校正集样品特性对鼠药中毒鼠强近红外光谱分析的影响

根据市售鼠药样品成分各异且相对复杂,建立6种不同成分体系和9个不同样本容量的校正集,运用小波变换压缩鼠药的近红外透射光谱数据,结合BP反向神经网络算法对压缩的数据进行建模,考察校正集样品特性对模型预测能力的影响。试验结果表明:采用BP神经网络算法建立定量模型时,只要校正集样品中包含了与预测样品性质相似的样本,就能准确地对复杂样品进行近红外定量分析。当校正集容量分别为72和84时,模型预测结果趋于平稳。当校正集数量为96时,模型的最大相关系数为0.959 8,预测最小标准差和平均相对误差分别为1.893%和1.92%。     

双模型结合进一步降低预测均方根误差和均方根相对误差的方法

前期研究工作提出了以预测均方根相对误差最小为回归目标的方法(Minimization of prediction relative error,MPRE),它能使得预测结果的均方根相对误差更小.偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares,PLS)是以预测均方根误差为回归目标,能使得预测结果的均方根误差更小.基于多模型结合的思想,提出将MPRE与PLS相结合的双模型结合多元校正方法.本方法步骤为:(1)分别采用MPRE与PLS法对校正集建模;(2)计算阈值;(3)分别采用已建立好的MPRE与PLS模型进行预测;(4)将预测结果与阈值进行比较,得到预测结果.通过对酒精的近红外光谱与汽油紫外光谱进行定量分析结果表明,本方法可进一步减小预测均方根误差与相对误差.     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的油页岩含油率近红外光谱分析

为了提高油页岩含油率近红外光谱分析建模的预测精度和稳定性,开展了基于最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)建模方法的对比研究.采用主成分-马氏距离(PCA-MD)和基于蒙特卡洛采样(MCS)2种方法进行了奇异样本的检测,采用径向基核函数的LS-SVM、偏最小二乘(PLS)和反向传播神经网络(BPANN)3种方法进行建模方法对比.结果表明,对于64个油页岩岩芯样本,与PCA-MD方法相比,采用MCS方法剔除奇异样本后所建PLS模型的预测精度提高了28%.对于MCS方法剔除奇异样本后的58个样品,采用KennardStone法划分了44个样品的校正集和14个样品的预测集,采用2阶导数和标准化预处理方法,建立了100个LS-SVM的校正模型,模型的预测决定系数R2平均值达到0.90以上,高于PLS和BPANN模型的对应值;且R2的变化量(0.02)小于BPANN模型的对应值(0.32).因此,MCS奇异样本检测结合LS-SVM方法可提高油页岩含油率样本建模的精度和稳定性.     

偏最小二乘回归用于近红外光谱分析的稳健策略

偏最小二乘法（PLS）在近红外光谱（NIR）定量分析中占有重要地位,但预测结果往往容易受到样本分组和奇异样本等因素的影响,稳健性不强。多模型PLS (EPLS）方法在模型稳健性上得到提高,然而它无法识别样本中存在的奇异样本。为了同时提高模型的预测准确性和稳健性,本文提出了一种根据取样概率重新取样的多模型PLS方法,称为稳健共识PLS（RE-PLS）方法。该方法通过迭代赋权偏最小二乘法(IRPLS)计算样本回归残差得到每个校正集样本的取样概率,然后根据样本的取样概率来选择训练子集建立多个PLS模型,最后将所有PLS模型的预测结果平均作为最终预测结果。该方法用于两种不同植物样品的近红外光谱建模,并与传统的PLS及EPLS方法进行比较。结果表明该方法可以有效的避免校正集中奇异样本对模型的影响,同时可以提高预测精确度和稳健性。对于含有较多奇异样本的,复杂近红外光谱烟草实际样本,利用简单PLS或者EPLS方法建模预测效果不是很理想,而RE-PLS凭借其独特优势则有望在这种复杂光谱定量分析中得到广泛的应用。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合CARS变量选择方法定量检测倍硫磷含量

利用双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对溶液中的倍硫磷含量进行定量检测。采用二通道高精度光谱仪采集不同浓度倍硫磷样品在206.28~481.77 nm波段的LIBS光谱,并对光谱进行多元散射校正(MSC)、标准正态变量变换(SNV)及3点平滑预处理,根据偏最小二乘(PLS)建模确定最优的预处理方法。在此基础上,利用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)筛选与倍硫磷相关的重要变量,然后应用PLS回归建立溶液中倍硫磷含量的定量分析模型,并与单变量定量分析模型及未变量选择的PLS定量分析模型进行比较。结果表明,相比单变量定量分析模型及原始光谱PLS定量分析模型,CARS-PLS定量分析模型的性能更优,其模型的校正集和预测集的决定系数及平均相对误差分别为0.969 4、15.537%和0.995 9、5.016%。此外,与原始光谱PLS模型相比,CARS-PLS模型仅使用其中1.9%的波长变量,但预测集平均误差却由9.829%下降为5.016%。由此可见,LIBS技术检测溶液中的倍硫磷含量具有一定的可行性,且CARS方法能简化定量分析模型,提高模型的预测精度。     

