The determination of selenium in urine

The selenium excreted in urine can be measured to assess the dietary status of selenium, an essential trace element in human nutrition. The objectives of this work were: 1) to develop a procedure, capable of high sample throughout, by which the major interferences can be reduced such that selenium concentrations can be measured in urine by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) using^77mSe (17.4 s; and 2) to apply the method to a human dietary selenium study in which several selenium monitors were compared. The method involves a pre-irradiation arsenic-coprecipitation separation of the selenium from urine in the presence of a high specific-activity⁷⁵Se tracer. The processed urine samples are analyzed using NAA. The procedure was applied to 58 urine specimens longitudinally collected from 12 subjects consuming three different levels of selenium. A dose-response relationship was observed in urine as well as a high correlations with both serum and whole blood selenium concentrations.     

Semi-automated fluorimetric determination of nanogram quantities of selenium in biological material

A semi-automated method, based on the solvent extraction and fluorescence of 4,5-benzopiazselenol, is described for the determination of selenium in biological material. Samples, in batches of up to 150, are digested in a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids in temperature-controlled aluminium blocks. Selenate formed in the perchloric acid is reduced to selenite with hydrochloric acid. Metal ion interferences, including hydroxide adsorption of selenite, are prevented by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Sulphate above 50 mM precipitates the 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, so wool digests were diluted accordingly. The digests are analysed from their digestion tubes at the rate of 40 per hour by the semi-automated method. Results for blood and a variety of food samples compare favourably with those obtained by other methods including hydride/atomic absorption and instrumental neutron-activation analysis.     

尿中磺酸化胆汁酸的微量荧光分析法

检测尿中磺酸化胆汁酸(SBA)的浓度可判断人体肝胆系统是否正常。基于双酶催化反应和微量荧光毛细管分析技术,建立了一种新的用于尿中SBA测定的灵敏、准确、简便的微量荧光分析法。方法基本原理为:SBA在胆汁酸磺酸酯酶(BSS)催化作用下水解而脱磺酸基,生成3β-羟胆汁酸;后者在氧化型辅酶-βNAD 存在下,由3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(3-βHSD)催化而转化为3-酮胆汁酸,同时-βNAD 被还原成NADH;通过NADH的荧光强度来定量SBA。本方法样品无需预处理,测定全过程仅需10 min。荧光强度与SBA浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围3.0~50μmol/L,方法检出限为2.2μmol/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3%。     

An automated fluorimetric method for the determination of nanogram quantities of selenium

An automated solvent extraction method, based on the fluorescence of 4,5-benzopiazselenol has been developed for the determination of nanogram quantities of selenium. Sample extracts, analysed at a rate of 40 per hour, gave standard deviations of 0.022, 0.054, 0.096 ng g^-1 at levels of 1, 5 and 10 ng g^-1 respectively. The detection limit was therefore approximately 0.044 ng g^-1. Of the more common ions at 1 mM concentration, only palladiuim(II) and tin(IV) caused appreciable interference in the presence of oxalate or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.     

Partial least squares multicomponent fluorimetric determination of fluoroquinolones in human urine samples

Ternary mixtures of fluoroquinolones, with a 7-piperazinyl substituted group have been simultaneously determined in human urine samples by application of a multivariate calibration partial least squares (PLS) model. The calibration set was designed with 15 urine samples containing different concentrations of the three fluoroquinolones and 16 blank urine samples. The concentration range for the fluoroquinolones were up to 25 ng ml⁻¹ for norfloxacin (NOR), 80 ng ml⁻¹ for ofloxacin (OFLO) and 300 ng ml⁻¹ for enoxacin (ENO). The method is based on the native fluorescence emission of these compounds in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) medium, at pH 4.0, when exciting at 277 nm. A selection of the emission wavelength range used for the analysis was made for each component. Intraday and interday precision values were determined. Figures of merit as selectivity, sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD) and analytical sensitivity were also calculated. Using the standard addition methodology, five urine samples from five different persons, fortified with three concentration levels of the fluoroquinolones, were analyzed. The limits of detection in urine were 10.0, 0.5 and 0.8 ng ml⁻¹ for ENO, NOR and OFLO, respectively.     

