Polarization switching of triglycine sulfate and deuterated triglycine sulfate single crystals irradiated with a high-current pulsed electron beam

The influence of high-current pulsed electron beams on the processes of polarization switching in triglycine sulfate and deuterated triglycine sulfate single crystals is investigated using the Barkhausen effect.     

Experimental determination of the fracture time of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene behind the shock wave excited by a high-current pulsed electron beam

The time ranges of the fracture of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene during the action of a shock wave generated by a high-current pulsed electron beam are experimentally determined using laser probing in combination with electron-optical chronography. It is shown that fractures occur during unloading of a material, i.e., after the passage of the shock wave. Although the characters of fracture of these polymers near the surface irradiated by electron beam are different, the fracture wave velocities in them are found to be close.     

On shock initiation in brisant explosives by a high-current electron beam

The feasibility of shock initiation in thin pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) single crystals under the action of a pulsed high-current electron beam (0.25 MeV, 20 ns, 15 J/cm²) is shown experimentally. The real-time dynamic characteristics of crystal glow arising under the action of the electron beam and glow due to subsequent shock-wave-induced transformations are presented. A shock wave results from beam energy absorption and initiation of an exothermal chemical reaction in the irradiated layer.     

Generation of a pulsed high-current low-energy beam in a plasma electron source with a self-heated cathode

The transition of a low-current discharge with a self-heated hollow cathode to a high-current discharge is studied, and stability conditions for the latter in the pulsed–periodic mode with a current of 0.1–1.0 kA, pulse width of 0.1–1.0 ms, and a pulse repetition rate of 0.1–1.0 kHz are determined. The thermal conditions of the hollow cathode are analyzed, and the conclusion is drawn that the emission current high density is due to pulsed self-heating of the cathode’s surface layer. Conditions for stable emission from a plasma cathode with a grid acting as a plasma boundary using such a discharge are found at low accelerating voltage (100–200 eV) and a gas pressure of 0.1–0.4 Pa. The density of the ion current from a plasma generated by a pulsed beam with a current of 100 A is found to reach 0.1 A/cm². Probe diagnostics data for the emitting and beam plasmas in the electron source are presented, and a mechanism behind the instability of electron emission from the plasma is suggested on their basis.     

高性能强流脉冲电子束源关键技术研究

强流脉冲电子束源是高功率微波系统的核心部件之一,针对未来应用需求,亟需从绝缘、束流输运和热管理等多个方面提升强流束源技术性能。介绍了国防科技大学在高功率微波源用强流真空电子束源方面的研究进展。针对高功率微波管保真空需求,基于陶瓷金属钎焊,设计并研制了一种强场陶瓷真空界面,耐压大于600 kV、平均绝缘场强达到44 kV/cm、耐受脉宽大于80 ns,重复频率运行稳定;研制了一种基于SiC纳米线的强流电子束源冷阴极,在90 kV/cm的场条件下获得了1.17 kA/cm²的束流密度,相比传统天鹅绒阴极,SiC纳米线阴极的宏观电稳定性、发射均匀性及运行寿命均得到显著提高;针对相对论返波管,研制基于螺旋水槽型的强流电子束收集极,克服了高比能和低流速的矛盾,耐受热流密度达到10¹² W/m²,能够满足系统长脉冲、高重复频率运行要求。     

Evolution of the glow of an aerogel irradiated with a high-power pulse electron beam

The evolution of the glow of the energy-release zone in porous transparent aerogel, with a density of 0.03–0.25 g/cm³, which is irradiated by a high-power pulse electron beam, is studied experimentally. In addition to a fast (τ≤τ_beam) and a luminescent (τ≈10⁻⁶ s) glow components, a slow glow component (τ≈2×10⁻⁵ s) has been revealed. The appearance of this slow component is associated with an aerogel rarefaction wave and its destruction (cracking) arising after its isochoric bulk heating by electron radiation, which may occur due to an electrostatic field induced under irradiation. The discovered glow is utilized to visually determine the current position of the rarefaction wave front. The sound velocity measured as a function of the density of SiO₂ aerogels with porosities of 10–100 allowed us to experimentally determine the percolation parameter of the aerogel equation of state.     

