Ultrafiltration of non-newtonian fluids

The current study reports on a series of ultrafiltration experiments using newtonian and non-newtonian fluids (pectine, xanthan and polyacrylamide solutions). For non-newtonian pseudoplastic fluids, the shape of the plot of flux versus log(bulk concentration) is different to the linear decline in flux which would occur throughout. Moreover, we observed that the axial velocity exponent decreases with increasing bulk concentration. An empirical equation for the laminar mass transfer coefficient of a pseudoplastic fluid has been proposed which includes a Sieder and Tate type correction factor. The equation is a tool for understanding the decrease in axial velocity exponent with increasing bulk concentration. However, a comprehensive numerical model is necessary to get better agreement between observed and predicted axial velocity exponent and permeate flux.     

新型抑菌聚砜超滤膜的制备及性能

将辣素功能结构单体N-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲基)丙烯酰胺(HMBA)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)通过自由基引发合成出抑菌型共聚物P(H-co-M), 通过红外吸收光谱和热重分析证实了共聚物的结构. 采用共混法将共聚物引入聚砜(PSF)铸膜液中, 通过浸没沉淀相转化法制备了新型抑菌超滤膜. 考察了P(H-co-M)含量对超滤膜分离性能及抑菌性能的影响. 结果表明, 当P(H-co-M)质量分数为0.5%时, 超滤膜分离性能最佳, 对5 mg/L腐殖酸溶液的稳定水通量为122.2 L/(m2·h), 截留率为84.4%, 与未添加P(H-co-M)的超滤膜相比, 分别提高了19.2%和9.2%. 改性超滤膜具有较强的抑菌性能, 当P(H-co-M)含量为1.0%时, 抑菌率最大(约80.7%).     

Ultrafiltration of stable oil-in-water emulsion by polysulfone membrane

This paper focuses on treatment of oily wastewater coming out from the post-treatment unit of petroleum industries where finely divided oil droplets are uniformly dispersed in large volumes of water. Polysulfone (PSf) membranes which had been modified for higher porosity and hydrophilicity through the use of additives such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used for removal of oil from the oily wastewater. The performances of different PSf membranes were evaluated by treating with pure water as well as with laboratory made oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Experiments were carried out with 12 such membranes in a semi-batch filtration cell made of Teflon and the influence of operating conditions such as transmembrane pressure and feed properties such as initial oil concentration and pH of feed solution on membrane performance were investigated. Results show that all the parameters play a key role in permeate flux as well as percent oil separation. Also change in morphological properties of membranes due to addition of different molecular weight PVP and PEG are found to have a significant influence on the permeate flow rate and hence subsequent oil removal. The experimental results showed that oil retentions of almost all the membranes were over 90% and oil concentration in the permeate was below 10 mg/L, which met the requirement for discharge. It was concluded that the ultrafiltration (UF) membranes developed in the study were reasonably resistant to fouling and hence the developed PSf membranes may be considered feasible in treating oily wastewater.     

聚砜酰胺超滤膜的制备和性能

本文研究了聚砜酰胺超滤膜制备的工艺条件和膜分离性能之间的关系。求得膜的分离性能随预压时间、蒸发时间、沉淀浴温度和溶剂种类而变化的规律。     

Ultrafiltration and determination of Zn- and Cu-humic substances complexes stability constants

This study exhibits that size fractionation of humic substances (HS) and their metal complexes by ultrafiltration is an efficient procedure for simultaneous determination of stability constants. Using sequential-stage ultrafiltration and a radiotracer technique the HS–Cu and HS–Zn complexes studied can gently be size-fractionated and their free metal fractions simply be discriminated. The conditional stability constants Ki obtained for size fractions of these HS metal complexes exhibit a clear molecular size dependence. Accordingly, the highest Ki values (6.6 for Zn and 6.4 for Cu) are found in the HS fractions of >105 kDa. Moreover, the overall stability constants K found for Cu (log K=5.5) and Zn complexes (log K=4.5) of the aquatic HS complexes studied are quite comparable to those reported in the literature.     

