抗阿尔茨海默病药物盐酸多奈哌齐的合成

以4-哌啶甲酸为原料,经酯化、烷基化、酯水解、酰化、脱水和还原反应合成中间体N-苄基-4-哌啶甲醛8;再以3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醛为原料,经缩合、还原、分子内环化反应合成中间体5,6-二甲氧基-1-茚酮9;最后中间体8和中间体9经缩合、还原反应后成盐合成了抗阿尔茨海默病药物盐酸多奈哌齐,总收率56.8%,其结构经¹H NMR和¹³C NMR确证。该路线具有原料廉价易得、操作简便、反应条件温和、后处理简便、收率较好等优点。      

阿立哌唑的合成

以2,3-二氯苯胺为原料,经3步亲核取代反应合成了阿立哌唑。3步反应的收率分别为83%,91%和90%;总收率68%。阿立哌唑的结构经1H NMR,IR和元素分析表征。     

人类乙酰胆碱酯酶（ACHE）与抑制剂小分子的对接研究

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）是一种中枢神经系统致死性神经原发性退行病变,是老年痴呆症中最常见的一种类型．乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂（AChEI）是目前治疗AD的主要药物．我们选择他克林、利伐斯的明、石杉碱甲、在研药物TV-3326、多奈哌齐和Anseculin,分别与AChE进行分子对接研究．结果表明：抑制剂与AChE结合能力的大小顺序为：他克林〈利伐斯的明〈石杉碱甲〈TV．3326〈多奈哌齐〈Anseculin,这与实验中测得ACHE1的IC50值反应活性大小一致．上述6类药物分子,Anseculin与AChE的相互作用能力最强．     

基于MOE软件的虚拟仿真实验*——多奈哌齐与乙酰胆碱酯酶的分子对接

基于MOE软件设计了多奈哌齐与乙酰胆碱酯酶的分子对接虚拟仿真实验。通过分子结构预处理、分子对接以及数据分析等内容,帮助学生掌握分子对接的基本技能,深入理解立体化学结构对药物-靶分子相互作用的影响。本实验可以作为药物化学、生物化学等基础课的扩展内容,提高学生研究式学习的兴趣和能力。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定血清中阿立哌唑及其代谢物

采用反相高效液相色谱法对血清中阿立哌唑及其代谢物脱氢阿立哌唑进行测定。血清样品经乙醚提取,所得提取液再经35℃氮气吹干,残留物经流动相溶解后,用Zorbax-C18色谱柱分离,用紫外检测器于254 nm波长处测定。阿立哌唑及其代谢物脱氢阿立哌唑的线性范围分别为4.0～2 000μg.L-1和4.0～1 500μg.L-1;测定下限(10S/N)均为4.0μg.L-1。相对回收率分别为100.3%～102.7%和93.7%～103.9%;日内和日间相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于7%。     

胆碱酯酶抑制剂萘酰亚胺衍生物的合成与聚集诱导发光性质

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,严重影响老年人的生活质量,目前治疗AD的药物主要是胆碱酯酶抑制剂,如多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀等.本文基于多奈哌齐结构,设计合成了一系列新的萘酰亚胺衍生物并进行了活性评价.结果表明,所合成的化合物均对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)有选择性抑制,其中2-((1-(3-甲氧基苄基)哌啶-4-基)甲基)-1H-苯并异喹啉-1,3(2H)-二酮(4k)的抑制活性最强,IC₅₀值为4.43μmol·L^-1,优于对照药物卡巴拉汀.酶动力学及分子对接表明4k能够同时作用于ACh E的催化活性位点和外周结合位点,并且4k对SH-SY5Y和PC12细胞毒性较低.此外,这些化合物均显示出典型的聚集诱导发光(AIE)性质,可能与萘酰亚胺分子内旋转受阻机制有关.     

