Thermodynamic assessment of the Ca-Pb system

Thermodynamic modelling of the Ca-Pb system was carried out. The thermodynamic parameters were determined using available experimental information: phase diagram data and thermodynamic quantities. For this system, the liquid phase was described from the association model with the “Ca₂Pb” associated complex. The calculations well restore experimental values. All the results so-obtained (optimised thermodynamic parameters and calculated phase diagram) are reported in this paper and discussed.     

Fe-P体系热力学再优化

基于最新的实验热力学数据和相图数据,采用CALPHAD技术对Fe-P体系进行热力学再优化.其中,溶液相(液相、α-Fe和γ-Fe)的Gibbs自由能用替换溶液模型描述,其余化合物(Fe3P、Fe2P、FeP、FeP2和FeP4)看作严格计量比化合物.整个优化过程在Thermo-Calc软件包中完成,优化所得热力学数据和相图信息与实验信息吻合较好,为Fe基合金和含P多元合金体系的进一步优化提供了一组自洽可靠的热力学参数.     

Critical evaluation and thermodynamic optimization of the Si-RE systems: Part I. Si-RE system (RE = La,Ce, Pr,Nd and Sm)

A critical evaluation and optimization of all available phase diagrams and thermodynamic data of the binary Si-RE (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm) systems were conducted to obtain reliable thermodynamic functions of all the phases in the systems. In the thermodynamic modelling, a systematic analysis involving the similarity and periodicity observed in the lanthanide series was applied to resolve inconsistencies in the experimental data and to estimate the unknown thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria data. The phase diagram of the Si-Sm system was predicted using this approach.     

Thermodynamic Modeling of KF-CrF3 Binary System

A comprehensive thermodynamic model of KF-CrF₃ system was established. The intermediate phases K₂Cr₅F₁₇, KCrF₄, K₂CrF₅ and K₃CrF₆ were described by the stoichiometric compound model and the liquid phase by associated solution model. All the model parameters were optimized by the experimental phase equilibria data assisted by the first-principles prediction within the framework of the calculation of phase diagram(CALPHAD) method. It is demonstrated that the calculated results are fairly consistent with the experimental data, thus we obtained a set of self-consistent and reliable thermodynamic parameters which could well describe the phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of KF-CrF₃ system.     

硝酸盐型卤水体系的综合热力学模型与多温相图预测

硝酸盐型卤水是盐湖卤水、 硝酸盐工业、 废水处理中普遍遇到的电解质溶液体系. 硝酸盐具有极高的溶解度, 实现硝酸盐型复杂电解质体系物性和相平衡的精准热力学表达依然具有挑战性. 以煤化工废水的典型体系Na⁺//NO₃^- , Cl^-, SO₄^{2 -} -H₂O为对象, 以改进的eNRTL模型为基础, 由活度系数模型、 溶液物性模型、 物种热力学模型和固液相平衡模型构成了电解质体系的综合热力学模型. 利用二元体系的冰点、 饱和蒸汽压、 等压摩尔热容、 活度系数和渗透压系数等物性数据和三元体系等温相平衡数据, 采用多目标优化方法, 获得了表达研究体系的多温特性的12组液相特征参数和7个固相物种的热力学参数. 据此完成了3个二元体系、 3个三元体系等温相平衡的准确计算和三元、 四元完整相图的预测, 适用温度达到实验所及的全部温度范围(254.65~543.15 K); 适用浓度达到饱和程度, 其中NaNO₃的浓度高达226.88 mol/kg. 三元、 四元体系的多温相图预测结果与实验数据相吻合, 并给出了9个三元、 5个四元体系零变点的完整信息.     

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic prediction of the Al–Ge–Zn phase diagram

The knowledge of the phase diagram of the Al?CGe?CZn ternary system is of importance in the development of high temperature soldering materials. In this study, the phase diagram of the Al?CGe?CZn ternary system was calculated by the calculation of phase diagrams method using binary thermodynamic parameters included in the COST MP0602 thermodynamic database. Chosen alloys with compositions along two vertical sections with molar ratio Al/Ge?=?3/1 and 1/3 were measured using DTA (differential thermal analysis). The experimentally determined phase transition temperatures from this work and phase equilibria data from literature were compared with calculation results and good mutual agreement was noticed.     

