based methods can be simple and general to solve the problems related to multiple areas of applied physics and engineering. In the specific field of acoustics, there are usually two possible approaches for solving a problem: time- and frequency-domain. In this paper, the authors propose a local time-domain approach to establish an efficient methodology for the solution of large-scale acoustic wave propagation problems. For this purpose, a local interpolation scheme, based on the reproduction of the local wave field using RBFs (MultiQuadric and Gaussian), is implemented and its accuracy is verified against known closed-form solutions. An explicit time-domain marching procedure is adopted, and the quality of the numerical results is also compared with that obtained using standard space-time Finite-Difference schemes. Additionally, the RBF interpolation model is used to simulate the propagation of a Ricker pulse in two simple test cases, and applied to simulate a more complex configuration, corresponding to an underwater sound propagation problem. In this frame, the results are also compared with those computed using a fourth-order in space and second-order in time Finite-Difference scheme.