立体异构单萜醇油酸酯的制备及促透活性评价

本文以互为立体异构体的香叶醇(GER)、橙花醇(NER)为先导化合物,采用酰氯酯化法合成油酸香叶醇酯(GER-dC18)、油酸橙花醇酯(NER-dC18),并考察GER、NER、GER-dC18、NER-dC18作为促透剂对多奈哌齐(DNP)的促透活性差异。通过体外释放试验、红外光谱法和分子模拟技术初步探究其促透机制,结果发现,所选用促透剂不仅能够促进DNP从压敏胶中释放,而且能够作用于角质层脂质及角蛋白并促进水合作用来降低角质层的屏障功能,从而增加DNP的经皮透过。其中,(E)构型的GER-dC18对DNP具有最优的促透效果,有望为经皮制剂的开发提供关键的辅料。     

三光气法合成盐酸罗哌卡因

以三光气为酰氯化剂,2-哌啶甲酸经酰氯化,酰胺化制得1-N-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-2-哌啶甲酰胺(2),收率50.1%(以2-哌啶甲酸计)。以DMF为溶剂,2经丙基化反应合成了盐酸罗哌卡因(1),收率54%。1和2的结构经1H NMR表征。     

AChE抑制剂类抗AD药物的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是常见的一种神经退行性疾病,胆碱能神经传递缺陷是该病的主要病因。AD可以通过使用能抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的制剂来治疗。抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的关键作用一是增强AD患者的胆碱在大脑中的运输,二是减少患者大脑中β-样淀粉蛋白的聚集和神经纤维的形成。目前对AChE抑制剂的研究主要集中在他克林、多奈哌齐、加兰他敏、石杉碱甲等已有药物及其衍生物,以及天然产物(尤其是植物、微生物来源的)及其衍生物。     

盐酸右哌甲酯及其光学异构体的合成

为进行抗小儿多动症原料药盐酸右哌甲酯的质量研究,合成了盐酸右哌甲酯及3个有关光学异构体.合成工作从2-氯吡啶2和苯乙腈3出发,经两步反应生成中间体5.5经加压氢化反应生成化合物6,化合物6经叔丁醇钾构型调整得化合物7a顺式消旋体,7a经D-二苯甲酰酒石酸拆分,甲酯化成盐,得化合物1a(盐酸右哌甲酯);7a经L-二苯甲酰酒石酸拆分,甲酯化成盐,得化合物1b;化合物6经乙酸乙酯打浆重结晶得化合物7b反式消旋体,7b经D-酒石酸拆分,甲酯化成盐,得化合物1c;7b经L-酒石酸拆分,甲酯化成盐,得化合物1d.合成的4个光学异构体经MS、NMR确证结构,HPLC确证化学和光学纯度,旋光仪确定旋光,盐酸右哌甲酯1a与化合物1d经X射线单晶衍射确定绝对构型,可作为盐酸右哌甲酯质量控制过程中的光学杂质对照品.     

Donepezil hydrochloride: a treatment drug for Alzheimer's disease

The role of the cholinergic system with respect to cognitive deficits characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has led to a number of studies focusing on the development of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors as a drug for treating this disease. The earliest known AChE inhibitors, namely, physostigmine and tacrine, performed poorly in clinical trials (e.g., poor oral activity, brain penetration, and hepatotoxic liability). Studies were then focused on finding a new type of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that would overcome the disadvantages of these two compounds. Donepezil hydrochloride inaugurates a new class of AChE inhibitors with longer and more selective action and with manageable adverse effects.     