Experimental study and thermodynamic modeling of the MgO–NiO–SiO2 system

The MgO–NiO–SiO₂ system has been studied by a combination of thermodynamic modeling and experimental measurements of phase equilibria. A complete literature review, critical evaluation and thermodynamic modeling of phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties of all oxide phases in the MgO–NiO–SiO₂ system at 1 atm total pressure are presented. To resolve the contradictions in the literature data, a new experimental investigation has been carried out over the temperature range from (1400 to 1650) °C using an equilibration and quenching technique followed by electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). Tie-lines between olivine and monoxide, olivine and proto-pyroxene, liquid and olivine and liquid and cristobalite have been measured. The whole set of experimental data, including the new experimental results and previously published data, has been taken into consideration in thermodynamic modeling of oxide phases in the MgO–NiO–SiO₂ system. The Modified Quasichemical Model has been used for the liquid phase. A simple random mixing model with a polynomial expansion of the excess Gibbs energy has been used for the monoxide solid solution. The models for olivine and proto-pyroxene were developed within the framework of the Compound Energy Formalism. The optimized model parameters reproduce all available thermodynamic and phase diagram data within experimental error limits.     

Contribution to the thermodynamics of the molybdenum — Oxygen — Chlorine system

Starting from tabulated thermodynamic data of stable compounds in the Mo−O−Cl system, phase diagrams for the Mo−O−Cl system were developed on the basis of GIBBS' phase law by means of thermodynamic calculations. The behaviour of molybdenum trioxide in a temperature gradient tube was investigated experimentally under chlorinating conditions, using⁹⁹Mo as indicator. The thermochromatografically separated compounds were characterized by their deposition temperature in the temperature gradient tube and by an activation analytical determination of their Mo/Cl ratio. The experimental results were compared with the calculated phase diagram.     

The polyassociative melt model and phase equilibria in the Zn-Te system

The model of polyassociated solutions was used to analyze phase equilibria in the zinc-tellurium system. The experimental data were processed to find the thermodynamic functions of formation of liquidphase associates. The calculation results were compared with the experimental data on p-T-x equilibria in the system.     

Modélisation numérique du systeme La-Ru

The present study concerns the optimization of the La-Ru system by the use of the NancyUn software, taking into account the available experimental results about phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties. The computer program allows us to obtain estimated data for experimentally undetermined thermodynamic properties and to compare the computed phase diagram with the one already published.     

Solid-solute phase equilibria in aqueous solution. IV. Calculation of Phase Diagrams

The thermodynamic principles of conventional (T-x, P-T) phase diagrams and solubility (log ΣK-x) diagrams depicting solid-solute phase equilibria in aqueous solution are derived from a unifying point of view. It is shown that thermodynamic quantities necessary for the construction of conventional phase diagrams can be obtained from solubility measurements. The unary system calcite-aragonite and the binary system aragonite-strontianite, where solubility data are available over the whole compositional range, have been selected as examples. In the latter case, the constraint of constant composition of the solid phase leading to a metastable equilibrium with the respective solute species is an essential point in the thermodynamic derivation and was observed experimentally as well.     

Experimental study and modeling of the thermodynamic properties of magnesium silicates

The thermodynamic properties of all MgO-SiO₂ system phases were studied by Knudsen mass spectrometry over a wide temperature range (1571–1873 K) and the whole range of compositions. An approach based on the generation of volatile interaction products formed in the reduction of oxide components was used. The reducing agents were Nb, Ta, and Mo. The observed ion current intensity ratios I(Mg⁺)/I(SiO⁺) were used to calculate the activities and partial thermodynamic functions of the components in liquid and crystalline MgO-SiO₂ mixtures and the integral thermodynamic functions of formation of magnesium ortho-and metasilicates. For the first time, direct and reliable information about the thermodynamic properties of all system phases at high temperatures was obtained. These results in combination with all the available data on the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria in the MgO-SiO₂ system were used to develop a statistical-thermodynamic model of liquid magnesium silicates based on treating them as associated liquids. Simultaneously, the problem of obtaining self-consistent data on the thermodynamic functions of all phases and conditions of equilibria between them was solved. In addition to polymeric silicon-oxygen structures of arbitrary sizes and spatial configurations, heteromolecular complexes such as MS, M₂S, and M₃S (S=SiO₂ and M=MgO) were found to exist in liquid MgO-SiO₂ mixtures. The correctness of the results obtained was substantiated by the virtually complete coincidence of the calculated thermodynamic properties and phase equilibrium conditions with experimental data and their conformity to the general patterns characteristic of binary silicate systems.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of alpha-substituted glycine analogs on a quinine-based anion-exchanger chiral stationary phase under variable temperature conditions