支持向量机回归法在近红外光谱测定植物纤维原料中甲氧基含量中的应用

以26个植物纤维原料为实验材料,由20个样品作校正样品,采用径向基核函数方法对纤维原料中甲氧基含量与纤维原料样品近红外光谱进行支持向量机(SVM)回归建模.以所建SVM回归模型对6个纤维原料样品中甲氧基含量进行预测,回归模型的预测结果与采用改良的维伯克法确定的甲氧基含量的相关系数为0.977,预测样本集的标准偏差为0.43.将SVM回归模型的预测效果与PLS回归模型的预测结果进行比较,所建近红外光谱测定植物纤维原料中甲氧基含量的SVM回归模型可用于实际植物纤维原料样品的定量分析,且具有较好的分析效果.     

汽油辛烷值的介电谱技术测定

利用介电谱仪采集汽油样品介电谱数据,基于已知辛烷值(研究法和马达法测定)的校正集样品,采用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)建立校正模型,然后利用所建模型定量预测验证集汽油样品辛烷值(研究法和马达法测定).所建定量模型对验证集样品预测结果的绝对误差:研究法辛烷值不超过0.7个单位,马达法辛烷值不超过0.5个单位.并对介电谱技术的相关关键技术问题进行了讨论分析.研究结果表明:介电谱技术作为一种新的汽油辛烷值快速测定方法可行并具有较好的应用前景.     

紫外光谱法对维生素E油酸酯、维生素E与油酸的同时测定

建立了混合体系中维生素E、油酸和维生素E油酸酯同时测定的方法,用光纤光谱仪获取混合体系紫外-可见透射光谱.实验按均匀设计建立校正集和预测集,在255 ～315 nm波段采用偏最小二乘法建立了同时定量测定该3组分的校正模型,并用间隔区间偏最小二乘法(iPLS)通过优选建模区间改进油酸的预测模型.采用iPLS能够显著提高模型准确度,尤其对光谱弱响应的物质,最大相对误差从PLS直接建模的54.7%降至iPLS的8.98%,建立的模型可满足动力学研究的原位分析需要.     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合PLS算法检测脐橙皮中Pb元素

采用LIBS技术与火焰原子吸收法(AAS),获取23个浓度梯度的含Pb元素脐橙样品的LIBS光谱及Pb元素真实浓度信息,再对LIBS谱线信息进行数据预处理,建立PLS定量分析模型。当采用9点平滑结合SNV作为预处理方法时,PLS模型最佳,其校正集相关系数(R_t)、交叉验证均方根误(RMSECV)、预测集相关系数(R_p)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.9633,1.56,0.9542和2.58,脐橙中Pb元素预测结果的平均相对误差为6.9%。与小组前期对脐橙中Pb元素单变量和多元定标法相比,LIBS结合PLS建模时提高对脐橙微量重金属检测的准确性。     

基于可扩展的自表示学习波段选择算法在近红外光谱回归建模中的影响研究

该文提出了一种基于可扩展的自表示学习（SOP－SRL）波段选择与偏最小二乘（PLS）建模的定量模型分析方法,以安胎丸指标含量阿魏酸、黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷为研究对象,通过SOP－SRL选取代表性波段,采用PLS建立近红外光谱回归模型,并与相关系数法（CC）、正则化自表示学习算法（RSR）和稀疏子空间聚类法（SSC）3种波段选择算法的建模结果进行对比,以校正决定系数（R2c）、校正均方根误差（RMSECV）、预测决定系数（R2p）和预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为评价标准,对回归模型的预测性能进行评估。结果显示,SOP－SRL在3种数据集上均取得了较好的结果,建模波段从全波长的800分别减少到70、67、87;RMSEP分别从0.080 1、6.349 5、0.742 5下降到0.065 3、3.620 8、0.407 3,分别下降了18%、43%、45%;相应的R2p分别从0.911 9、0.879 4、0.915 8提高到0.938 8、0.952 6、0.970 1,分别提高了3%、8%、6%。结果表明,经SOP－SRL波长选择后模型的预测能力相比于其他几种算法得到显著提升,基于SOP－SRL的PLS模型可以实现安胎丸指标含量的快速检测。     