同步荧光测定法同时测定盐酸普萘洛尔和盐酸氟桂利嗪

提出了用同步荧光测定法同时测定盐酸普萘洛尔和盐酸氟桂利嗪。试验表明:荧光检测盐酸普萘洛尔的波长宜选定296nm、盐酸氟桂利嗪的波长宜选定263nm、波长差Δλ为50nm条件下进行同步扫描。盐酸普萘洛尔和盐酸氟桂利嗪的质量浓度分别在1.2×10-6～2.8×10-3g.L-1和2.0×10-5～3.6×10-3g.L-1范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)分别为3.2×10-7g.L-1和6.8×10-6g.L-1。方法用于混合样品中盐酸普萘洛尔与盐酸氟桂利嗪含量的同时测定,回收率在97.5%～101.1%和97.5%～101.7%之间。     

Determination of azasetron hydrochloride in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of azasetron hydrochloride in rabbit plasma was developed. After addition of doxapram hydrochloride as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by 10% trichloroacetic acid was used as sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C(18) (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm) column with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase with gradient elution. An electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring mode was used to quantification using target fragment ions m/z 349.9 → 223.5 for azasetron hydrochloride and m/z 378.9 → 291.8 for the IS. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 6-1000 ng/mL for azasetron hydrochloride in plasma. The lower limit of quantitation for azasetron hydrochloride was 6 ng/mL. The mean recovery of azasetron hydrochloride from plasma was in the range 85.6-92.7%. The RSDs of intra-day and inter-day precision were both less than 12%. This method is simple and sensitive enough to be used in pharmacokinetic research for determination of azasetron hydrochloride in rabbit plasma.     

Miniaturized electrochemical system for cholinesterase inhibitor detection

The utility of a simple, low-cost detection platform for label-free electrochemical characterization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is demonstrated as a potential tool for screening of small-molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Technique validation was performed against the standard Ellman's colorimetric assay using the clinically established cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI), Donepezil (Aricept^®). Electrochemical measurements were obtained by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) performed using a portable potentiostat system for detection of the enzymatic product, thiocholine (TCh), by direct oxidation on unmodified gold screen-printed electrodes. The IC₅₀ profiles for Donepezil measured in vitro were found to be comparable between both colorimetric and electrochemical detection methods for the analysis of purified human erythrocyte-derived AChE (28 ± 7 nM by DPV; 26 ± 8 nM by Ellman's method). The selectivity of this unmodified electrode system was compared to a range of biological sulfur-containing compounds including cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione and methionine as well as ascorbic acid. Preliminary studies also demonstrated the potential applicability of this electrochemical technique for the analysis of Donepezil in crude cholinesterase samples from anterior cortex homogenates of C57BL/6J mice.     

紫尿酸–Fe(Ⅲ)分光光度法测定盐酸羟胺

在碱性介质及溴化十六烷基吡啶存在条件下,盐酸羟胺与Fe(Ⅲ)–紫尿酸体系发生显色反应形成离子缔合物,该离子缔合物在635 nm波长处有一个吸收峰,其表观摩尔吸光系数ε=2.05×104 L/(mol·cm),据此建立了测定盐酸羟胺的间接分光光度法。盐酸羟胺的质量浓度在0~2.4 mg/L范围内与吸光度与呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r=0.999 8,方法的检出限为0.01 mg/L。将该方法用于盐酸羟胺的测定,其测定结果与国标法测定结果相吻合,加标回收率为95.0%~104.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.51%~1.29%(n=5)。该方法灵敏度高,操作简便,可用于盐酸羟胺含量测定。     

衍生化-离子液体萃取分光光度法测定盐酸美西律

盐酸美西律与1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠在pH=9.0的介质中反应生成一种橙红色衍生物,该衍生物能被离子液体所萃取,其最大吸收波长发生较大幅度红移,吸光度显著增强。据此建立了高选择性的测定盐酸美西律的衍生化-离子液体萃取分光光度法。萃取后的衍生物在448 nm处的表观摩尔吸光系数ε为2.69×104L·mol-1·cm-1。盐酸美西律浓度在0.2～5.4μg·mL-1范围内符合比耳定律,相关系数为0.9994,检出限为0.067μg·mL-1。该方法已用于药物制剂及尿样中盐酸美西律的测定,其回收率分别为99.5%～100.7%和96.6%～101.5%。     

Functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles with a polymer containing β‐cyclodextrin for the extraction of sertraline hydrochloride in biological samples

In this study, a novel magnetic nanoadsorbent was synthesized by grafting β‐cyclodextrin onto the modified surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for the sorption and extraction of sertraline hydrochloride from human biological fluids. The extracted sertraline hydrochloride was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The grafted nanosorbent was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. The kinetic sorption of sertraline hydrochloride by magnetic nanosorbent was 1 h. The best temperature for sorption of sertraline hydrochloride was at 25°C at an optimum pH of 5. The adsorbed sertraline hydrochloride can be desorbed by using methanol solution containing acetic acid (5%) and trifluoroacetic acid (1%).     

