高效毛细管电泳在食品安全检测中的应用进展

近年来,食品安全问题频发,对人们的健康和社会发展造成了严重的危害,食品安全已成为人们关注的焦点问题之一。食品成分的复杂性、多样性对食品分析技术和方法提出了很高的要求。毛细管电泳(CE)由于分离模式多、分离效率高、分析速度快、试剂和样品用量少、对环境污染小等优点,在食品安全分析方面的应用日趋广泛。本综述对2009年以来CE在食品中非食用添加剂、农药残留、兽药残留、重金属离子污染、食品毒素以及食品包装材料中双酚A和塑化剂的检测方面的应用进行了总结,并对毛细管电泳在食品安全检测领域的主要发展方向进行了展望。共收录文献63篇。     

Microwave-assisted extraction in closed vessel in food analysis

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is an important technique in analytical chemistry. It offers several advantages over traditional extraction methods, such as improved extraction efficiency, shorter extraction times, reduced solvent consumption, and enhanced analyte recovery. Using microwaves, heat is directly applied to the sample, leading to rapid and efficient extraction of target compounds by enhancing the solubility and diffusion of the target compounds, thus requiring lower solvent volume. Therefore, MAE can be considered a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective option facilitating the transition toward greener and more sustainable analytical chemistry workflows. This contribution systematically reviews the application of MAE to a selection of target compounds/compounds classes of relevance for food quality and safety assessment. As inclusion criteria, MAE active temperature control and molecularly-resolved characterization of the extracts were considered. Contents include a brief introduction of the principles of operation, available systems characteristics, and key parameters influencing extraction efficiency and selectivity. The application section covers functional food components (e.g., phenols, diterpenes, and carotenoids), lipids, contaminants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mineral oil hydrocarbons), pesticides, veterinary drug residues, and a selection of process contaminants and xenobiotics of relevance for food safety.     

Immunochemical applications in environmental science

Immunochemical methods are based on selective antibodies combining with a particular target analyte or analyte group. The specific binding between antibody and analyte can be used to detect environmental contaminants in a variety of sample matrixes. Immunoassay methods provide cost-effective, sensitive, and selective analyses for many compounds of environmental and human health concern. Immunoaffinity chromatography methods have been integrated with chromatographic methods and are also being used as efficient sample preparations prior to immunochemical or instrumental detection. Immunosensors show promise in obtaining rapid online analyses. These and other advancements in immunochemical methods continue the expansion of their role from field screening methods to highly quantitative procedures that can be easily integrated into the environmental analytical laboratory.     

Biosensors for the analysis of microbiological and chemical contaminants in food

Increases in food production and the ever-present threat of food contamination from microbiological and chemical sources have led the food industry and regulators to pursue rapid, inexpensive methods of analysis to safeguard the health and safety of the consumer. Although sophisticated techniques such as chromatography and spectrometry provide more accurate and conclusive results, screening tests allow a much higher throughput of samples at a lower cost and with less operator training, so larger numbers of samples can be analysed. Biosensors combine a biological recognition element (enzyme, antibody, receptor) with a transducer to produce a measurable signal proportional to the extent of interaction between the recognition element and the analyte. The different uses of the biosensing instrumentation available today are extremely varied, with food analysis as an emerging and growing application. The advantages offered by biosensors over other screening methods such as radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence immunoassay and luminescence immunoassay, with respect to food analysis, include automation, improved reproducibility, speed of analysis and real-time analysis. This article will provide a brief footing in history before reviewing the latest developments in biosensor applications for analysis of food contaminants (January 2007 to December 2010), focusing on the detection of pathogens, toxins, pesticides and veterinary drug residues by biosensors, with emphasis on articles showing data in food matrices. The main areas of development common to these groups of contaminants include multiplexing, the ability to simultaneously analyse a sample for more than one contaminant and portability. Biosensors currently have an important role in food safety; further advances in the technology, reagents and sample handling will surely reinforce this position.     

Application of ultrasound-assisted extraction to the determination of contaminants in food and soil samples

The application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to the sample preparation of environmental and food samples has increased in the last years. This technique has been used in the development of methods for the analysis of numerous contaminants, including organic compounds (pesticides, pharmaceuticals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polyhalogenated flame retardants, etc.) and heavy metals. The aim of this work is to review the application of this extraction procedure to the analysis of contaminants in food and soil and the comparison of its use with other well-established extraction procedures. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique together with the possibility of coupling UAE with other analytical techniques will be also discussed.     

Applications of stripping voltammetric techniques in food analysis

Stripping voltammetric techniques are powerful analytical tools that are becoming widely used in various chemical analysis fields. Hence, the objective of this survey is to give a general overview on the scope of the applicability of stripping voltammetric methods in food industries. The applications discussed include recent studies on the utilization of these electroanalytical methods in determination of food contaminants (toxic metals, pesticide, fertilizers and veterinary drugs residuals), trace essential elements, food additive dyes and other organic compounds of biological significance. Tables that give method summaries referenced to the original work are provided.     

