Co3O4/CeO2 CO氧化的原位红外光谱研究

采用沉淀氧化法制备了Co₃O₄/CeO₂催化剂。分别在干、湿条件下进行了一氧化碳氧化反应研究。运用FT-IR表征手段,在钴铈复合氧化物上进行了CO吸附及CO/O₂共吸附研究。结果表明,与纯的Co₃O₄样品相比,Co₃O₄/CeO₂具有明显的抗湿气能力。Co₃O₄/CeO₂催化剂在进行CO氧化时,表面形成了类碳酸盐物种。当环境温度低于453 K时,催化剂上类碳酸盐的生成与形成类碳酸盐物种后受热分解存在着动态平衡。当环境温度高于493 K,催化剂上生成的类碳酸盐物全部受热分解。氧化铈的加入提高了催化剂的抗湿气性能。较小粒径的Co₃O₄与CeO₂产生的强相互作用可使CeO₂向Co₃O₄提供氧,因而间接提供了CO氧化需要的氧。     

负载型Cu/Al2O3和Cu/ZnO催化剂上CO2加氢的原位FTIR及准原位XPS/HS-LEIS研究

铜基催化剂是工业合成甲醇中常用的催化剂,其主要包含Cu,ZnO,Al2O3三种组分,研究各组分在催化合成甲醇过程中的本质作用及其相互间的协同作用不仅是一个催化基础科学问题,同时对于设计和合成新型高性能的铜基催化剂也有重要指导作用.以往的研究主要针对Cu和ZnO二元组分,关于Al2O3的作用很少有报道,主要观点认为Al2...     

Cu-ZnO-CeO2催化剂组成对CO2加H2合成甲醇性能的影响

采用并流沉淀法分别制备了CuO-CeO₂（物质的量比为5：1）、CuO-ZnO（物质的量比为5：4）、CuO-ZnO-CeO₂（物质的量比为5：4：1）三组目标催化剂,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、氢气升温还原（H₂-TPR）、CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）、氮气吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、N₂O滴定表征技术对催化剂的物化性能进行了测试,并在高温高压微催化反应器中对催化剂进行活性评价。研究了CuO-ZnO-CeO₂组成对CO₂加氢合成甲醇的影响。结果表明,与二组分催化剂相比较,三组分CuO-ZnO-CeO₂催化剂物化性能及催化活性发生了很大变化,催化剂表面碱性位增强,热稳定性增强,CuO颗粒粒径变小,铜分散度以及氧空位浓度提高,最终催化活性显著提高。其中,CuO-ZnO-CeO₂催化剂中,CuO颗粒粒径为8.2nm,铜的比表面积为68.4m²/g,铜分散度为7.19%,甲醇的选择性和收率分别为48.6%和0.057mmol/（g·min）,催化剂活性较好。     

协同高效的铁催化剂构建及其在CO_2加氢制高碳烃中的应用

采用物理掺杂法制备了生物质灰分作为助剂的融铁催化剂,通过X射线衍射、透射电镜、穆斯堡尔谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床反应器中对其CO_2加氢制高碳烃的催化性能进行了评价。结果表明,与不含生物质灰分助剂的催化剂相比,添加助剂的融铁催化剂粒径较小且尺寸分布较窄,Fe_3O_4、Fe_5C_2、Fe_3C和α-Fe四相协同共存,进而促使逆水气变换反应与C-C偶联的串联反应高效进行,在有效抑制甲烷生成的同时,可明显提升高碳烃选择性。高碳烃产物以C_(4-18)的烃类为主,在300℃、1. 0 MPa、4800 h~(-1)、H~2/CO_2=3. 0、助剂添加量为5%(质量分数)的条件下,其在烃类产物中选择性最高可达73. 9%。     

Influence of alloying platinum for the hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene over PtM/ZrO2 catalysts with M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu

Hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene (CNB) over PtM/ZrO₂ (M= Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) catalysts has been studied in ethanol at 303 K and normal pressure. The results show that the hydrogenetion of CNB can be carried out over PtM/ZrO₂ catalysts. The order of the hydrogenation rates of CNB is p>m>o, and the yield of chloroaniline (CAN) is p>o>m. PtFe/ZrO₂ catalysts shows the highest catalytic activity on the hydrogenation of CNB. PtNi/ZrO₂ catalyst shows good yield of CNB to CAN, and 93.3 mol% for o-CAN, 98.0 mol% for m-CAN and 98.5 mol% for p-CAN, respectively. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