An ensemble method based on a self-organizing map for near-infrared spectral calibration of complex beverage samples

Based on a so-called ensemble strategy, an algorithm is proposed for near-infrared (NIR) spectral calibration of complex beverage samples. This algorithm is a combination of a novel training set/test set sample-selection procedure based on a Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM) with a simple procedure to calculate an average partial least-squares (PLS) calibration model, which is therefore named SOMEPLS. In order to verify the proposed SOMEPLS, two NIR beverage datasets involving the determination of sugar content are considered, and three kinds of reference algorithm, i.e., conventional PLS (CPLS), the Kennard-Stone (KS) algorithm in combination with PLS (KSPLS), and sample set partitioning based on the joint x-y distance (SPXY) algorithm in combination with PLS (SPXYPLS), are used. Of these, both KS and SPXY are well-known representative sample-selection algorithms. By comparison, it was found that when there is a training set of appropriate size, SOMEPLS can achieve better prediction accuracy than the three reference algorithms, but without increasing the complexity of the corresponding calibration model for the future application, indicating that SOMEPLS can serve as a promising tool for NIR spectral calibration.     

废旧涤/棉混纺织物近红外定量分析模型的建立及预测

将中红外光谱筛选出的598个纯涤、纯棉及涤/棉混纺样本采用GB/T 2910.11-2009法测定其涤、棉准确含量,其中校正集样本252个,验证集样本346个。使用便携式近红外光谱仪获取样本的原始近红外光谱(NIRS)。校正集样本依据回归系数的分布趋势和范围选取最佳建模谱区,并采用差分一阶导、S-G平滑和均值中心化相结合的方法对原始光谱进行预处理,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立涤/棉混纺织物中涤含量的近红外(NIR)定量分析模型。同时分析了样本颜色对NIRS的影响,探讨了斜线光谱样本、奇异样本和不同组织结构织物对模型预测效果的影响。结果表明:利用PLS法建立的涤/棉混纺织物定量分析模型最优组合包含1个光谱区间和9个主成分因子,校正集相关系数(RC)为0.998,标准偏差(SEC)为0.908。为验证所建模型的有效性和实用性,对346个未参与建模的涤棉样本进行了预测,并将预测结果与国标法测定值进行方差分析,两种方法结果无显著差异,预测正确率达97%以上。模型的建立为废旧涤/棉混纺织物快速、无损分拣提供了基础数据库。     

Partial least square analysis of lysozyme near-infrared spectra

Proteins possess strong absorption features in the combination range (5000-4000 cm⁻¹) of the near infrared (NIR) spectrum. These features can be used for quantitative analysis. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to analyze NIR spectra of lysozyme with the leave-one-out, full cross-validation method. A strategy for spectral range optimization with cross-validation PLS calibration was presented. A five-factor PLS model based on the spectral range between 4720 and 4540 cm⁻¹ provided the best calibration model for lysozyme in aqueous solutions. For 47 samples ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/mL, the root mean square error of prediction was 0.076 mg/mL. This result was compared with values reported in the literature for protein measurements by NIR absorption spectroscopy in human serum and animal cell culture supernatants.     

Partial least squares-near infrared determination of pesticides in commercial formulations

A solvent free, fast and environmentally friendly near infrared-based methodology (NIR) was developed for pesticide determination in commercially available formulations. This methodology was based on the direct measurement of the diffuse reflectance spectra of solid samples and a multivariate calibration model (partial least squares, PLS) to determine the active principle concentration in commercial formulations. The PLS calibration set was built on using the spiked samples by mixing different amounts of pesticide standards and powdered samples. Buprofezin, Diuron and Daminozide were used as test analytes. Concentration of Buprofezin in the samples was calculated employing a 4-factors PLS calibration using the spectral information in the range between 2231–2430 and 1657–1784 nm. For Diuron determination a 1-factor PLS calibration model using the spectral range 1110–2497 nm, after a linear removed correction. Daminozide determination was carried out employing a 4-factors PLS model using the spectral information in the ranges 1644–1772 and 2014–2607 nm without baseline correction. The root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) found were 1.1, 1.7 and 0.7% (w/w) for Buprofezin, Diuron and Daminozide determination, respectively. The developed PLS-NIR procedure allows the determination of 120 samples/h, does not require any sample pre-treatment and avoids waste generation.     

