Transmission type twisted nematic liquid crystal display for three gray-level phase-modulated holographic data storage systems

Gray-level data pages enhance the storage capacity of holographic data storage systems. A balanced three gray-scale data page in phase mode produces a homogenized Fourier spectrum which is regarded to be necessary for suitable exploitation of the holographic recording medium. A commercially available transmission type twisted nematic liquid crystal display has been characterized for use as a phase spatial light modulator with phase modulation in the range 0–3π/2 at 532 nm wavelength, such that it may be used for holographic data storage with binary as well as three gray-level phase-modulated data pages. Experimental results of the phase and amplitude modulation characteristics of the SLM, Fourier plane homogeneity, and recording of phase-modulated binary, three gray-level data pages and their reconstruction with a real-time holographic interferometric method are presented.     

Compensation for misaligned data pages based on a three-pixel model in holographic data storage

To compensate misalignments between a detector array and a spatial light modulator (SLM) in page-oriented holographic data storage, a method based on a three-pixel model is proposed. Three neighboring pixels in one-dimensional direction on the SLM that make contributions to the center pixel on the detector are considered in the three-pixel model. Recursive solutions are carried out to recover the true values of the SLM pixels. Both simulation and experimental results show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be doubled approximately by use of the compensation method based on the three-pixel model. The proposed method is appropriate for relatively small apertures, and has the similar effects with the equalization method, which effectively improves the SNR.     

Two-dimensional shift-orthogonal random-interleaving phase-code multiplexing for holographic data storage

A novel phase encoding technology for phase-code multiplexing in holographic data storage (HDS) system called two-dimensional shift-orthogonal random-interleaving (2-D SORI) phase encoding is proposed. Compared with the traditional one-dimensional orthogonal phase-code multiplexing methods, the 2-D method is less sensitive to the variations of the diffraction amplitude and to the phase error of the phase mask. Phase masks for the 2-D SORI phase-code multiplexing can be generated by shifting an elaborately designed phase plate at a certain step, which can avoid the use of a high-cost phase spatial light modulator for the generation of multiple orthogonal phase masks. The cross-talk arising from the systematic phase defects of the static phase modulator is eliminated by the shift operation of the phase plate. Phase codes are interleaved under a predetermined random mapping rule to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the data and eliminate the Bragg degeneration cross-talk. A 2-D SORI phase plate with the size of 5.12 mm × 10.24 mm is designed and fabricated, from which 128 orthogonal phase patterns are generated. The feasibility of the 2-D SORI phase-code multiplexing method for HDS is experimentally demonstrated.     

Gray-scale data pages for digital holographic data storage

The prospects for gray-scale (or multilevel) digital holographic data storage are theoretically and experimentally investigated. A simple signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) partitioning argument shows that when SNR scales as 1 over the number of holograms squared, five gray levels (log(2) 5bits/pixel) would be expected to result in a 15% capacity increase over binary data pages. However, the additional signal-dependent noise sources present in practical systems create a baseline SNR that reduces both the optimal number of gray levels and the resulting gain in capacity. To implement gray-scale recording experimentally, we adapt the predistortion technique previously developed for binary page-oriented memories [Opt. Lett. 23, 289 (1998)]. Several new block-based modulation codes for decoding gray-scale data pages are introduced. User capacity is evaluated by an experimental technique using LiNbO(3) :Fe in the 90 degrees geometry. Experimental results show that a balanced modulation code with three gray levels provides a 30% increase in capacity (as well as a 30% increase in readout rate) over local binary thresholding.     

Holographic digital data storage using phase-modulated pixels

We propose and demonstrate the use of phase images for holographic data storage. Use of phase images as input leads to uniform diffraction efficiency of multiplexed data pages. Use of binary phase-based data pages with 0 and π phase changes produces uniform spectral distribution at the Fourier plane. This in turn facilitates better recording of higher spatial frequencies. We experimentally demonstrate a phase-based holographic data storage system using shift multiplexing in a Fe:LiNbO₃ crystal, and use it for associative retrieval. Preliminary studies indicate high discrimination capabilities of phase-based holographic data storage system over the amplitude-based system in a content-addressable memory.     

