二维共价有机框架材料中引入含氮配体用于络合金属催化（英文）

共价有机骨架材料(COF)也被称为"有机分子筛",具有孔道结构开放有序、易于进行化学修饰改性、化学/热稳定性好等优点,是一种新型的有机聚合物多孔材料.近年来,以COF材料为催化剂载体负载金属化合物用于制备多相反应催化剂已经成为材料领域研究的热点,表现出高活性和高选择性.但是到目前为止,仍未找到简单有效地控制骨架中金属负载量和分散性的方法,这已成为该领域一个具有挑战性的课题.本文以2,2’-联吡啶-5,5’-二甲醛作为其中一个结构基元,成功把联吡啶配体引入到二维材料中.除此之外,由于COF是以亚胺键联接构筑形成的,因此框架中同时存在联吡啶和亚胺键两种含氮配体.我们通过红外光谱、结构模拟、元素分析、热失重分析、透射电镜(TEM)、X-射线光电子能谱、电感耦合等离子体色谱等手段详细表征了所制备的二维共价有机框架材料对醋酸钯(Pd(OAc)_2)分子的络合负载行为.研究发现,联吡啶和亚胺键均可参与配位Pd(OAc)_2,与亚胺键配位的Pd(OAc)_2分布于框架的层与层之间,而与联吡啶配位的则部分占据了框架的孔道,导致孔径减小.另外,由于框架中的联吡啶配体含量可通过加入2,2’-联吡啶-5,5’-二甲醛含量的变化实现线性调控,因此也可调节与其配位的Pd(OAc)_2含量,其负载量可控制在14.3–18.7 wt%,是目前已报道的二维COF中的最高值;另外,COF材料中调控金属负载量尚未见报道.TEM结果显示,负载在框架中的催化剂分子没有发生团聚,框架的孔道仍处于开放状态,因而反应底物可以自由地出入一维孔道并与络合的催化剂充分接触.另外,由于催化剂在框架内部可以达到分子级别的分散,而且其负载量和负载位置都易于控制,因而对有机反应表现出了优异的催化性能.我们尝试了以不同Pd负载量的COF为多相催化剂催化Heck反应.结果发现,Pd(Ⅱ)@75%BPy COF(Pd负载量为最高值18.7 wt%)的催化活性最高,对不同底物均表现出优异的催化性能,产率达73–96%,反应速率遵循一级动力学曲线.且催化剂经多次循环利用仍能保持高活性,框架的有序结构也未被破坏,因此该材料有望用于各种类型优异的多相反应催化剂.     

COF固载铜盐催化苯硼酸与咪唑的Chan-Lam偶联反应

制备了一种含有联吡啶位点的共价有机骨架(COF)材料TpBpy, 并通过配体上的联吡啶位点固载铜盐实现了功能化, 得到的Cu@TpBpy具有大量的不饱和铜配位位点和高表面积, 可用作苯硼酸与咪唑的Chan-Lam偶联反应的多相催化剂. 通过优化溶剂、 铜源、 碱及反应时间等反应条件, 发现使用质子极性溶剂MeOH时的反应产率最高, 而Cu(OAc)₂@TpBpy是效果最佳的催化剂, 可溶性有机碱三乙胺(TEA)的促进效果最好. Cu(OAc)₂@TpBpy在碱TEA的促进下于70 ℃催化咪唑与苯硼酸反应4 h后, 得到目标产物1-苯基咪唑的最大产率为66%. 在最优反应条件下进行了底物拓展, 结果表明, 取代基的位阻效应对催化体系影响显著, 其中对位取代基的4-氯苯硼酸的产率最高(62%).     

Pd催化的配体导向C—H键乙酰化反应的理论研究

Pd催化的配体导向C-H键官能化反应已经成为有机化学中一种重要的合成手段. 我们用B3PW91密度泛函方法研究了Pd催化的配体导向C-H键乙酰化反应中催化剂和底物配合步骤以及C-H键活化步骤中的热力学性质. 研究发现, 具有不同导向基团的反应物之间竞争反应的选择性取决于导向基团与Pd(OAc)₂的配合步骤, 配合反应稳定常数大的较容易生成乙酰化的产物. 另一方面, 反应的选择性与C-H键的活化步骤无关, 并且与导向基团的配位原子的气相碱性、原子上的电荷密度以及最高占据轨道能量都没有相关性.     