动力学荧光法测定对苯二酚的研究

基于在稀H2SO4介质中,对苯二酚对H2O2氧化罗丹明B产生的荧光猝灭有显著的催化作用,建立了测定对苯二酚的动力学荧光分析法。反应在80℃的水浴中进行12 min,方法的线性范围为4.0~600.0μg/L,检出限为3.7μg/L。该方法用于水样中对苯二酚的测定,加标回收率在96.4%~101.3%之间,相对标准偏差为2.2%。     

Improvements to the sensitivity,resolution and blank value in the semi-automatic fluorimetric determination of selenium

Purging of dissolved oxygen by nitrogen improves the sensitivity, resolution and blank values in the earlier procedure for selenium based on 4,5-benzopiazselenol fluorescence, by lessening fluorescence quenching as well as oxidative reactions of dissolved oxygen. The sensitivity and precision (at 0.1 ng Se ml^-1) can be more than doubled.     

Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric determination of diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam in pharmaceutical and urine samples

New spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods have been developed to determine diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam (1,4-benzodiazepines) in pure forms, pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluid. The new methods are based on measuring absorption or emission spectra in methanolic potassium hydroxide solution. Fluorimetric methods have proved selective with low detection limits, whereas photometric methods showed relatively high detection limits. Successive applications of developed methods for drugs determination in pharmaceutical preparations and urine samples were performed. Photometric methods gave linear calibration graphs in the ranges of 2.85-28.5, 0.316-3.16, and 0.316-3.16 microgml-1 with detection limits of 1.27, 0.08 and 0.13 microgml-1 for diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam, respectively. Corresponding average errors of 2.60, 5.26 and 3.93 and relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) of 2.79, 2.12 and 2.83, respectively, were obtained. Fluorimetric methods gave linear calibration graphs in the ranges of 0.03-0.34, 0.03-0.32 and 0.03-0.38 microgml-1 with detection limits of 7.13, 5.67 and 16.47 ngml-1 for diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam, respectively. Corresponding average errors of 0.29, 4.33 and 5.42 and R.S.D.s of 1.27, 1.96 and 1.14 were obtained, respectively. Statistical Students t-test and F-test have been used and satisfactory results were obtained.     

Simultaneous fluorimetric determination of acetylsalicylic acid metabolites in urine by partial least squares multivariate calibration

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of the main urinary acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) metabolites, salicyclic, salicyluric and gentisic acids, based on their native fluorescence. The urine was extracted into diethyl ether in acid medium, and back-extracted with glycine/sodium hydroxide buffer solution at pH 9.4. A comparative study of the results found using the excitation, the emission and the combination of the excitation plus the emission spectral data, as analytical signals, was performed. The data set, composed of the excitation plus the emission spectra, was selected as the analytical signal. The optimum wavelengths to record the excitation (_em=444 nm) and the emission spectra (_ex=323 nm) were selected to maximize the contribution from gentisic acid, which is the minor urinary metabolite. Partial least squares (PLS-1) multivariate calibration was then applied for the determination. Recovery values from urine samples spiked with salicyclic, salicyluric and gentisic acids varied from 90.1 to 97.6% (mean 93.6%), from 90.0 to 110% (mean 97.9%) and from 89.9 to 104.7% (mean 98.5%), respectively.     

Simultaneous fluorimetric determination of acetylsalicylic acid metabolites in urine by partial least squares multivariate calibration

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of the main urinary acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) metabolites, salicyclic, salicyluric and gentisic acids, based on their native fluorescence. The urine was extracted into diethyl ether in acid medium, and back-extracted with glycine/sodium hydroxide buffer solution at pH 9.4. A comparative study of the results found using the excitation, the emission and the combination of the excitation plus the emission spectral data, as analytical signals, was performed. The data set, composed of the excitation plus the emission spectra, was selected as the analytical signal. The optimum wavelengths to record the excitation (lambda(em)=444 nm) and the emission spectra (lambda(ex)=323 nm) were selected to maximize the contribution from gentisic acid, which is the minor urinary metabolite. Partial least squares (PLS-1) multivariate calibration was then applied for the determination. Recovery values from urine samples spiked with salicyclic, salicyluric and gentisic acids varied from 90.1 to 97.6% (mean 93.6%), from 90.0 to 110% (mean 97.9%) and from 89.9 to 104.7% (mean 98.5%), respectively.     