Ordered and Fast Ion Transport of Quasi-solid-state Electrolyte with Regulated Coordination Strength for Lithium Metal Batteries

Polymer based quasi-solid-state electrolyte (QSE) has attracted great attention due to its assurance for high safety of rechargeable batteries including lithium metal batteries (LMB). However, it faces the issue of low ionic conductivity of electrolyte and solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) layer between QSE and lithium anode. Herein, we firstly demonstrate that the ordered and fast transport of lithium ion (Li⁺) can be realized in QSE. Due to the higher coordination strength of Li⁺ on tertiary amine (−NR₃) group of polymer network than that on carbonyl (−C=O) group of ester solvent, Li⁺ can diffuse orderly and quickly on −NR₃ of polymer, significantly increasing the ionic conductivity of QSE to 3.69 mS cm⁻¹. Moreover, −NR₃ of polymer can induce in situ and uniform generation of Li₃N and LiN_xO_y in SEI. As a result, the Li||NCM811 batteries (50 μm Li foil) with this QSE show an excellent stability of 220 cycles at ≈1.5 mA cm⁻², 5 times to those with conventional QSE. LMBs with LiFePO₄ can stably run for ≈8300 h. This work demonstrates an attractive concept for improving ionic conductivity of QSE, and also provides an important step for developing advanced LMB with high cycle stability and safety.     

抗污染PVA/PVDF电纺纳米纤维复合超滤膜的制备及过滤性能

以聚对苯二甲酸二醇酯(PET)无纺布为基底,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)纳米纤维为支撑层,聚乙烯醇(PVA)纳米纤维膜为分离层,采用静电纺丝法制备超滤膜,并用水/丙酮混合溶液对复合纳米纤维膜表面进行溶液处理,再加入戊二醛交联改性得到致密分离层.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)表征了复合超滤膜的表面,用水接触角(WCA)表征复合超滤膜的亲水性.在0.02 MPa恒压下死端过滤油/水乳液,测试复合超滤膜的过滤性能.结果表明,最优条件下制备的复合超滤膜死端过滤油/水乳液的通量为(42.50±4.78)L/(m~2·h),截留率达到(95.72±0.33)%;循环使用5次后,依然具有较好的过滤性能,常压下死端过滤复合超滤膜的纯水通量为(3469±28)L/(m~2·h).     

新型抑菌Cu2+固载超滤膜的制备及性能表征

将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)通过静电作用自组装于聚丙烯腈(PAN)多孔基膜表面,形成高分子聚电解质层;进一步通过浸泡法和动态电沉积法,将Cu2+固载于高分子聚电解质层上,制备出新型Cu2+固载超滤膜.研究结果表明,Cu2+固载超滤膜的PEI层和Cu2+均具有较高稳定性;该分离膜对腐植酸的截留率高达99.0%,且具有优良的抑菌性能,抑菌率高达85.7%.此外,相对于静态浸泡法,动态电沉积法是一种更有效的Cu2+固载手段,不仅大幅缩短了固载时间,还显著提高了Cu2+固载率.     

应用型人才为导向的高分子专业中级实验课程设计与探索

为培养应用型高分子人才,本文对高分子专业中级实验课程的设计和选择理念进行探索,通过优化教学课程体系、教学内容,丰富实验教学的内容和模式,建立精品资源共享的高分子实验教学综合平台等多方面进行探索,取得了良好的教学效果。     

Ultrafiltration of triglyceride from biodiesel using the phase diagram of oil–FAME–MeOH

To continuously obtain biodiesel of high purity, a membrane separator integrated with liquid–liquid extraction for the oil–FAME–MeOH system is studied. The liquid–liquid phase equilibrium data for the oil–FAME–MeOH are determined experimentally and compared with the general prediction of the modified UNIFAC. The tie line test demonstrates that composition of the methanol-rich phase is free of TG at 20 °C. Using the continuous cross-flow ultrafiltration, the oil-rich phase can be rejected by the ceramic membranes while the methanol-rich phase permeates through the membranes. When the feed bulk composition is controlled within the two-phase zone, such as the oil:FAME:MeOH of 20:30:50 wt.%, the permeate is found to be free of oil while the obtained permeate flux is higher than 300 kg/m² h under the transmembrane pressure of 600 mmHg and the inlet flow rate of 300 ml/min at 20 °C. By contrast, it shows almost no separation when the inlet concentration of oil–FAME–MeOH locates on its boundary line or within the single-phase zone. The quantitative filtration tests show that the compositions in the two liquid phases and the operating parameters are also considered simultaneously to screen the origin oil and get the FAME product of high purity.     