共价有机框架材料催化剂

共价有机框架材料（covalent organic frameworks, COF）是功能材料领域研究的热点之一。COF具有孔道结构高度有序、孔径可调、比表面积较大、合成方法多样和易于功能化修饰等优点,是一类新兴的多相催化剂。目前,COF催化剂主要设计思路是：基于“自下而上”策略将非金属催化活性中心嵌入材料骨架来构筑本征型COF催化剂,或者以COF为载体,通过后修饰方式负载金属颗粒或离子构建多相催化剂。鉴于COF以上优势,预计COF催化剂在多相催化和手性催化领域中的应用也将取得更大的进展。本文综述了COF催化剂的合成和功能化策略,并展望了COF在多相催化领域中的应用前景。     

配体尺度对配合物结构及光催化降解活性的调节:从零维到一维的Cu(Ⅱ)配合物

合成了桥联吡啶类配体2,6-二(3′-吡啶乙炔基)-4-甲基苯胺(L1)和未见文献报道的尺度更短的桥联吡啶配体2,6-二(3′-吡啶基)-4-甲基苯胺(L2),在常温下分别将其与一水合醋酸铜(Cu(OAc)2·H2O,OAc-=CH3CO2-)进行配位反应获得零维的配位大环分子[Cu2(L1)(OAc)4]2(1)和一维的配位聚合物{[Cu2(L2)(OAc)4]·2CH2Cl2·CH3CN}n(2)。对获得的2个配合物进行了X射线单晶衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、元素分析等方面的结构表征。对比其结构可以发现,配合物1和2中均存在{Cu2(OAc)4}的二核铜簇,不同的是2个配合物中配体的配位取向不同:配位大环化合物1中的配体L1以U型构型与二核铜簇形成了“2+2”的平面配位大环结构,而化合物2中的配体L2则以Z型构型连接相邻的二核铜簇形成一维链状结构。2个化合物的结构差异是由于配体的尺度导致的,更短的尺度使得配位氮原子取向发生改变而产生不同的配位构型,这显示了结构调控中配体尺度的影响作用。通过测定配体与配合物在固态下的荧光发射性质,证实了铜的引入会猝灭配体自身的荧光发射;同时,采用亚甲基蓝(MB)为底物的光催化降解实验证明,大环配位分子的光催化降解活性明显优于一维配位聚合物,两者的催化活性均远远强于醋酸铜本身的催化活性。     

基于柔性羧酸配体和含氮辅助配体的金属有机配位聚合物的合成、结构及表征（英文）

本文通过水热法制备得到了一个新型二维金属有机配位聚合物[Co2(L1)(4,4’-bipy)(3H2O)·2H2O]n(1,H4L1=3,3’-(1,4-苯二氧基)二邻苯二甲酸;4,4’-bipy=4,4’-联吡啶),并对其结构进行了系统的表征。研究表明,3,3’-(1,4-苯二氧基)二邻苯二甲酸配体中的羧酸采用μ1-η1-η0和μ1-η1-η1两种桥联方式与2个钴离子配位形成十四圆环,形成的十四圆环被3,3’-(1,4-苯二氧基)二邻苯二甲酸配体连接进一步形成之字形的一维链状结构。最终,辅助配体4,4’-联吡啶将这些一维链状结构连接起来形成二维的(44)-sql网状拓扑结构。在本文中,我们还进一步研究了配位聚合物1的红外光谱以及热稳定性。     

钯催化合成2-(2,4-二氟苯基)吡啶

以Pd(OAc)2为主催化剂,PPh3为配体,2-溴(氯)吡啶和2,4-二氟苯硼酸通过Suzuki偶联反应合成了2-(2,4-二氟苯基)吡啶,产率＞90%,其结构经1H NMR,19F NMR和IR确证.     