Optimization of an electrolytic conductivity detector for determination of toxic nitrogen-containing food contaminants separated by open tubular column gas chromatography

The combination of open tubular column gas chromatography with electrolytic conductivity detection has been evaluated for the determination of nitrogen-containing pesticide residues in food extracts. Optimization of the column position at the column-detector interface was crucial to the successful operation of the detector. The signal-to-noise ratio and response stability of the detector are greatly influenced by the composition of the electrolyte solvent. Large volume splitless injections using retention gaps and optimized detector operating conditions enabled pesticide residues in food extracts to be determined at sub parts-per-million levels. Although the electrolytic conductivity detector is less sensitive than the thermionic ionization detector, its greater nitrogen selectivity can he crucial to the determination of nitrogen-containing contaminants in food extracts, particularly in complex mixtures where phosphorus-containing contaminants or matrix compounds are also present.     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法在食品安全分析中的应用

气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(GC-NCI-MS)技术被广泛应用于环境、人体组织、食品等样品中污染物的定性分析和定量测定.综述了近年来气相色谱-负化学源质谱技术在食品安全分析如农药残留、兽药残留和污染物测定中的应用.     

Detection of small RNA molecules by a combination of branched rolling circle amplification and bioluminescent pyrophosphate assay

Polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a relatively new and diverse set of compounds analyzed as contaminants in food. Their unique physical-chemical properties dictate the methods used for their analysis. Current analyses of the more volatile PFCs involve gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is generally used for the less volatile PFCs. Considerations in the analysis of PFCs in foods include contamination from the widespread presence of materials that contain various PFCs, endogenous interfering compounds, and matrix effects. Future opportunities for research on PFCs in food exist, particularly in the areas of biological molecule–PFC interactions and the effects of food processing on these interactions. Future research will be facilitated by the synthesis of a wider variety of analytical standards.     

冷冻干燥技术在环境水样有机新污染物前处理中的应用进展

有机新污染物是一类在先进分析技术帮助下新鉴定的、现有法规未管制的、人为源的有机污染物.有机新污染物主要包括药品与个人护理、农药、全氟化合物、内分泌干扰物等,其会产生内分泌干扰效应、诱发抗性基因传播,还对人类和野生生物的生存与发展构成潜在威胁,因此检测环境样品中的有机新污染物浓度对生态环境和人体健康具有重大意义.由于环境...     

食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的分析方法研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯是应用最广泛的增塑剂,具有生殖、发育毒性及致癌性,是近年来食品污染的一个重要来源。该类化合物种类多、同系物和同分异构体性质接近、在基体中含量范围宽,高效样品前处理、高选择性分离和高灵敏检测、降低本底干扰等技术是食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物准确测定面临的挑战。本文综述了液液萃取、液液微萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质固相萃取等传统及新型的提取与净化技术在食品样品分析中的应用,比较分析了气相色谱、液相色谱、串联质谱、高分辨质谱以及酶联免疫、离子迁移谱等快速检测技术的特点,并展望了发展趋势。     

Emerging food contaminants: a review

Governments throughout the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts come as a response to an increasing number of food-safety problems and increasing consumer concerns. In addition, the variety of toxic residues in food is continuously increasing as a consequence of industrial development, new agricultural practices, environmental pollution, and climate change. This paper reviews a selection of emerging contaminants in food, including the industrial organic pollutants perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and nanomaterials; the pharmaceutical residues antibiotics and coccidiostats; and emerging groups of marine biotoxins. The main analytical approaches for their detection and quantification in food will be presented and discussed with special emphasis on biological techniques, when these are feasible. In the last section, a summary of recent publications reporting the concentrations of these compounds in food will be presented and discussed.     

Flow-Based Methods with Chemiluminescence Detection for Food and Environmental Analysis: A Review

This paper presents an overview of flow-based methods in food and environmental analysis using chemiluminescence (CL) detection covering the period from 2005 to the present. The review discussses both automated flow methods of analysis [such as flow-injection analysis (FIA), sequential-injection analysis (SIA) and their variants] and separation techniques [liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to CL detection]. The most widely used CL reactions are presented together with representative applications in food and environmental analysis (determination of naturally occurring compounds, contaminants, additives as well as determination of inorganic and organic compounds).     

Can food quality be enhanced by chromatography?