强流脉冲电子束应力诱发的微观结构

利用强流脉冲电子束装置在各种工艺条件下对奥氏体不锈钢、单晶铝及多晶铝等面心立方金属进行辐照处理.利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等详细分析了辐照样品的变形组织与结构.通过分析，在一定程度上建立起强流脉冲电子束诱发的应力特征与变形结构之间的关系，并对目前现有的几种应力波数值模拟结果进行了分析.实验结果表明，强流脉冲电子束能够在材料内部诱发10²—10³MPa的应力，其传播方式与材料的 晶体结构关系密切.这一应力是导致材料深层性能与微观组织结构发生变化的根源所在. 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 应力 微观结构 变形     

Measurements of the refractive index of polymethylmethacrylate behind the front of a shock wave excited by a high-current electron beam

The variation of the refractive index in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) behind the front of a shock wave excited by a high-current electron beam is investigated. The values of refractive index in a pressure range of 2 and 4 GPa are determined from the deviation of the diagnostic laser beam. The results are compared with the available data for shock compression of PMMA.     

强流脉冲电子束辐照下单晶铝中的堆垛层错四面体

利用强流脉冲电子束技术对单晶铝进行了辐照，并利用透射电镜对强流脉冲电子束诱发的空位簇缺陷进行分析.实验结果表明，强流脉冲电子束能够诱发位错圈、孔洞甚至堆垛层错四面体这种通常在高层错能金属中不能形成的空位簇缺陷，并且三种不同类型的空位簇缺陷的形核过程并不同时发生，三种空位簇缺陷存在着密切的关系.根据实验结果提出了堆垛层错四面体形成与生长机理.     

强流脉冲电子束辐照下单晶铝中的堆垛层错四面体

利用强流脉冲电子束技术对单晶铝进行了辐照,并利用透射电镜对强流脉冲电子束诱发的空位簇缺陷进行分析.实验结果表明,强流脉冲电子束能够诱发位错圈、孔洞甚至堆垛层错四面体这种通常在高层错能金属中不能形成的空位簇缺陷,并且三种不同类型的空位簇缺陷的形核过程并不同时发生,三种空位簇缺陷存在着密切的关系.根据实验结果提出了堆垛层错四面体形成与生长机理. 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 堆垛层错四面体 单晶铝 空位簇缺陷     

Modification of the defect substructure in a quenched steel by a low-energy high-current pulsed electron beam

The regularities of evolution of the defect substructure of a previously quenched carbon steel, irradiated with a low-energy high-current microsecond electron beam, have been revealed by diffraction electron microscopy.     

强流脉冲电子束诱发纯镍表层纳米结构的形成机制

利用强流脉冲电子束（HCPEB）技术对多晶纯镍进行了表面处理,并采用扫描电镜和透射电镜对强流脉冲电子束诱发的表面及亚表面的微观组织结构进行了分析.实验结果表明,HCPEB辐照后表面熔化,形成了深度约为2 μm的重熔层,快速的凝固使重熔层中形成晶粒尺寸约为80 nm的纳米结构.位于轰击表面下方5—15 μm深度范围内强烈塑性变形引起的位错墙和其内部的亚位错墙结构是该区域的主要结构特征.这些缺陷结构通过互相交割细化晶粒,最终导致尺寸约为10 nm的纳米晶粒的形成. 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 纳米结构 多晶纯镍 位错墙     

Results from gyrotron backward wave oscillator experimentsutilizing a high-current high-voltage annular electron beam

We report the first gyrotron-backward-wave oscillator experiments which utilize a high-current (1-4 kA) high-voltage (300-500 keV) annular electron beam. The experiment was designed to operate in the TE₀₁ backward wave mode. Radio frequency extracted power was 0.1-4 MW, with pulselengths of 80-500 ns. Experimental results suggest the possibility of competition with the TE₂₁ backward wave mode. Frequency spectrum measurements have shown a wide content of frequencies during the voltage pulse, an undesirable result for use in narrow-band devices     

