Carbon-13 n.m.r. spectra of saturated heterocycles. Part VII—Thianium Salts

The ¹³C n.m.r. spectra of 53 thianium, S-methylthianium, S-alkylthianium and S-methyl-1-thiadecalinium salts, most of them substituted with methyl groups in the ring, have been recorded. The chemical shifts of the ring carbons in these thianium and S-methylthianium salts and the S-methyls in the S-methylthianium salts have been analyzed in terms of additive parameters of the methyl substituents which are compared to those previously determined for the parent thianes. Comparison is also made with other charged species.     

Structural studies by 1H and 13C dynamic n.m.r.: Part III alternative protonation sites in carbonyl conjugated enamines of the type R1?C(O)?CH?CH?NR2R3

¹³C magnetic resonance spectra of several enamino ketones with secondary and tertiary amino groups were obtained for trifluoroacetic acid solutions. In both series O-protonation is predominant and the chemical shifts are related to the electron density changes with respect to the parent base. The spectra of the tertiary compounds are interpreted in terms of slow rotation around the C–1? C–2 and C–3? N bonds discernible at room temperature. O-protonated forms of the secondary enamino ketones undergo further reaction on C–2 yielding pyridinium salts. The mechanism of formation of the quaternary salts is interpreted and the additivity parameters of the ¹³C n.m.r. chemical shifts in the pyridinium ions is briefly discussed.     

Proton-coupled 13C NMR and {14N}—1H-INDOR of highly-substituted 6-membered heterocycles. I—trisubstituted pyridones and isomeric aminopyrones; tetrasubstituted pyridines

The structural elucidation by NMR spectroscopy of trisubstituted α-pyridones and the isomeric 2-amino-γ-pyrones as well as their internal and external pyrylium salts is described. The most useful parameter for the differentiation between α-pyridones and isomeric γ-pyrones is the geminal coupling constant ²J(C-6, H-5) which changes from ～2.5 Hz to ～7 Hz whenever the cyclic amide group is replaced by an oxa-function; this applies to both the γ-pyrones and their pyrylium salts. The value of J(C-6, H-5) in the pyridones resembles that of the analogous coupling in N-vinylacetamide, whose sign determination by the selective population inversion (SPI) technique is reported. The ¹³C chemical shifts of seven pyridones, pyrones and pyrylium salts are reported and their structural correlations are discussed. Quick structural assignments in these classes of compounds may also be performed by evaluating the ¹⁴N chemical shifts, which often are accessible by the {¹⁴N}—¹H-INDOR technique. The proton coupled ¹³C NMR spectra of two tetrasubstituted pyridines are also reported, and empirical correlations between long range C? H coupling constants and substituent electronegativity are discussed.     

1-azabicyclic compounds. 22. Stereochemistry and13C NMR spectra of salts of pyrrolizidine and its homologs with protonic acids

¹³C NMR spectra were obtained for pyrrolizidinium salts and their homologs and their signals were assigned. With the exception of highly strained cis-3,8-H-cis-5,8-H-3,5-dimethylpyrrolizidine (VI), all the bases studied upon their direct mixing with CF₃CO₂H form salts only with cis-fused rings in the cation. Mixtures of salts with cis- and trans-fused pyrrolizidinium fragments are formed upon the reaction of cis-3,8-H-methy1- (III) and cis-3,8-H-cis-5,8-H-3,5-dimethylpyrrolizidine (VI) under conditions close to those for kinetically-controlled amine protonation. The¹³C NHR spectra of the isomeric pyrrolizidinium salts obtained as a result of the absorption of base VI by sulfuric acid were used to evaluate the conformational equilibrium in the starting compound VI. The¹³C NMR chemical shifts of unsubstituted trans-fused pyrrolizidinium salts were predicted.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1638–1647, December, 1985     

13C and 1H NMR spectral studies of N-alkylmethylquinolinium salts

¹³C and ¹H chemical shifts of fourteen N-alkylmethylquinolinium salts in DMSO-d₆ are reported, and compared with those of the eleven corresponding methylquinoline bases. The influence of ring substitution by methyl groups in the salts and substitution at the nitrogen atom and the effect of the anion are discussed.     

Tetraanionic Nitrogen‐Rich Tetrazole‐Based Energetic Salts

1,1,3,3‐Tetra(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)propane‐based energetic salts were synthesized in a simple and straightforward manner. The structures of these new salts were determined by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, MS, and elemental analysis. All of these compounds showed good thermal stabilities above 180 °C, as confirmed by thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) measurements. Moreover, these salts also exhibited high positive enthalpies of formation, high nitrogen content, good thermal stabilities, and moderate detonation properties.     

Synthesis, 1H, 13C-NMR and mass spectral study of aryloxyquinuclidinium salts

A series of 3 -aryl -3 -hydroxy-N -(4 ′-aryloxobutyl)quinuclidinium salts have been synthesized. The ¹H nmr, ¹³C nmr and mass spectra of these compounds are described and discussed.     

Highly Dense Nitranilates‐Containing Nitrogen‐Rich Cations

High density energetic salts containing nitrogen‐rich cations and the nitranilic anion were readily synthesized in high yield by metathesis reactions of sodium nitranilate 2 and an appropriate halide. All of the new compounds were fully characterized by elemental, spectral (IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR), and thermal (DSC) analyses. The structure of hydrazinium nitranilate ( 4 ) was also determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The high symmetry and oxygen content of the anion give these salts extensive hydrogen bonding capability which further results in the high densities, low water solubilities, and high thermal stabilities (T_d> 200 °C) of these compounds. Theoretical performance calculations were carried out by using Gaussian 03 and Cheetah 5.0. The calculated detonation pressures (P) for these new salts fall between 17.5 GPa ( 10 ) and 31.7 GPa ( 4 ), and the detonation velocities (νD) range between 7022 m s^?1 ( 13 ) and 8638 m s^?1 ( 4 ).     