NaBH4处理LaCuZnX(X=Zr、Al、Zr+Al)(类)钙钛矿型催化剂及其CO2加氢合成甲醇性能的研究

采用共沉淀法分别制备了不同F-T组分(Fe、Co、Ni)改性的KCuZrO_2催化剂,并用于催化CO加氢合成异丁醇。通过BET、XRD、TEM、XPS、H_2-TPR、CO-TPD以及in-situ DRIFTS对催化剂进行了表征。结果显示,F-T组分的加入促进了乙醇和丙醇的形成,但是对异丁醇选择性影响不同。结果表明,Fe促进了催化剂中各组分的分散,活性组分Cu在催化剂表面发生了富集,提高了H_2/CO活化吸附;另外,KFeCuZrO_2的催化剂表面含有较多的C_1物种,有利于乙醇和丙醇进一步发生β-加成反应得到异丁醇,而Co和Ni改性的催化剂上缺少足够的C_1物种,因此,异丁醇的选择性并未明显增加。Co的引入对催化剂结构以及Cu的分散影响不大,但是Co改性后催化剂性能有所下降,其原因是催化剂发生了失活;Ni添加后催化剂比表面积有所减小,且催化剂表面Cu/Zr物质的量比也降低到0.19,催化剂粒径增大,Cu-Zr之间相互作用减弱,异丁醇选择性降低。     

TiO2负载的高分散Cd团簇催化剂高效催化CO2加氢制甲醇

近年来,利用可再生能源分解水制氢进而开展二氧化碳资源化利用的研究引起了学术界和工业界的极大兴趣.科学层面上它暗合了自然光合作用的理念;应用层面上它把二氧化碳变废为宝,既可以得到人类必需的含碳化学品,又可以实现碳中和.甲醇被认为是二氧化碳资源化的最佳选择,可在动力、交通、化工等领域替代煤炭等传统化石能源,也是良好的载氢分...     

SiO2负载的Pt-M(M=Cr,Mo,W)配合物双功能催化剂

过渡金属异双核金属有机化合物的研究是一个活跃的领域,人们期望从中制取对极性小分子(如CO,CO2等)具有双功能活化的催化剂.周期表前区过渡金属或稀土元素(如Ti,Zr,Mo,La,Ce等)作为添加组分可明显地增加SiO2负载的铑催化剂催化CO氢化反应的活性和含氧化合物的选择性[1].虽然一些异双核金属氢基羰基化合物已被合成和表征[2],但是关于SiO2负载的异双核金属配合物催化剂的研究还未见文献报道.我们合成、表征了(PPh3)HPt(μ-PPh2)(μ-CO)M(CO)4(M=Cr,Mo,W)异双核配合物[3](I).本文研究了SiO2负载的该配合物催化剂对CO氢化反应和对丙烯氢甲酰化反应的两种催化功能.     

La2O3助剂对Rh/SiO2催化CO加氢反应性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了SiO_2和La_2O_3-SiO_2载体,再通过浸渍法分别引入Rh-La和Rh组分,研究考察了La引入方式对Rh/SiO_2催化CO加氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,La的添加有利于提高Rh的分散度,促进Rh+中心数的增加,有效地抑制产物中CO2的生成,提高含氧化合物选择性。此外,La的引入方式会影响La与Rh间的相互作用强弱,Rh和La共浸渍制得的2Rh-5La_2O_3/SiO_2催化剂中Rh-La相互作用较强,削弱的Rh-CO键有利于反应过程中CO的插入反应,使得产物以C_(2+)含氧化合物为主。而La以助剂形式掺入SiO_2制得的2Rh/5La_2O_3-SiO_2催化剂具有较弱的La-Rh相互作用,其产物则以甲醇、乙醇等低碳醇为主。     

基于程序升温氢化表征的Ni-Al2O3催化剂上CO2-CH4重整反应积炭研究

采用水热沉积法制备Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂,用于CO₂-CH₄重整反应;基于程序升温氢化（TPH）表征,研究了反应时间、温度、原料气CO₂/CH₄比例和空速等因素对CO₂-CH₄重整反应过程中Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂上表面积炭行为的影响。结果表明,表面积炭是导致催化剂重整反应失活的重要原因。随反应时间的延长,催化剂表面积炭量增多,虽未成比例增加,但其TPH峰温有向高温方向移动的趋势,表明所积之炭的石墨化程度增加。反应温度和空速对催化剂表面积炭也有一定影响,且空速的影响更大。另外,由于CO₂消炭反应（CO₂+C=2CO）的存在,CO₂/CH₄比例对表面积炭的影响也很大。CO₂/CH₄比例太低,不能明显抑制积炭;随着CO₂/CH₄比例增加,积炭将得到有效抑制,但CO₂/CH₄比例过高,CO₂在产物中的分离和回收再利用将使成本增加。     