The retention of enantiomers of chiral analytes, i.e. alpha-substituted glycine analogs, on a quinine-based anion-exchanger chiral stationary phase was studied in the temperature range of 5-70 degrees C and at different mobile phase compositions, using isocratic elution in the reversed-phase mode. By variation of both mobile phase composition and temperature, baseline separations could be achieved for these enantiomers. Separation could be optimized more quickly by adjusting the column temperature rather than the mobile phase composition. The dependence of the natural logarithms of retention and selectivity factors (lnk' and lnalpha) on the inverse of temperature, 1/T (van't Hoff plots) was used to determine thermodynamic data on the enantiomers. Calculated thermodynamic constants (Delta(DeltaH degrees ), Delta(DeltaS degrees ) and Delta(DeltaG degrees )) were applied to promote an understanding of the thermodynamic driving forces for retention in this chromatographic system. The elution sequence of the enantiomers in most cases was determined.     

CuSO4-氨化P507-n-C6H14体系平衡常数的计算

用热力学方法研究了酸性磷萃取剂与金属体系间的平衡计算模型,萃取体系的水相采用Pitzer半经验公式求算γCu²⁺,有机相用热力学关系求出了水、正已烷和萃取剂的活度系数.实验结果用Scatchard-Hildebrand模型关联,并经回归处理,得到了萃取反应热力学平衡常数(K=1.26×10^-7～5.26×10^-7)及萃合物的活度系数.     

A simple,fast, and accurate thermodynamic‐based approach for transfer and prediction of gas chromatography retention times between columns and instruments Part I: Estimation of reference column geometry and thermodynamic parameters

The transfer of retention times based on thermodynamic models between columns can aid in separation optimization and compound identification in gas chromatography. Although earlier investigations have been reported, this problem remains unsuccessfully addressed. One barrier is poor predictive accuracy when moving from a reference column or system to a new target column or system. This is attributed to challenges associated with the accurate determination of the effective geometric parameters of the columns. To overcome this, we designed least squares‐based models that account for geometric parameters of the columns and thermodynamic parameters of compounds as they partition between mobile and stationary phases. Quasi‐Newton‐based algorithms were then used to perform the numerical optimization. In this first of three parts, the model used to determine the geometric parameters of the reference column and the thermodynamic parameters of compounds subjected to separation is introduced. As will be shown, the overall approach significantly improves the predictive accuracy and transferability of thermodynamic data (and retention times) between columns of the same stationary phase chemistry. The data required for the determination of the thermodynamic parameters and retention time prediction are obtained from fast and simple experiments. The proposed model and optimization algorithms were tested and validated using simulated and experimental data.     

Analysis of the Glass-Forming Ability of Fe–Er Alloys,Based on Thermodynamic Modeling

The Fe–Er phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of all its phases are assessed by means of self-consistent analysis. To refine the data on phase equilibria in the Fe–Er system, an investigation is performed in the 10–40 at % range of Er concentrations. The temperature–concentration dependences of the thermodynamic properties of a melt are presented using the model of ideal associated solutions. Thermodynamic parameters of each phase are obtained, and the calculated results are in agreement with available experimental data. The correlation between the thermodynamic properties of liquid Fe–Er alloys and their tendency toward amorphization are studied. It is shown that compositions of amorphous alloys prepared by melt quenching coincide with the ranges of concentration with the predominance of Fe₃Er and FeEr₂ associative groups that have large negative entropies of formation.