一种简单灵敏的盐酸文拉法辛测定方法

四苯硼钠对罗丹明B具有荧光猝灭作用,使其荧光信号强度减弱甚至消失,而盐酸文拉法辛可以跟四苯硼钠反应生成更稳定的疏水性离子缔合物沉淀,使罗丹明B重新释放出来,又使该体系荧光信号强度增强,且荧光信号的增强程度与盐酸文拉法辛的加入量成正比关系,据此建立了一种反荧光猝灭法测定盐酸文拉法辛新方法。以365nm为激发波长,610nm为发射波长,测量了试液和空白液荧光强度之差ΔF。盐酸文拉法辛的质量浓度在2.423～43.94mg/L范围内与△F值呈线性关系,线性回归方程为△F=1.1789ρ-9.158,相关系数R为0.9995,检出限为0.7268mg/L,方法 RSD为0.87%。用本方法对不同厂家生产的盐酸文拉法辛缓释片及盐酸文拉法辛胶囊样品进行测定,测定值与药品标示量基本相符,加标回收率在95%～103%之间。     

Stability indicating methods for determination of Donepezil Hydrochloride according to ICH guidelines

Stability indicating assays for determination of Donepezil Hydrochloride in presence of its oxidative degradate were developed and validated. The first three are spectrophotometric methods depending on using zero order (D(0)), first order (D(1)) and second order (D(2)) spectra. The absorbance was measured at 315 nm for (D(0)) while the amplitude was measured at 332.1nm for (D(1)) and 340 nm for (D(2)) using deionized water as a solvent. Donepezil Hydrochloride (I) can be determined in the presence of up to 70% of its oxidative degradate (II) using (D(0)), 80% using (D(1)) and 90% using (D(2)). The linearity range was found to be 8-56 microg ml(-1) for (D(0)), (D(1)) and (D(2)). These methods were applied for the analysis of I in both powder and tablet form. Also, a spectrofluorimetric method depending on measuring the native fluorescence of I in deionized water using lambda excitation 226 nm and lambda emission 391 nm is suggested. The linearity range was found to be 0.32-3.20 microg ml(-1) using this method, I was determined in the presence of up to 90% of II. The proposed method was applied for the analysis of I in tablet form as well as in human plasma. The last method depends on using TLC separation of I from its oxidative degradate II and I was then determined spectrodensitometrically. The mobile phase was methanol : chloroform : 25% ammonia (16 : 64 : 0.1 by volume). The linearity range was found to be 2-15 microg/spot. This method was applied to the analysis of I in both powder and tablet form using acetonitrile as a solvent.     

毛细管区带电泳法快速测定复方布洛芬片的有效成分

 研究了用毛细管区带电泳法快速测定复方布洛芬片中布洛芬和伪麻黄碱含量的方法。在０．０２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的磷酸盐缓冲液（ｐＨ８．１）中，上述两组分可在３ｍｉｎ内得以完全分离，用紫外检测器在２１０ｎｍ处检测，并以外标法定量。１１次测定含有９．５ｍｇ／Ｌ盐酸伪麻黄碱和６６．７ｍｇ／Ｌ布洛芬的试样溶液，相对标准偏差为２．９％（伪麻黄碱）和１．９％（布洛芬），回收率为１０３．１％（伪麻黄碱）和９７．６％（布洛芬）。应用毛细管区带电泳法测定复方布洛芬片剂的含量，所得结果与ＨＰＬＣ法一致。