Reforming of CH4 with CO2and O2to produce syngas over CaO modified Ni/SiO2 catalysts in a fluidized bed reactor

Methane reforming by carbon dioxide and oxygen was investigated over 5 wt.%Ni/CaO-SiO₂ catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor. The catalyst exhibited high activity and good stability at stoichiometric methane, carbon oxide and oxygen feed. Effects of calcium loading, space velocities, reaction temperatures and the feed gas compositions for this combined reaction were investigated. These results indicated that Ni/CaO-SiO₂ is more effective and stable. The catalyst performance, stability, structure, dispersion of nickel and carbon deposition of the modified and unmodified catalysts were investigated by a series of characterization techniques. Results showed that catalysts modified with CaO improved their stability better than the pure nickel-based catalysts. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Study on Au/Al2O3 catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation in situ FT-IR

Au/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by a modified anion impregnation method and investigated with respect to its initial activity and stability for low-temperature CO oxidation. The activity changes of the catalyst were examined after separate treatment in CO+O2 or CO2+O2. Furthermore, in situ FT-IR studies were performed to investigate the species on the surface when CO or CO+O2 or CO2+O2 was selected separately as adsorption gas. The results showed that Au/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited very high initial activity, but the catalytic activity was found to decrease gradually during CO oxidation with time on stream. And also, the activity of the catalyst declined after treatment in CO+O2 or CO2+O2. The formation and accumulation of carbonate-like species during CO oxidation or treatment in CO+O2 or CO2+O2 might be mainly responsible for the activity decrease, which was reversible.     

Infrared spectroscopic study on the reaction mechanism of CO hydrogenation over Pd/CeO2

In situ infrared spectroscopy was applied to elucidate the reaction mechanism of CO hydrogenation over Pd/CeO₂. Instead of direct dissociation of CO, a new reaction pathway is proposed for methane formation, involving geminal dicarbonyl intermediates and (HCO)₂(a) intermediates, which may be located on the surface of Pd covered with thin layers of reduced ceria (SMST effect). Transformation of methane formation sites into methanol formation ones by the oxidation with water vapor formed during the CO-H₂ reaction is proposed, which may be located on the Pd (111) planes adjacent to ceria support.     

Effect of electron beam irradiation on CO2 reforming of methane over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts

The effect of electron beam irradiation on the CO₂ reforming of methane over Ni/Al₂O₃ was investigated. The conversion rate of CO₂ and CH₄ forming H₂ and CO using various catalysts irradiated with an absorbed dose greater than 2 MGy was 5–10% higher than when using an untreated catalyst. The Ni/O ratio on the catalyst surface increased after treatment with an electron beam, and was more prominent for catalysts with a higher Ni content. As such, based on XRD and XPS measurements, electron beam treatment was found to result in either the desorption of oxygen from NiO or the removal of OH groups from the outermost surface layer of the catalyst. In addition, the concentration of active sites, such as Ni²⁺ and NiO, or surface defects was also found to increase with the absorbed radiation dose, thereby increasing the conversion rate.     

Ag-MoO3催化丙烯直接气相环氧化反应的原位红外研究

制备了对丙烯直接气相环氧化具有较好催化性能的Ag-MoO3催化剂, 采用原位FT-IR技术研究了丙烯、环氧丙烷及丙烯+氧气的混合气在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上的吸附及反应行为. 研究表明, 丙烯在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上吸附后, 均不发生化学反应, 而环氧丙烷吸附后在较高温度下则发生开环和聚合反应直至产生积炭. 与Ag催化剂相比, 在Ag-MoO3催化剂上, MoO3的加入在降低催化剂活性的同时, 在一定程度上抑制了产物环氧丙烷的开环及深度反应, 使环氧丙烷的选择性提高. 另外, 在较低的反应温度和较短的滞留时间下, 环氧丙烷发生深度反应的程度明显降低.     