二芳烯材料在重复擦写体全息存储中的应用研究

二芳烯材料是一种性能优异的光致色变材料,具有很好的抗疲劳性能,一般能重复擦写上万次,而不损失其性能。通过体全息光栅记录实验、角度复用体全息存储实验、重复擦写及强光记弱光读等实验,对二芳烯材料在重复擦写体全息存储中的应用进行了系统研究。由于二芳烯材料具有很高的折射率调制度(Δn=1.15×10-3)、可多次重复擦写、强光记弱光读的准非易失等性能,在可重复擦写的体全息存储中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Ternary phase-amplitude modulation with twisted nematic liquid crystal displays for Fourier-plane light homogenization in holographic data storage

Holographic data storage applications often use liquid crystal displays as spatial light-amplitude modulators for writing data images. The hologram created in the Fourier plane is usually applied to store the information, since this plane supplies optimal data density. A well known technique for homogenizing the light distribution in the Fourier plane is the application of external random phase modulating masks. The requirement for pixel by pixel matched positioning of the phase modulating mask and the pixels of the spatial light-amplitude modulator is hard to solve in the optical systems and any positioning error leads to significant signal degradations. The article analyses the possibilities of realizing the required simultaneous amplitude and phase modulation of light with the application of a single LCD. Twisted nematic LCDs with different maximal birefringence are numerically investigated using the Jones matrix method. Elliptical incident and exit polarizations are proposed, by which ternary phase-amplitude modulation (+1,–1,0) can be realized. Test measurements are also presented that demonstrate the validity of the calculated results.     

Ruggedized digital holographic data storage with fast access

Recent investigations in holographic mass memory systems have produced proof-of-concept demonstrations that have highlighted their potential for providing unprecedented capacity, data transfer rates and fast random access performance (Heanue et al. 1994; Hong et al. 1995; Psaltis and Mok 1995; Bernal et al. 1996; McMichael et al. 1996). The exploratory nature of most such investigations has been largely confined to benchtop experiments which have ignored the practical constraints of packaging and environmental concerns. We have embarked on an effort to demonstrate the holographic mass memory concept by developing a compact prototype system geared for avionics and similar applications which demand the following features (mostly interdependent factors): (1) solid state design (no moving parts), (2) fast data seek time, (3) robust with respect to environmental factors (temperature, vibration, shock). In this paper, we report on the development and demonstration of two systems, one with 100 MB and the other with more than 1 GB of storage capacity. Both systems feature solid state design with the addressing mechanism realized with acoustooptic deflectors that are capable of better than 50 sec data seek time. Since the basic designs for the two systems are similar, we describe only the larger system in detail. The operation of the smaller system has been demonstrated in various environments including hand-held operation and thermal/mechanical shock; a photograph of the smaller system is provided, as well as actual digital data retrieved from the same system.     

Material saturation in photopolymer holographic data recording and its effects on bit-error-rate and content-addressable search

Fourier transform of an amplitude modulated data page gives rise to high intensity at the zero-spatial frequency. Recording such high intensity requires a large-dynamic range on the part of the recording material and leads to material saturation. Moving the recording plane away from the Fourier plane is often used for spectrum uniformity and thereby improving the quality of reconstruction. In the present paper, we have investigated the effect of photopolymer material saturation on the bit-error-rate, the signal-to-noise ratio, and content-addressable search of a holographic data storage system. We have performed numerical simulation of the process of hologram recording and corresponding reconstruction, and show an improvement in the BER and the SNR values of the reconstructed data page for the defocused recording. A multi-layer thin-slice approach to take into account the thickness of recording material is used to simulate the volume hologram. The numerical simulation model can be used as an efficient tool for system optimization.     

Time-average holographic interferometry with a sinusoidally modulated laser diode

Laser diodes have the features of a single-mode operation and a frequency tunability. Holographic interferometry is described for investigating the vibrating amplitude and phase with a frequency-modulated laser diode. Sinusoidal wavelength change by varying laser injection current produces the sinusoidal phase modulation of relative phase difference between the reference and vibrating object paths. Holograms are made by time-average exposure of three-type recording modes with a laser diode. The phase of vibrating object is extracted from the measurements of Bessel-type fringe irradiances in three kinds of time-average holographic reconstruction. Experimental results of phase and amplitude for a vibrating cantilever object are shown.     

像素1:1匹配的晶体全息存储系统中像素位置偏移的补偿算法

在体全息存储系统的数据读出过程中,为了提高读出速度,需要做到SLM与CCD像素的1∶1匹配。但在实现1∶1匹配的过程中,如何降低误码率是一个难点。利用傅里叶光学成像理论,推导出了在4f系统中单个SLM像素成像的光强分布,并由此定量地分析了像素位置偏移对读出误码率的影响。提出了针对像素偏移的数值补偿算法,并获得了较理想的实验结果。     

Phase reconstruction in lensless digital in-line holographic microscopy

The phase reconstruction in a digital in-line holographic microscopy is compared using two numerical reconstruction methods. The first method uses one Fourier transform and second one uses three Fourier transforms. It is shown that the latter method gives improved object phase reconstruction as compared to the former.     

Prediction of phase-mostly modulation for holographic optical tweezers

We characterize a reflective Holoeye LC-R 2500 spatial light modulator with a technique in which Jones matrices describing its polarization capabilities are obtained and then used for any arbitrary configuration. We apply this method to predict a phase-mostly modulation response with minimum amplitude contrast and a phase modulation range close to 2π rad. This allows us to generate multiple traps in a holographic optical tweezers setup with high light efficiency and hardly any unwanted energy on the zero diffraction order.     