Dielectric Analysis of Dynamic Fouling Behavior on Surface of Polyethersulfone Composite Ultrafiltration Membrane

A dielectric analysis model for the fouling layer on the polyethersulfone composite ultrafil-tration (UF) membrane and solution system, which consists of the solution, concentration polarization layer (CPL), and cake layer, was established by virtue of the interfacial polar-ization and the electrostatic field theory. The effect of some important parameters, such as the depth, conductivity of CPL, and cake layer, on the dielectric spectroscopy (or dielectric relaxation properties) of the UF system was discussed by the parameter sensitivity analy-sis and the dielectric measurement. The simulations indicate that the CPL can be created rapidly and the cake layer formation is the dynamic balance process of growth and erosion in the process of UF. The key factor affecting on the dielectric spectrum of UF system is the electrical properties of the CPL and the cake layer. In comparison to the results of dielectric measurement, the simulations indicate that the model proposed in this work is valid and reliable to some degree for describing and explaining the dielectric relaxation phenomenon in UF system. It is very important to further understand the fouling behavior of membrane surface and optimize the controlling techniques of membrane fouling in the process of UF.     

高性能MWCNTs-OH修饰聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜的制备

以羟基多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-OH)作为添加剂,采用非溶剂致相转化法制备MWCNTs-OH修饰聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜.先将MWCNTs-OH加入溶剂N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)中超声处理以加强其分散性,力求制得均一铸膜液.通过水通量、截留率、红外光谱,XRD及力学性能测试表征膜性能,并用SEM观察其形貌.重点考察MWCNTs-OH对中空纤维膜通量、截留和力学性能的影响.结果表明,当MWCNTs-OH质量分数从0增加到0.09 wt%时,修饰膜的水通量由376.40 L/m2h增加到510.90 L/m2h,而对BSA截留率保持稳定(95%以上);膜的拉伸强度由1.68 MPa提高到2.42 MPa,断裂伸长率由44.18%提高到76.93%.SEM和TEM研究表明,MWCNTs-OH添加量较少时,在膜中可均匀分散,添加量大时则容易团聚.XRD和IR图谱分析表明MWCNTs-OH参与聚合物结晶过程而未改变聚合物晶型.     

Speciation Analysis of Serum Copper by Ultrafiltration Combined with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Ultrafiltration combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was used to study protein binding and speciation of copper in human serum. Ultrafiltration was carried out using a cell unit with ultrafiltration membranes having a nominal cut‐off of 10,000 Dalton. The effects of various experimental factors including the kind and concentration of electrolyte, sample storage, pH. pressure and the preconditioning of the membranes on the speciation analysis of serum copper by ultrafiltration were examined. It was observed that 4.5 ± 2.3% of the total copper in serum was ultrafiltrable and this value did not seem to be influenced by the total serum elemental concentration, the pH (6.5–10) and the pressure (≤ 1.5 kg/cm²). The preconditioning of the ultrafiltration system with 0.1 mol/L calcium nitrate can overcome the adsorption loss of copper effectively, and the addition of tris‐HCl solution (pH 7.4) to serum accelerates the ultrafiltration. The present method was proved to be suitable for speciation analysis for its simplicity, rapidity, small sample requirement and easy control. The results obtained with the method are accurate and reliable.     

Analysis of concentration polarization phenomenon in ultrafiltration under turbulent flow conditions

An ultrafiltration data set previously reported by Gekas and Olund is used to test three concentration polarization models. The data consist of testing eight ultrafiltration membranes representing different polymer materials and molecular weight cut-offs with 0.5 wt% Dextran T10 at 25°C and 0.5 MPa under turbulent flow conditions. The tested concentration polarization models include the modified film theory model, the original film theory model and the Sherwood correlation model. The Chilton-Colburn analogy is the common foundation of the these models.     