Separation and determination of 11 marker pteridines in human urine by liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection

A simple liquid chromatographic method has been developed to achieve the complete separation and determination of a wide range of pteridinic compounds and creatinine (CREA) in urine samples, in just one run. The influences of mobile phase composition and buffer pH have been studied. The optimized mobile phase was composed of a Tris-HCl buffer (15 mmol/L) at pH 6.10 solution (eluent A) and a Tris-HCl buffer (15 mmol/L) at pH 6.40 solution (eluent B), in gradient mode. Analytes were determined by fluorimetric detection, exciting at 272 nm, and measuring the fluorescence emission at three wavelengths, 410, 445 and 465 nm. CREA, as a reference of metabolites excretion in urine, was determined by photometric detection at 230 nm. Pteridines detection limits varied from 0.2 to 6.1 ng/mL, and 0.2 g/mL for CREA. Calculated precision values expressed as RSD (%) varied from 1.1 to 5.9. Two different oxidation procedures for urine samples were optimized. The neopterin/biopterin ratios found were 0.98 and 0.86 for adults and children, respectively, by means of the alkaline iodide/iodine oxidation and 0.45 and 0.57 using neutral KMnO(4) oxidation.     

The fluorimetric determination of formaldehyde

A sensitive fluorimetric procedure for formaldehyde has been developed. The method, which can measure 0.01 μg formaldehyde, is based on the Hantzsch reaction between acetylacetone, ammonia, and formaldehyde. The product, 3,5-diacetyl-I,4-dihydrolutidine, is colored yellow and fluoresces yellow green. Infra-red spectra indicate that this compound is ionic in dilute solution and aggregated in concentrated solution. The Hantzsch reaction may be extended for the assay of other aldehydes, amines, and β-diketones.     

催化荧光光度法测定血红蛋白

基于血红蛋白(Hb)对过氧化氢氧化靛蓝胭脂红体系的催化作用,建立了模拟酶催化荧光光度法测定血红蛋白的新方法并对催化氧化反应的机理进行了初步探讨。实验发现体系的荧光强度与血红蛋白浓度在6.20×10-11~7.75×10-8mol/L范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限为1.67×10-11mol/L。方法用于人血中血红蛋白含量的测定,回收率为98.8%~103.2%。     

A rapid fluorimetric screening method for the 1,4-benzodiazepines: determination of their metabolite oxazepam in urine

Oxazepam is the major metabolite screened in urine samples for the evidence of the use of benzodiazepine drugs. The methods currently used, however, are laborious and time consuming. This paper proposes an oxazepam detection method based on its hydrolysis and cyclization - a reaction catalysed by cerium (IV) in an ortho-phosphoric acid-containing medium - to form 2-chloro-9(10H)-acridinone, a strongly fluorescent molecule. The variables involved in the hydrolysis and cyclization stages were optimised. Oxazepam was detectable in the 5-900 ng mL⁻¹ range, with a detection limit of 4.15 ng mL⁻¹ for k = 3. The method was successfully used for the determination of oxazepam in urine samples collected at different times after the oral administration of Valium^® and Tranxilium^®.     

Stopped-flow fluorimetric determination of ampicillin in serum

A very simple and fast kinetic fluorimetric method for the determination of ampicillin is described. It is based on the stopped-flow technique and the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the reaction medium, and requires no prior heating to hydrolyse the -lactam ring unlike most hitherto known determinations. Kinetic data can be obtained only a few seconds after the reactants have been mixed, which allows ready application of the method to routine analyses. The calibration graph is linear over the range 0.025–7.0 g ml^–1 ampicillin. The detection limit is 20 ng/ml and within-and between-assay precision is 2.6% resp. 2.7%. The method was satisfactorily applied to the analysis of serum samples by including a preliminary deproteination step using trichloroacetic acid. Mean recovery is 102.1%.