Acetylene hydrogenation on SiO2 supported gold nanoparticles

Acetylene hydrogenation has been investigated on 1.8 wt.% Au(I)/SiO₂ and 1.9wt.% Au(II)/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by fixation of Au sol to SiO₂ (Aerosil 200). The mean particle size measured by TEM is 3.7 and 6.1 nm, respectively. For the sake of comparison a 2.1 wt.% Au/TiO₂ sample was prepared by deposition-precipitation (DP) technique (mean particle size of Au is 3.3 nm). Transformation of acetylene was measured at 5 K/min ramp rate with gas mixtures containing the reactants at H₂/C₂H₂=2 and 70 ratios. The C₂H₂ content of the gas mixture was 0.11% (0.11 kPa C₂H₂). The activity sequence at 423 K was: Au/TiO₂>Au(I)/SiO₂≫Au(II)/SiO₂. Both the partial pressure of hydrogen and the temperature significantly affect the activity (acetylene conversion) and ethylene selectivity. Above 500–550 K over-hydrogenation (ethane formation) and hydrogenolysis (methane formation) decrease the ethylene selectivity. Faster deactivation and larger amount of deposit was observed on Au/TiO₂ than on Au(I)/SiO₂. A reaction scheme is proposed suggesting formation of sigma bonded intermediates as sp carbon hybridises to sp² and sp³.     

Ti-Si composite oxide-supported cobalt catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation

In the present work, different silica-based supported cobalt (Co) catalysts were synthesized and used for CO2 hydrogenation for methanation. Different supports, such as SSP, MCM-41, TiSSP and TiMCM were used to prepare Co catalysts with 20 wt% Co loading. The supports and catalysts were characterized by means of N2 physisorption, XRD, SEM/EDX, XPS, TPR and CO chemisorption. It is found that after calcination of catalysts, Ti is present in the form of anatase. The introduction of Ti plays important roles in the properties of Co catalysts by:(i) facilitating the reduction of Co oxides species which are strongly interacted with support, (ii) preventing the formation of silicate compounds, and (iii) inhibiting the RWGS reaction. Based on CO2 hydrogenation, the CoTiMCM catalyst exhibites the highest activity and stability.     

In situ FT-IR spectroscopic study on the conformational changes of isotactic polypropylene in the presence of supercritical CO2

The conformational changes of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) under supercritical CO₂ condition with different pressure and temperature have been carefully studied by in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Analysis of the corresponding spectra shows that the conformational ordering by supercritical CO₂ results in the intensity enhancement of the regularity bands of iPP. Due to the high CO₂ concentration and strong intermolecular interaction, iPP can reach an equilibrium state in a short time at high CO₂ pressure. The equilibrium time increases with soaking temperature. After supercritical CO₂ treatment, two mechanisms, the formation of short helix from amorphous phase and the extension of short helix into long one, happen simultaneously. The latter mechanism undergoes quickly at the beginning of induced conformational changes and then slows down, resulting in the slight increase of crystallinity. At the same time, the conformational ordering in amorphous phase happens continuously until a thermodynamic equilibrium. In summary, in the presence of supercritical CO₂, the conformational ordering of iPP chains occurs exclusively in the amorphous region, with no impact on the crystal part.     

不同硅源的Cu/SiO2催化糠醛加氢制2-甲基呋喃

以硅溶胶和气相二氧化硅为载体,采用氨蒸法制备了Cu/SiO₂-sol和Cu/SiO₂-aer两种催化剂,采用N₂吸附脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、N₂O-H₂滴定、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氨程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对样品进行表征,在固定床反应器中考察两种催化剂对糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的催化性能。结果表明,Cu/SiO₂-sol催化剂具有更好的催化活性,在150 h反应时间内,糠醛转化率为100%,2-MF选择性在91%以上。这主要归因于以硅溶胶为硅源可以生成更多页硅酸铜,还原后催化剂表面Cu的分散性更高、弱酸位更多,有利于提高糠醛的转化率与2-甲基呋喃的选择性。同时Cu/SiO₂-sol具有较大的孔容孔径,有利于降低反应过程中积炭,延长催化剂寿命。     

用原位红外技术研究Ag-MoO3/ZrO2催化丙烯气相环氧化反应

制备了对丙烯直接气相环氧化具有优良催化性能的Ag-MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂, 采用原位FT-IR技术研究了丙烯、环氧丙烷及丙烯和氧气混合气在载体和催化剂上的吸附及反应行为. 研究表明, 丙烯在ZrO₂载体和20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上吸附后, 均不发生化学反应, 而环氧丙烷在ZrO₂载体上吸附后于400 ℃发生开环反应, 在20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上吸附后于300 ℃发生开环反应. 当丙烯和氧气混合气在ZrO₂载体上共吸附后, 随着反应温度从室温升高至400 ℃, 二者开始反应生成CO₂和H₂O; 混合气在20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上共吸附后于350 ℃开始反应. 对比非负载型Ag-MoO₃催化剂的研究结果可见, ZrO₂载体的存在使催化剂的活性下降的同时, 提高了对产物环氧丙烷的选择性.