强流脉冲电子束作用下钽金属靶膨胀的轴向约束

研究了强流脉冲电子束与钽金属靶相互作用后靶材流体动力学膨胀的轴向约束问题。由于电子束在金属钛和钽内的能量沉积存在差异,未完全气化的钛箔对气化膨胀的钽材能够起到约束作用,并且可以通过吸收钽的能量来降低钽的膨胀速度。通过分析比较电子束在靶上形成孔洞的形貌以及高速相机拍摄得到的不同时刻靶材喷射的图像,证实了钛箔能够对钽金属靶的轴向膨胀起到一定的约束作用。尤其是电子束打靶过后1 μs内的初始阶段,约束效果比较明显。     

Evolution of vacancy defects in the surface layers of a metal irradiated with a pulsed electron beam

The distribution of vacancy defects in the surface layers of α-Fe after irradiation with a high-current pulsed electron beam is studied experimentally by unique nuclear-physical methods — low-energy positron annihilation, Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE). Regions with low local density, which are sources of crater formation on the surface of the irradiated sample, are observed by scanning a proton microbeam. Positron lifetime measurements reveal that as the electron beam power increases, nonequilibrium vacancies tend to be captured by carbon impurity atoms. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 65, No. 8, 618–622 (25 April 1997)     

强流脉冲电子束辐照诱发金属纯镍中的空位簇缺陷

利用强流脉冲电子束(high-current pulsed electron beam,HCPEB)技术对多晶纯Ni进行了辐照处理,采用透射电子显微镜详细分析了辐照诱发的缺陷结构.HCPEB辐照后,纯镍表层积聚了幅值极大的残余应力,沿{111}晶面形成了稠密的位错墙及孪晶结构,另外还形成了大量的包括位错圈、堆垛层错四面体(SFT)及孔洞在内的空位簇缺陷.SFT缺陷的数量远高于其他空位簇缺陷,其周围区域位错密度很低.孔洞缺陷主要出现在SFT密集区域.HCPEB瞬间的加热和冷却诱发的幅值极大的应力和极高的应变 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 多晶纯Ni 空位簇缺陷 堆垛层错四面体     

强流脉冲电子束诱发纯钛表面的微观结构及应力状态

利用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)装置对金属纯钛进行轰击,采用X射线衍射,扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜技术详细分析了轰击样品表层的结构和缺陷. X射线衍射分析表明, HCPEB能够在材料表层诱发幅值为 GPa量级的压应力,并在(100), (102)和(103)晶面出现择优取向.表层微观结构的观察表明: HCPEB轰击后材料表层发生了马氏体相变,形成了大量的片状马氏体组织; 此外, HCPEB轰击还在辐照表面诱发了强烈的塑性变形,一次轰击后,晶粒内部的塑性变形以(100)晶面的位错滑移为主,位错密度显著提高;多次轰击后,样品变形结构发生变化,变形孪晶的数量明显增多. 这些变形微结构不仅影响表层的织构演化行为,而且还能细化晶粒,进而提高材料表面硬度, 为HCPEB技术进行纯钛表面强化提供了一条有效的途径.     

强流脉冲电子束辐照诱发多晶纯铝中的空位缺陷簇结构

利用强流脉冲电子束（HCPEB）技术对多晶纯铝样品进行辐照,采用透射电子显微镜详细分析了辐照诱发的空位簇缺陷.HCPEP辐照后,在辐照表层内形成了大量的四方形空位胞,其间包含位错圈和堆垛层错四面体（SFT）等类型的空位簇缺陷.1次辐照后,空位胞内产生空位型位错圈,5次辐照则主要产生SFT;10次辐照后,空位胞内产生的空位簇缺陷主要是位错圈,局部区域也观察到了SFT缺陷,在产生SFT的附近区域具有很低的位错密度或者几乎无位错出现.HCPEB辐照产生的瞬间加热和冷却诱发了幅值极大且应变速率极高的应力,这一因素 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 多晶纯铝 空位簇缺陷 堆垛层错四面体