Detection of the quantum states containing at most k-1 unentangled particles

There are many different classifications of entanglement for multipartite quantum systems, one of which is based on the number of the unentangled particles. In this paper, we mainly study the quantum states containing at most k-1 unentangled particles and provide several entanglement criteria based on the different forms of inequalities, which can both identify quantum states containing at most k-1 unentangled particles. We show that these criteria are more effective for some states by concrete examples.     

超细SnO_2纳米晶粒带边光吸收的线度效应

采用超细过滤方法 ,分别制备含有平均线度小于 2nm的超细SnO2 纳米晶粒的酸性和碱性溶胶溶液 .通过动态光散射、X射线衍射和晶粒透射电子显微镜像测量 ,确定了SnO2 晶粒的线度 .对其光吸收谱测量发现 ,超细过滤后酸性和碱性溶胶溶液中晶粒的带边光吸收能量均有明显蓝移 .分析结果表明 ,SnO2 晶粒的线度减小是同类晶粒带边光吸收蓝移的主要原因 .     

超细SnO2纳米晶粒带边光吸收的线度效应

采用超细过滤方法,分别制备含有平均线度小于2nm的超细SnO₂纳米晶粒的酸性和碱性溶胶溶液.通过动态光散射、X射线衍射和晶粒透射电子显微镜像测量,确定了SnO₂晶粒的线度.对其光吸收谱测量发现,超细过滤后酸性和碱性溶胶溶液中晶粒的带边光吸收能量均有明显蓝移.分析结果表明,SnO₂晶粒的线度减小是同类晶粒带边光吸收蓝移的主要原因. 关键词： 超细纳米晶粒 透射电子显微镜 带边光吸收 表面化学修饰     

Preparation of functional spherical polysilsesquioxane/gold nanoparticle composites and their applications in DNA assay

Functional spherical solid and hollow particles of polysilsesquioxanes (PSQs) containing amine, thiol, and vinyl groups were prepared by polymerizing organotrialkoxysilanes (OTASs) containing corresponding chemical groups. Fluorescent PSQ particles were prepared by physically entrapping Rhodamine 6G, Coumarin 7, and Fluoresceine sodium salts. The intensity of fluorescent light increased initially with increasing amount of entrapped fluorophores and then leveled off or decreased slightly after reaching a maximum value. PSQ particles containing gold nanoparticles (GNPs), both inside and on the surface, were prepared by the in situ reduction of gold ions by the PSQ particles. When the reduction reaction was carried out for extended periods of time, the GNP that had formed inside the poly(3-mercaptopropyl)silsesquioxane (PMPSQ) and polyvinylsilsesequioxane (PVSQ) particles underwent interesting morphological changes. PSQ particles containing amine and thiol groups fixed the GNPs on the surface, which could be utilized further in binding amine-modified oligo-DNA strands. The aggregation of PSQ/GNP particles combined with complementary oligo-DNA strands was examined to demonstrate that these particles could be applied to DNA assays and isolation. The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy.     

分散相颗粒几何因素对电流变液体反应时间的影响

瞬变的反应时间是电流变液体的一个重要参数．本文通过实验和理论分析，建立了考虑分散相颗粒几何因素的电流变反应时间模型根据此模型，长椭球状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间比等效球状颗粒的短，扁椭球状和片状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间比等效球状颗粒的长，而棒状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间则视ε_p/ε_f比值大小或快于或慢于等效球状颗粒的反应时间．且反应时间与分散相尺寸的关系是（１）随体积增大，各种形状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间均变短；（２）同体积下，随长径比增大，长椭球状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间变短，而扁椭球状颗粒和片状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间变长，棒状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间则视。ε_p/ε_f比值大小或增快或减慢．因此，要获得反应快的电流变液体，颗粒形状除选择球状外，还可在使雷诺数较小范围内，选择一定尺寸的长椭球状或棒状颗粒。 关键词：     

Computer simulation of structures and distributions of particles in MAGIC fluid

MAGIC (MAG-netic Intelligent Compound) is a solidified magnetic ferrofluid (MF) containing both magnetic particles (MPs) and abrasive particles (APs, nonmagnetic) of micron size. The distribution of APs in MAGIC can be controlled by applying a magnetic field during cooling process of MAGIC fluid. In this paper, the influences of magnetic field, size and concentration of particles on the final structures of MPs and the distributions of APs in MAGIC fluid are preliminarily investigated using Stokesian dynamic (SD) simulation method. Simulation results show that MPs prefer to form strip-like structures in MAGIC fluid, the reason for this phenomenon is mainly attributed to the strong dipolar interactions between them. It is also found that MPs prefer to form big agglomerations in weak magnetic field while chains and strip-like structures in strong magnetic field; no long chains or strip-like structures of MPs are observed in low-concentration MAGIC fluid; and for big-size MPs, pure wall-like structures are formed. Evaluation on the distribution of APs with uniformity coefficient shows that strong magnetic field, high concentration and small-size particles can induce more uniform distribution of APs in MAGIC fluid, the uniformity of APs in MAGIC is about 10% higher than that in normal grinding tools.     