大容量高密度体全息数据存储

基于晶体体全息存储机理 ,采用半导体泵浦固体激光器取代氩离子激光器作为系统光源 ,设计并构建了小型体全息存储器 ,实现了 15 0 0幅等衍射效率高分辨率全息图的记录和复现 ,其存储容量大于 1 1Gbit ,存储密度大于1 4Gbit/cm3 。     

体全息存储中输入方参数对输出信号的影响

借助基于 4F成像系统的掩模版模拟SLM实验 ,在国内首次实现 10 0 0× 10 0 0高分辨率数据页输入 输出像素一对一匹配的基础上研究了体全息存储系统输入方重要参数 ,如 :输入器件 (空间光调制器 )像素填充因子和输入图案组合对输出器件 (电荷耦合器件 )读出图像的影响 ,为提高全息存储系统输出图像质量、降低误码率提供理论和实验基础。     

Optimization of a holographic memory setup using an LCD and a PVA-based photopolymer

Holographic data pages were stored in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/acrylamide (AA) photopolymer. This material is formed of AA photopolymers which are considered interesting materials for recording holographic memories. A liquid crystal device was used to modify the object beam and store the data pages in the material. During the storage process, some parameters like exposure time, beam ratio and reading beam intensity were controlled to obtain high image quality after the reconstruction process. The bit error rate (BER) was calculated fitting the histograms of the images to determine what parameters improve the quality of the images.     

Mueller matrix-based optimization of reflective type twisted nematic liquid crystal SLM at oblique incidences

Mueller matrix measurements were used to characterize the polarization properties of liquid crystal-based reflective type twisted nematic (TN) special light modulator (SLM) at oblique incidence of the laser beam. The experimentally obtained Mueller matrices were used to obtain the combination of polarization optics required to optimize it for phase only modulation. The results indicate that minimum intensity modulation is obtained with the use of a polarizer followed by a quarter wave plate (QWP) in polarization state generator (PSG) arm and a QWP followed by an analyzer in polarization state analyzer arm (PSA). Polarization parameters such as retardance, rotation and depolarization were calculated from the experimentally obtained Mueller matrices using polar decomposition method at different angle of incidences of the laser beam and the results has been discussed. The similarity between retardance and depolarization curve as a function of address voltage of TNSLM indicated that depolarization is mainly associated with errors in retardance values. Further, spectral Mueller matrix measurements were used to obtain intensity modulation response in the range of wavelengths 450-700 nm for broadband applications.     

Laser-modified luminescence for optical data storage

The yearly growing quantities of dataflow create a desired requirement for advanced data storage methods. Luminescent materials, which possess adjustable parameters such as intensity, emission center, lifetime, polarization, etc., can be used to enable multi-dimensional optical data storage (ODS) with higher capacity, longer lifetime and lower energy consumption. Multiplexed storage based on luminescent materials can be easily manipulated by lasers, and has been considered as a feasible option to break through the limits of ODS density. Substantial progresses in laser-modified luminescence based ODS have been made during the past decade. In this review, we recapitulated recent advancements in laser-modified luminescence based ODS, focusing on the defect-related regulation, nucleation, dissociation, photoreduction, ablation, etc. We conclude by discussing the current challenges in laser-modified luminescence based ODS and proposing the perspectives for future development.     

Recording media that exhibit high dynamic range for digital holographic data storage

A general strategy for fabricating thick, optically flat photopolymer recording media with high dynamic range (M/#) that exhibit low levels of recording-induced Bragg detuning for holographic data storage is presented. In particular, media with M/# values as high as 42 in 1-mm-thick formats are obtained. We believe that these results are the first demonstration of a holographic storage medium with a dynamic range of this magnitude. In addition, we report the holographic recording and recovery of high-capacity (480-kbit) digital data pages in these media, further illustrating their data-storage capabilities.     

菌紫质高密度偏振全息光数据存储实验研究

实验研究了基因改性菌紫质BR_D96N薄膜在不同偏振光记录下的全息存储特性，比较了不同 偏振态记录光和读出光对衍射像光强及信噪比的影响. 实验结果表明，与其他偏振全息记录 相比，正交圆偏振光记录可实现衍射光偏振状态与散射噪声偏振状态的分离，得到高信噪比 的衍射像，同时还具有高的衍射效率. 以 He_Ne 激光器（633nm，3mW）为记录和读出光源 ，用空间光调制器作为数据输入元件，CCD作为数据读出器件，采用傅里叶变换全息记录的 方法，在 BR_D96N 薄膜样品60μm×42μm的面积上进行了正交圆偏振全息数据存储，达到 了2×10⁸bit/cm²的存储面密度，并实现了编码数据的无误读出与 还原. 关键词： 菌紫质 偏振全息 光致变色 光致各向异性 高密度光存储