载体性质对Pd催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

以Si O2、全硅MCM-41(Si-MCM-41)、通过机械混合Si-MCM-41与ZSM-5得到的Z-MCM-41-M以及通过在ZSM-5外部包覆MCM-41制备得到的Z-MCM-41四种材料为载体,制备了四种负载型Pd催化剂。采用XRD、HRTEM、N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD手段对Pd催化剂进行了表征;以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为模型化合物,在固定床反应器上对四种催化剂的加氢脱硫(HDS)活性、加氢路径选择性和加氢裂化活性进行了考察,研究了不同类型载体对Pd催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,载体的性质会显著影响负载型Pd催化剂的加氢脱硫性能。载体的比表面积对负载型Pd催化剂加氢脱硫活性影响不大,但是HYD路径的选择性与载体的孔道结构有关;具有介孔孔道结构有利于加氢路径选择性的提高。酸性载体负载的Pd催化剂表现出较好加氢脱硫活性和加氢选择性,这与氢溢流有关。介孔材料的孔道结构与微孔沸石的酸性有机结合,所得到的Z-M CM-41复合材料是是潜在的贵金属Pd加氢脱硫催化剂优良载体,可有效提升其加氢脱硫活性。     

基于柔性羧酸配体和含氮辅助配体的金属有机配位聚合物的合成、结构及表征

本文通过水热合成的方法制备得到了一个新型的二维金属有机配位聚合物[Co2(L1)(4,4’-bipy)(3H2O).2H2O]n (1), (H4L1 = 3,3'-(1,4-苯二氧基)二邻苯二甲酸; 4,4’-bipy = 4,4’-联吡啶),并对其结构进行了系统的表征。研究表明3,3'-(1,4-苯二氧基)二邻苯二甲酸配体中的羧酸采用μ1-η1-η0和μ1-η1-η1两种桥联的方式跟两个钴离子配位形成十四圆环,形成的十四圆环被3,3'-(1,4-苯二氧基)二邻苯二甲酸配体连接进一步形成之字形的一维链状结构。最终,辅助配体4,4’-联吡啶将这些一维链状结构连接起来形成二维的(44)-sql网状拓扑结构。在本文中,我们还一步研究了这个配位聚合物的红外光谱以及热稳定性。     

二维镍配位聚合物(Ni-CP)和Ag@Ni-CP肖特基结的制备及其光催化降解阳离子染料

采用水热法合成了一种新的二维镍配位聚合物(Ni-CP),命名为[Ni(DDB)_0.5(2,2’-bipy)(H₂O)]·H₂O(H₄DDB=1,4-二(3,5-二羰基苯氧基)苯,2,2’-bipy=2,2’-联吡啶),并通过元素分析、热重分析、粉末X射线衍射、扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱对其进行了表征。单晶结构分析表明,配位聚合物通过DDB^4-配体以μ4方式形成二维波浪状网络结构。采用光还原法制备了具有肖特基结的Ag负载产品(Ag@Ni-CP)。研究了Ni-CP和Ag@Ni-CP的光催化降解性能,后者表现出优异的降解效果,特别是对罗丹明B和亚甲蓝,60 min内降解率快速高达99%,与报道的金属有机骨架催化剂材料相比,Ag@Ni-CP表现出更高更快的降解性能。通过自由基俘获实验研究了Ag@Ni-CP的光催化机理。     

Sophisticated Design of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Controllable Bimetallic Docking for a Cascade Reaction

Precise control of the number and position of the catalytic metal ions in heterogeneous catalysts remains a big challenge. Here we synthesized a series of two‐dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) containing two different types of nitrogen ligands, namely imine and bipyridine, with controllable contents. For the first time, the selective coordination of the two nitrogen ligands of the 2D COFs to two different metal complexes, chloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) (Rh(COD)Cl) and palladium(II) acetate (Pd(OAc)₂), has been realized using a programmed synthetic procedure. The bimetallically docked COFs showed excellent catalytic activity in a one‐pot addition–oxidation cascade reaction. The high surface area, controllable metal‐loading content, and predesigned active sites make them ideal candidates for their use as heterogeneous catalysts in a wide range of chemical reactions.     

Bipyridine‐Modulated Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Heck‐Type Reactions of Arylboronic Acids with Olefins

We have demonstrated that 4,4′‐dimethyl 2,2′‐bipyridine as ligand for Pd(II) catalysts was very efficient for oxidative Heck‐type coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with olefins in DMA or CH₃CN under atm air at 80 °C. The presence of chelated bipyridine ligand isindispensable to achieve high reaction yields and to suppress the formation of biphenyl as homocoupled byproduct.     