ARE THERE ANY REALISTIC SU(N) GRAND UNIFIED MODELS CONTAIN IHG FRACTIONALLY CHARGED PARTICLES?

We have completed a systematic searching for realistic SU(N) grand particles. unified models containing fractionally charged The principles of constructing realistic models are originated from Georgi's with some changes on account of fractionally charged particles. We conclude that there are not any realistic models containing fractionally charged particles.     

Impurity atoms in small metallic particles

The effect of self-purification has been discovered in small metallic particles containing impurity atoms. Due to small dimension of the particles impurities were shown to get out of the particles and to reach its surface in relatively short times. The phenomenon has been studied for small particles of Li containing Na atoms as impurities and for NiCu alloy particles. The distribution of atoms in lithium particles was studied by the ESR method and the information about the distribution of Ni atoms within CuNi alloy particles was obtained by comparing the structure date with magnetic properties.     

Morphology and electronic structure of nanostructured carbon films embedding transition metal nanoparticles

Inclusions of metals in the growth process of carbon cluster assembled materials (ns-C) induce modifications in the structural and electronic properties of the material. A novel pulsed microplasma cluster source (PMCS) is able to deliver highly intense, collimated and stable beams suitable for producing bulk quantities of cluster-assembled nanocomposite films. Loading of metal nanoparticles into carbon cluster based films is obtained either by mixing a gas phase metallorganic compound with the carrier gas (He) before entering into the source (for example molybdenum (V) isopropoxide), or by using a double component sputtering target (metal (Ti, Ni)/graphite). The study of film morphology on nanometer scale, carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), reveals the dispersion in a ns-C matrix of metallic particles and, in the case of molybdenum containing films, also of carbide particles. Spatially resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy confirms the segregation of metal particles and exhibits evident anisotropy in the Mo:ns-C films, mainly ascribable to the formation of carbide nanoparticles.     

In situ nanoparticle size measurements of gas-borne silicon nanoparticles by time-resolved laser-induced incandescence

This paper describes the application of time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII), a combustion diagnostic used mainly for measuring soot primary particles, to size silicon nanoparticles formed within a plasma reactor. Inferring nanoparticle sizes from TiRe-LII data requires knowledge of the heat transfer through which the laser-heated nanoparticles equilibrate with their surroundings. Models of the free molecular conduction and evaporation are derived, including a thermal accommodation coefficient found through molecular dynamics. The model is used to analyze TiRe-LII measurements made on silicon nanoparticles synthesized in a low-pressure plasma reactor containing argon and hydrogen. Nanoparticle sizes inferred from the TiRe-LII data agree with the results of a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis.     

含周期性空腔结构吸声机理的研究

为了研究水下含周期性空腔结构的吸声机理,建立并验证了含轴对称空腔周期性结构吸声特性计算的简化有限元仿真方法,用简化的有限元模型结合遗传算法对水下环境含周期性圆柱空腔结构的吸声性能进行了优化设计.从能量耗散、变形和模态的角度分析了含周期性空腔结构的吸声机理.空腔结构谐振包括表层的弯曲振动和空腔附近的径向变形,且径向运动也...     

蒙特卡罗方法对各向异性介质辐射特性的模拟

本文提出一种计算含微粒半透明介质辐射特性的蒙特卡罗方法，考虑了微粒群的独立多次散射，直接用米氏相函数考虑微粒的各向异性性质，计算了含微粒层的双向反射率与双向透射率。与实验数据和离散座标法的计算结果比较，吻合良好。     

Synthesis protocol influence on aqueous magnetic fluid properties

Magnetic colloids containing superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have been prepared by co-precipitation method. Three samples of citric acid coated magnetic colloids containing magnetic nanoparticles (ultra-fine particles of Fe₃O₄) have been obtained following three different preparation protocols. Physical tests have been performed on these samples of the magnetic colloids prepared by us (consisting mainly of Fe₃O₄ ultra-fine particles stabilized with citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) and immersed in water), in order to reveal their microstructural and rheological features. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic measurements were the investigation methods used for the assessing of the magnetic nanoparticles size. The dimensional distribution of the ferrophase physical diameter was comparatively presented using the box-plot statistical method. Infrared absorption spectra have been recorded aiming to get some information on the magnetic fluid composition.     