Summary Quality of food is the utmost goal of all food producers. It is determined by chemical, physical, microbiological, and even psychological aspects. The chemical and microbiological quality aspects are especially responsible for health and welfare of the consumer. Quality of food, therefore, at all times has to be ensured and be enhanced as far as possible. From the chemical point of view, foods contain a great number of major and minor components. That determine the nutritional value of a food product. Furthermore, taste and flavour are the result of many food minor components. Foods also may contain unwanted compounds like residues and contaminants. Which represent undesirable aspects of food quality. With chromatography as a powrful analytical tool in food chemistry, the quality of food products cannot only be characterized but also be enhanced. Examples of enhancing quality of food by applying chromatography to cheese, margarine, meat, and other products is reported. Presented at the 21^st ISC held in Stuttgart, Germany, 15^th–20^th September, 1996     

Electrochemical Sensors,a Bright Future in the Fabrication of Portable Kits in Analytical Systems

Analysis of food, pharmaceutical, and environmental compounds is an inevitable issue to evaluate quality of the compounds used in human life. Quality of drinking water, food products, and pharmaceutical compounds is directly associated with human health. Presence of forbidden additives in food products, toxic compounds in water samples and drugs with low quality lead to important problems for human health. Therefore, attention to analytical strategy for investigation of quality of food, pharmaceutical, and environmental compounds and monitoring presence of forbidden compounds in materials used by humans has increased in recent years. Analytical methods help to identify and quantify both permissible and unauthorized compounds present in the materials used in human daily life. Among analytical methods, electrochemical methods have been shown to have more advantages compared to other analytical methods due to their portability and low cost. Most of big companies have applied this type of analytical methods because of their fast and selective analysis. Due to simple operation and high diversity of electroanalytical sensors, these types of sensors are expected to be the future generation of analytical systems. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have focused on designing and fabrication of electroanalytical sensors with good selectivity and high sensitivity for different types of compounds such as drugs, food, and environmental pollutants. In this paper, we described the mechanism and different examples of DNA, enzymatic and electro‐catalytic methods for electroanalytical determination of drug, food and environmental compounds.     

HPLC Column Switching,a Step Toward the Automation of Sample Cleanup

Abstract

There exists a growing demand for data to meet the pesticide regulation acts and to monitor residues in food and in the environment. Speed and low running cost are very desirable properties of methods used to screen crops or commodities for pesticide residues, therefore evaluation of ways are necessary to carry out the analyses more rapidly and cost-effective. A today status of pesticide residue analysis is given. Weak points of the standard residue analytical procedures are shown. Trace enrichment and multidimensional liquid chromatography are the key-points which are prerequisites to scale down the sample size for the cleanup procedure. Reduction in scale on one hand and transfer of the individual cleanup steps, e.g. filtration, liquid-liquid partitioning, concentration, adsorption chromatography onto mini-columns or cartridges on the other hand, opens the potential to mechanize or automate the prechromatographic sample treatment.

Combination of all these different measures will reduce time and cost without the necessity to invest into expensive apparatus.     

Development and applications of single-drop microextraction for pesticide residue analysis: A review

Single-drop microextraction (SDME) has become more popular than other microextraction techniques because it is simple, cost-effective, easy to operate and nearly solvent-free. The technique has been employed successfully for trace analysis in environmental, biomedical and food applications. In view of the increasingly stringent regulatory limits for many pesticides, which are below the LOD of the existing instruments, SDME may provide a cost-effective solution for reducing the LOD of pesticides. The present review focuses on recent development in SDME technique, and its application coupled with various analytical techniques, such as GC-MS, GC and HPLC for pesticide residue analysis in different matrices. The advantages, limitations and outlook on the future of SDME technique for its wider applications are also discussed.     

Application of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for determining organic food contaminants and residues

Food contamination continues to be a serious problem around the world. Surveillance of chemical contaminants in foods is important not only for public health but also because of the negative economic impact of contamination. From the analytical perspective, analysis of contaminants in food is an extremely challenging area. There is a wide variety of questions, ranging from the quantification of extremely low levels of individual components to the detailed assessment and evaluation of the analytical technique possibilities. This review considers the applications of CE coupled to MS detection (CE-MS) for the analysis of organic contaminants in food. Analytical information on sample concentration techniques, as well as on the CE separation conditions and recoveries obtained from water and food are provided. Different sections include several fields of application, such as pesticides, drug residues, or toxic formed during food processing in different matrices. A number of tables report a comprehensive listing of CE-MS applications. As a result, this work presents an update overview on the principal application of CE-MS together with a discussion of their main advantages and drawbacks, and an outline of future trends on analysis of organic contaminants.     

Determination of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in food by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review

Monitoring of pesticides and veterinary drug residues is required to enforce legislation and guarantee food safety. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the prevailing technique for assessing both types of residues because LC offers a versatile and universal separation mechanism suitable for non-gas chromatography (GC) amenable and the majority of GC-amenable compounds. This characteristic becomes more relevant when LC is coupled to MS because the high sensitivity and specificity of the detector allows to apply generic sample preparation procedures, which simultaneously extract a wide variety of residues with different physico-chemical properties. Determination of metabolites and degradation products, non-target suspected screening of an increasing number of residues, and even unknowns identification are also becoming inherent LC-MS advantages thanks to the latest advances. For routine analysis and, in particular, for official surveillance purposes in food control, analytical methods properly validated following strict guidelines are needed. After a brief introduction and an outline of the legislation applicable around the world, aspects such as improvement of specificity of high-throughput methods, resolution and mass accuracy of identification strategies and quantitative accuracy are critically reviewed in this article. In them, extraction, separation and determination are emphasized. The main objective is to offer an assessment of the state of the art and identify research needs and future trends in determining pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food by LC-MS.