Unveiling the Local Structure of Palladium Loaded into Imine‐Linked Layered Covalent Organic Frameworks for Cross‐Coupling Catalysis

Layered covalent organic frameworks (2D‐COFs), composed of reversible imine linkages and accessible pores, offer versatility for chemical modifications towards the development of catalytic materials. Nitrogen‐enriched COFs are good candidates for binding Pd species. Understanding the local structure of reacting Pd sites bonded to the COF pores is key to rationalize interactions between active sites and porous surfaces. By combining advanced synchrotron characterization methods with periodic computational DFT modeling, the precise atomic structure of catalytic Pd sites attached to local defects is resolved within an archetypical imine‐linked 2D‐COF. This material was synthesized using an in situ method as a gel, under which imine hydrolysis and metalation reactions are coupled. Local defects formed in situ within imine‐linked 2D‐COF materials are highly reactive towards Pd metalation, resulting in active materials for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions.     

High‐throughput experimentation in atom transfer radical polymerization: A general approach toward a directed design and understanding of optimal catalytic systems

High‐throughput experimentation (HTE) was successfully applied in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) for the rapid screening and optimization of different reaction conditions. A library of 108 different reactions was designed for this purpose, which used four different initiators [ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate, methyl 2‐bromopropionate, (1‐bromoethyl)benzene, and p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride], five metal salts (CuBr, CuCl, CuSCN, FeBr₂, and FeCl₂), and nine ligands (2,2′‐bipyridine and its derivatives). The optimal reaction conditions for Cu(I) halide, CuSCN, and Fe(II) halide‐mediated ATRP systems with 2,2′‐bipyridine and its 4,4′‐dialkyl‐substituted derivatives as ligands were determined. Cu(I)‐mediated systems were better controlled than Fe(II)‐mediated ones under the examined conditions. A bipyridine‐type ligand with a critical length of the substituted alkyl group (i.e., 4,4′‐dihexyl 2,2′‐bipyridine) exhibited the best performance in Cu(I)‐mediated systems, and p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate could effectively initiate Cu(I)‐mediated ATRP of MMA, resulting in polymers with low polydispersities in most cases. Besides, Cu(I) halide‐mediated ATRP with 4,5′‐dimethyl 2,2′‐bipyridine as the ligand and p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride as the initiator proved to be better controlled than those with 4,4′‐dimethyl 2,2′‐bipyridine as the ligand, and polymers with much lower polydispersities were obtained in the former cases. This successful HTE example opens up a way to significantly accelerate the development of new catalytic systems for ATRP and to improve the understanding of structure–property relationships of the reaction systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1876–1885, 2004     

Synthesis of New Ruthenium（Ⅱ）Bipyridyl Complexes and Studies on Their Photophysical and Photoelectrochemical Properties

Two new mixed-ligand ruthenium(Ⅱ） complexes,Ru(dcbpy)-(LL)NCS)2[where dcbpy=4,4‘-dicarboxyl-2,2‘‘-bipyridine,LL=4,4‘-bis(N-methyl-anilinomethyl)-2,2‘‘-bipyridine(2)],were synthesized,and the tphotophysical properties of these complexes were studied.The metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions of these complexes exhibited solvatochromic effect due to the existence of NCS ligands.The MLCT energies also strongly depend on the pH values of the solutions because of protonation and deprotonation of the carboxyl groups.The pKa values of the ground state,4.0 for 1 and 3.8 for 2,were obtained from the titration curves.The photoelectrochemical properties of 1 and 2 as sensitizers in sandwich-type solar cells have been studied.Complex 1 exhibited better photoelectrochemical behavior than complex 2 as expected.It was proved that the design of mixed-ligand complex by introducing electron donating group in one of the ligands should be a promising approach.     

Synthesis and photophysical properties of novel amphiphilic ruthenium (II) complexes containing 4,4′‐dialkylaminomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl ligands

The synthesis of a number of new 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands functionalized with bulky amino side groups is reported. Three homoleptic polypyridyl ruthenium (II) complexes, [Ru(L)₃]²⁺ 2(PF₆^?), where L is 4,4′‐dioctylaminomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (Ru4a), 4,4′‐didodecylaminomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (Ru4b) and 4,4′‐dioctadodecylaminomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (Ru4c), have been synthesized. These compounds were characterized and their photophysical properties examined. The electronic spectra of three complexes show pyridyl π → π* transitions in the UV region and metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer bands in the visible region. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stereoinvertive C–C Bond Formation at the Boron‐Bound Stereogenic Centers through Copper‐Bipyridine‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Coupling of α‐Aminobenzylboronic Esters