Sonochemical coating of magnetite nanoparticles with silica

Magnetite nanoparticles were coated with silica through the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) under ultrasonic irradiation. The ultrasonic irradiation was used to prevent the agglomeration of the magnetite particles and accelerate the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS. TEM, DLS, XRF, VSM, TG and sedimentation test were used to characterize the silica-coated magnetite particles. The dispersibility of silica-coated magnetite particles in aqueous solution was improved significantly and the agglomerate particle size was decreased to 110 nm. It was found that the agglomerate particle size of silica-coated magnetite particles was mainly decided by the coating temperature and the pH value in the silica-coating process. The weight ratio of silica in silica-coated magnetite particles was mainly decided by the pH value in the silica-coating process. The dispersibility of silica-coated magnetite particles was mainly decided by the agglomerate particle size of the suspension. The oxidation of magnetite particles in air was limited through the coated silica. The magnetism of silica-coated magnetite particles decreased slightly after silica-coating.     

Purification of the recombinant hepatitis B virus core antigen (rHBcAg) produced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and comparative observation of its particles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) gene (C gene) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the products (rHBcAg or core particles) were purified from a crude lysate of the yeast by three steps: Sephrose CL-4B chromatography, Sucrose step-gradient ultracentrifugation and CsCl-isopycnic ultracentrifugation. It has been observed that HBcAg was synthesized in yeast cells as a particle consisting of polypeptides with a molecular weight of 21.5 kDa (p21.5). Results of ELISA test and density analysis of CsCl-isopycnic ultracentrifugation indicated that the purified products (rHBcAg particles) with HBcAg antigenicity mainly located at the densities of 1.27 and 1.40 g ml(-1), respectively. Observation and analysis of the purified rHBcAg products by TEM indicated that rHBcAg peptides could mainly self-assemble into two size classes of core particles. The larger particles were approximately 30.1 nm and the smaller were approximately 21.5 nm in mean diameter. Further observation and analysis of the same rHBcAg (core) particles by AFM also indicated that rHBcAg (core) particles were similar to the native HBcAg (core) particles from infected human hepatocytes and mainly composed of two size classes of partides core. The larger particles were approximately 31.3 nm and the smaller were approximately 22.5 nm in mean diameter which was similar to the results obtained by TEM. All results from both TEM and AFM suggested that core particles (capsids) produced in S. cerevisiae possessed dimorphism.     

Bohmian mechanics at space–time singularities: II. Spacelike singularities

We develop an extension of Bohmian mechanics by defining Bohm-like trajectories for quantum particles in a curved background space–time containing a spacelike singularity. As an example of such a metric we use the Schwarzschild metric, which contains two spacelike singularities, one in the past and one in the future. Since the particle world lines are everywhere timelike or lightlike, particles can be annihilated but not created at a future spacelike singularity, and created but not annihilated at a past spacelike singularity. It is argued that in the presence of future (past) spacelike singularities, there is a unique natural Bohm-like evolution law directed to the future (past). This law differs from the one in non-singular space–times mainly in two ways: it involves Fock space since the particle number is not conserved, and the wave function is replaced by a density matrix. In particular, we determine the evolution equation for the density matrix, a pure-to-mixed evolution equation of a quasi-Lindblad form. We have to leave open whether a curvature cut-off needs to be introduced for this equation to be well defined.     

Polarization properties of light multiply scattered by non-spherical Rayleigh particles

Multiple scattering of incoherent polarized light propagating through a random medium comprised of spheroidal Rayleigh particles is studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Two approaches are taken for the implementation of the simulation: the first uses individual realizations of particle orientation and the second, an accelerated method, averages over the particle orientation. These different methods produce results that are indistinguishable within statistical errors. The depolarization of light is examined in both transmission and backscatter for media comprised of spheroids of different polarizability ratios. In media containing spheroidal particles the depolarization is greater than that for spherical particles. Media containing prolate spheroids are more depolarizing than media comprising oblate particles of the same polarizability ratio. The extra depolarization due to asphericity is much less pronounced in the multiple scattering regime than for single scattering.     

Particle size polydispersity of the rheological properties in magnetorheological fluids

Dispersion of metal particles in fluids can be used to manufacture magnetorheologic fluids(MRF).Properties of these dispersion systems are mainly determined by the arrangements and contacts among particles.In this paper,particles with smaller sizes than those in the target dispersion system are added using iron particles dispersed in silicon oil as a model to control the arrangements and contacts.The result suggests that these small-sized particles have a significant effect on the viscoelastic properties of...     

Particles in laser ablation of polytetrafluoroethylene

KrF-laser ablation of pressed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) targets is accompanied by the ejection of submicron- to micron-sized particles. Collected ejecta consist of four basic particle morphologies ranging from small particles 50-200 nm in diameter to larger particles ~10 7m in diameter. Many particles carry electric charge as measured by using charged electrodes and by the Millikan technique. Thin PTFE films deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from the same targets onto heated Si substrates are highly crystalline and show only a minor but detectable increase of defects compared with the target material. The transferred particulates mainly consist of long PTFE molecule chains. The low molecular weight material that is also transferred to the substrate mainly either links with other low molecular weight material or evaporates during deposition.