改性超滤膜技术在水处理中的应用研究进展

膜技术由于其兼具较好的处理效果和较小的环境影响的特点,在水处理领域的应用前景广阔,其中超滤膜因其抗污染能力强、使用寿命长的特点广泛应用于水处理中。本文针对不同的应用场景总结梳理了聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜、TiO₂管式复合超滤膜、聚醚砜超滤膜这三种常见的超滤膜材料的改性方法和改性膜特点,讨论了这些改性膜材料在水处理过程中的应用现状和亟需解决的问题,以期为膜处理技术中的发展和应用提供科学支撑和理论依据。     

紫外接枝聚合聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸甲酯制备抗污染聚砜超滤膜

以二苯甲酮(BP)为紫外引发剂,将聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PEGMA)接枝在聚砜超滤膜表面以提高膜的抗污染性能.在二苯甲酮存在的条件下,波长较长(λ300nm)的紫外光(UV)辐射下发生提氢反应,可以有效防止聚砜分子主链的剪切,保持改性膜的分离性能.考察了PEGMA浓度、UV辐射时间和BP浓度对改性超滤膜接枝度、亲水性和抗污染性能的影响.用表面全反射红外光谱(ATR/FTIR)表征改性前后膜表面化学组成的变化.表面改性膜的纯水通量略有降低而牛血清白蛋白(BSA)截留率有所提高.随着接枝度的提高,PEGMA接枝改性膜的抗污染性能增加.     

聚合物水凝胶基超级电容器的研究进展

可伸展性和可压缩性是超级电容器作为现代柔性可穿戴电子设备的关键性能。聚合物水凝胶因其优异的力学性能、独特的网络状结构等优点,成为新一代高性能超级电容器的理想材料。它不仅可作为高效储能的柔性电极材料,而且可作为准固态电解质材料,在克服传统液体电解质系列缺陷的同时,获得更加轻薄、安全、稳定的柔性全固态储能器件。本文以聚合物水凝胶的化学组成为线索,分别介绍了聚合物水凝胶在超级电容器电极和电解质两方面的应用研究进展,并进一步对聚合物水凝胶在该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Reactive Polymer as Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interface for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries

Lithium (Li) metal anodes have the highest theoretical capacity and lowest electrochemical potential making them ideal for Li metal batteries (LMBs). However, Li dendrite formation on the anode impedes the proper discharge capacity and practical cycle life of LMBs, particularly in carbonate electrolytes. Herein, we developed a reactive alternative polymer named P(St-MaI) containing carboxylic acid and cyclic ether moieties which would in situ form artificial polymeric solid electrolyte interface (SEI) with Li. This SEI can accommodate volume changes and maintain good interfacial contact. The presence of carboxylic acid and cyclic ether pendant groups greatly contribute to the induction of uniform Li ion deposition. In addition, the presence of benzyl rings makes the polymer have a certain mechanical strength and plays a key role in inhibiting the growth of Li dendrites. As a result, the symmetric Li||Li cell with P(St-MaI)@Li layer can stably cycle for over 900 h under 1 mA cm⁻² without polarization voltage increasing, while their Li||LiFePO₄ full batteries maintain high capacity retention of 96 % after 930 cycles at 1C in carbonate electrolytes. The innovative strategy of artificial SEI is broadly applicable in designing new materials to inhibit Li dendrite growth on Li metal anodes.     

基于PLA制备的高分子化学理论与实践的有机结合

高分子化学课程以基本概念、聚合原理和基本聚合方法为主,按照聚合机理分为逐步聚合、自由基聚合、自由基共聚合、离子聚合和配位聚合.为避免课程理论教学过于空洞和抽象,作者以科研中乳酸为原料制备聚乳酸的合成过程为例,结合课程教学中聚合反应的基本原理,探讨了线性缩聚反应、阳离子开环聚合反应、阴离子开环聚合反应、配位聚合反应等反应机理,将理论教学与科研工作、生产实际相结合,使教与学达到双赢.