应用光谱技术无损检测油菜叶片中乙酰乳酸合成酶

应用可见/近红外光谱技术实现了油菜叶片中乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)的快速无损检测.对99个油菜样本进行光谱扫描,经过平滑、变量标准化、一阶求导等预处理后,应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了ALS的预测模型.同时提取有效特征变量,作为反向传输人工神经网络(BPNN)和最小二乘-支持向量机(LS-SVM)的输入值,并建立相应的模型.用66个样本建模,33个样本验证.结果表明,LS-SVM模型能够获得最优的预测结果,预测集样本的相关系数(r)、预测标准差(RMSEP)和偏差(Bias)分别为0.998、 0.715和0.079,获得了满意的预测精度.结果表明,应用可见/近红外光谱技术结合LS-SVM检测油菜中乙酰乳酸合成酶是可行的,并能获得满意的预测精度,为进一步应用光谱技术进行油菜生长状况的大田监测奠定了基础.     

An adaptive strategy for selecting representative calibration samples in the continuous wavelet domain for near-infrared spectral analysis

Sample selection is often used to improve the cost-effectiveness of near-infrared (NIR) spectral analysis. When raw NIR spectra are used, however, it is not easy to select appropriate samples, because of background interference and noise. In this paper, a novel adaptive strategy based on selection of representative NIR spectra in the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) domain is described. After pretreatment with the CWT, an extension of the Kennard–Stone (EKS) algorithm was used to adaptively select the most representative NIR spectra, which were then submitted to expensive chemical measurement and multivariate calibration. With the samples selected, a PLS model was finally built for prediction. It is of great interest to find that selection of representative samples in the CWT domain, rather than raw spectra, not only effectively eliminates background interference and noise but also further reduces the number of samples required for a good calibration, resulting in a high-quality regression model that is similar to the model obtained by use of all the samples. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively enhance the cost-effectiveness of NIR spectral analysis. The strategy proposed here can also be applied to different analytical data for multivariate calibration.     

LapRLSR for NIR spectral modeling and its application to online monitoring of the column separation of Salvianolate

A novel near infrared (NIR) modeling method—Laplacian regularized least squares regression (LapRLSR) was presented, which can take the advantage of many unlabeled spectra to promote the prediction performance of the model even if there are only few calibration samples. Using LapRLSR modeling, NIR spectral analysis was applied to the online monitoring of the concentration of salvia acid B in the column separation of Salvianolate. The results demonstrated that LapRLSR outperformed partial least squares (PLS) significantly, and NIR online analysis was applicable.     

Construction of global and robust near-infrared calibration models based on hybrid calibration sets using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) models built on a particular instrument are often invalid on other instruments due to spectral inconsistencies between the instruments. In the present work, global and robust NIR calibration models were constructed by partial least square (PLS) regression based on hybrid calibration sets, which are composed of both primary and secondary spectra. Three datasets were used as case studies. The first consisted of 72 radix scutellaria samples measured on two NIR spectrometers with known baicalin content. The second was composed of 80 corn samples measured on two instruments with known moisture, oil, and protein concentrations. The third dataset included 279 primary samples of tobacco with known nicotine content and 78 secondary samples of tobacco with known nicotine concentrations. The effect of the number of secondary spectra in the hybrid calibration sets and the methods for selecting secondary spectra on the PLS model performance were investigated by comparing the results obtained from different calibration sets. This study shows that the global and robust calibration models accurately predicted both primary and secondary samples as long as the ratios of the number of primary spectra to the number of secondary spectra were less than 22. The models performance was not influenced by the selection method of the secondary spectra. The hybrid calibration sets included the primary spectral information and also the secondary spectra; information, rendering the constructed global and robust models applicable to both primary and secondary instruments.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of oxytetracycline by near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, in combination with chemometrics, enable the analysis of raw materials without time-consuming sample preparation methods. The aim of our work was to estimate critical parameters in the analytical specification of oxytetracycline, and consequently the development of a method for quantification and qualification of these parameters by NIR spectroscopy. A Karl Fischer (K.F.) titration to determine the water content, a colorimetric assay method, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to identify the oxytetracycline base, were used as reference methods, respectively. Multivariate calibration was performed on NIR spectral data using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares (PLS 1) and principal component regression (PCR) chemometric methods. Multivariate calibration models for NIR spectroscopy have been developed. Using PCA and the Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) approach, we established the cluster model for the determination of sample identity. PLS 1 and PCR regression methods were applied to develop the calibration models for the determination of water content and the assay of the oxytetracycline base. Comparing the PLS and PCR regression methods we found out that the PLS is better established by NIR, especially as the spectroscopic data (NIR spectra) are highly collinear and there are many wavelengths due to non-selective wavelengths. The calibration models for NIR spectroscopy are convenient alternatives to the colorimetric method and to the K.F. method, as well as to FT-IR spectroscopy, in the routine control of incoming material.