Enantiospecific intramolecular Suzuki–Miyaura‐type coupling with α‐(2‐halobenzoylamino)benzylboronic esters to give 3‐substituted isoindolinones is achieved by using copper catalysts with 2,2′‐bipyridine‐based achiral ligands. Enantioenriched α‐aminobenzylboron reactants bearing a hydrogen atom at the boron‐bound stereogenic carbons undergo stereoinvertive coupling in the presence of a 6‐phenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine ligand with high enantiospecificity. α‐Aminobenzylboronates bearing fully substituted boron‐bound stereogenic centers also gave the 3,3‐disubstituted isoindolinones with stereospecific stereochemical inversion in the presence of simple 2,2′‐bipyridine as a ligand.     

CC Coupling of N‐Heterocycles at the fac‐Re(CO)3 Fragment: Synthesis of Pyridylimidazole and Bipyridine Ligands

A new family of cationic rhenium tricarbonyl complexes with either two N‐alkylimidazole (N‐RIm) and one pyridine (Py) ligand, or two pyridine and one N‐RIm ligand, [Re(CO)₃(N‐RIm)_(3?x)(Py)_x]⁺, has been prepared. The reaction of these complexes with a strong base, followed by an oxidant, selectively afforded 2,2’‐pyridylimidazole complexes as the result of intramolecular dehydrogenative C?C coupling reactions. For tris(pyridine) complexes [Re(CO)₃(Py)₃]⁺ the reaction pattern upon a deprotonation/oxidation sequence is maintained, which allows the generation of complexes with 2,2’‐bipyridine ligands. In the particular combination of two different types of pyridine ligand in the cationic fac‐Re(CO)₃ complexes only the cross‐coupling products with asymmetric 2,2’‐bipyridine ligands were obtained; the homocoupling products were not observed.     

Selective Endo and Exo Binding of Mono‐ and Ditopic Ligands to a Rhomboidal Diporphyrin Prism

Copper(I) can preferentially form heteroleptic complexes containing two phosphine and two nitrogen donors due to steric factors. This preference was employed to direct the self‐assembly of a porphyrin‐faced rhomboidal prism having two parallel tetrakis(4‐iminopyridyl)porphyrinatozinc(II) faces linked by eight 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene pillars. The coordination preferences of the Cu^I ions and geometries of the ligands come together to generate a slipped‐cofacial orientation of the porphyrinatozinc(II) faces. This orientation enables selective encapsulation of 3,3′‐bipyridine (bipy), which bridges the Zn^II ions of the parallel porphyrins, whereas 4,4′‐bipy exhibits weaker external coordination to the porphyrin faces. Reaction with 2,2′‐bipy, by contrast, results in the displacement of the tetratopic porphyrin ligand and formation of [{(2,2′‐bipy)Cu^I}₂(diphosphine)₂]. The differing strengths of interactions of bipyridine isomers with the system allows for a hierarchy to be deciphered, whereby 4,4′‐bipy may be displaced by 3,3′‐bipy, which in turn is displaced by 2,2′‐bipy.     

Three Novel Mixed‐ligand Cadmium(II) Sulfonates with Aza‐aromatic Skeltons as Co‐ligands

To survey the influence of aza‐aromatic co‐ligands on the structure of Cadmium(II) sulfonates, three Cd(II) complexes with mixed‐ligand, [Cd^II(ANS)₂(phen)₂] ( 1 ), [Cd^II(ANS)₂(2,2′‐bipy)₂] ( 2 ) and [Cd^II(ANS)₂(4,4′‐bipy)₂]_n ( 3 ) (ANS = 2‐aminonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate; phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline; 2,2′‐bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine; 4,4′‐bipy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) were synthesized by hydrothermal methods and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Of the three complexes, ANS consistently coordinates to Cd²⁺ ion as a monodentate ligand. While phen in 1 and 2,2′‐bipy in 2 act as N,N‐bidentate chelating ligands, leading to the formation of a discrete mononuclear unit; 4,4′‐bipy in 3 bridges two Cd^II atoms in bis‐monodentate fashion to produce a 2‐D layered network, suggesting that the conjugate skeleton and the binding site of the co‐ligands have a moderate effect on molecular structure, crystal stacking pattern, and intramolecular weak interactions. In addition, the three complexes exhibit similar luminescent emissions originate from the transitions between the energy levels of sulfonate anions.