Syntheses of Energetic cyclo‐Pentazolate Salts

Three energetic salts of cyclo‐N₅^? were synthesized via a metathesis reaction of barium pentazolate and sulfates which was driven by the precipitation of BaSO₄. All the energetic cyclo‐N₅^? salts were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, infrared (IR), ¹H and ¹³C multinuclear NMR spectroscopies, thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), and elemental analysis. The salts exhibit relatively good detonation performance with low sensitivities and good thermal stabilities. This new method opens the door to exploring more pentazolate anion‐containing high‐performance energetic materials.     

Thermal analysis study of imidazolinium and some benzimid azolium salts by TG

The imidazolinium and benzimidazolium bromide salts with pentafluor substituents on N atom were synthesized. The structures of imidazolinium and benzimidazolium bromide salts obtained were conformed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR, ¹⁹F NMR and elemental analysis. It was found that pyrolytic decomposition occurs with melting in salts. The imidazolinium and benzimidazolium bromide salts were studied by TG-DTG and DTA from ambient temperature to 1000°C in nitrogen atmosphere. The decomposition occurred mainly in one stage and the values of activation energy E, frequency factor A, reaction order n, enthalpy change ΔH ^#, entropy change ΔS ^# and Gibbs free energy ΔG ^#, of the thermal decomposition were calculated by means of Coats-Redfern (CR), MacCallum-Tanner (MC) and van Krevelen (vK) methods. The activation energy value obtained by CR and MC methods were in good agreement with each other while those obtained by vK were found to be 10–12 kJ mol⁻¹ larger.     

Use of concentration-dependent relaxation rates for carbon-13 chemical shift assignment of symmetric tetraalkylammonium salts in acetonitrile

The assignment of ¹³C chemical shifts of several symmetric tetraalkylammonium salts in acetonitrile is based on alkyl chain carbon spin–lattice relaxation rates (T₁^?1), and on concentration-dependent changes in these rates.     

Fully C/N‐Polynitro‐Functionalized 2,2′‐Biimidazole Derivatives as Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Rich Energetic Salts

Through the use of a fully C/N‐functionalized imidazole‐based anion, it was possible to prepare nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐rich energetic salts. When N,N‐dinitramino imidazole was paired with nitrogen‐rich bases, versatile ionic derivatives were prepared and fully characterized by IR, and ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Both experimental and theoretical evaluations show promising properties for these energetic compounds, such as high density, positive heats of formation, good oxygen balance, and acceptable stabilities. The energetic salts exhibit promising energetic performance comparable to the benchmark explosive RDX (1,3,5‐trinitrotriazacyclohexane).     

Synthesis,characterization, and solution properties of new heterocyclic tellurium compounds based on 5,6-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2-telluraindene

The synthesis and characterization of a new range of heterocyclic tellurium compounds based on 5,6-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2-telluraindene are reported. Conductivity measurements of most compounds in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) showed considerable ionic character in both solvents. ¹H and ¹³C NMR studies indicated that the telluronium salts are stable to reductive elimination and no reaction between solute and solvent was observed. Benzyl and allyl telluronium salts are exceptional. Infrared and mass spectral data are reported and discussed.     

Variable temperature multinuclear NMR. Investigation of dimethylformamide exchange on the octakis (N,N-dimethylformamide)-thulium(III) ion

The rate of DMF exchange on [Tm (DMF)₈]³⁺ has been determined by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR. linebroadening techniques. ¹H-NMR. yields the following solvent exchange parameters; ΔH* = 33.2 (±0.5) kJ mol^?1, ΔS* = 9.9 (±2.4) J K^?1 mol^?1and k (200 K) = 2.94 (±0.09)× 10⁴ s^?1, whilst results from ¹³C-NMR. are similar. No evidence, by ³⁵C1-NMR., was found of contact ion-pair formation when the perchlorate salts were used.     

Carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance spectra of 2,4-disubstituted 3,3-diphenyltetrahydrofurans derived from isomethadone and isomethadol

Proton and carbon-13 nmr spectra for cis- and trans-2-ethyl-3,3-diphenyl-4-methyltetrahydrofurans and 2-ethylidene-3,3-diphenyl-4-methyltetrahydrofuran, derived from the pyrolysis of the quaternary ammonium salts of the diastereomeric isomethadols and isomethadone, respectively, are reported. ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts and ¹H-¹H coupling constants have been assigned in each case. The isomeric teterahydrofurans have been analyzed in terms of a half-chair conformation, and an envelope conformation for the ethylidene derivative.     

1H and 13C NMR studies of 7-azaindole and related compounds

The ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts, proton-proton coupling constants, and one-bond carbon-hydrogen coupling constants have been obtained for 7-azaindole, 1-methyl-7-azaindole, their corresponding methyl iodide salts, and the related compound 7-methyl-7H-pyrrolo [2,3-b]pyridine. are different from those of either 7-azaindole or 1-methyl-7-azaindole.     

The small‐scale preparation and NMR characterization of isotopically enriched organotin compounds

Synthetic methods for the small‐scale laboratory preparation of isotopically enriched dibutyltin dichloride, dibutyltin di‐iodide, tributyltin chloride, tributyltin iodide, diphenyltin dichloride, triphenyltin chloride and triphenyltin iodide have been successfully established. Organotin iodides were prepared from redistribution reactions between tin(IV) iodide and the corresponding tetraorganotin, with the exception of dibutyltin di‐iodide, which was prepared directly from the reaction between tin metal and iodobutane. The development of novel procedures for the dealkylation/dearylation of tetraorganotins by acid hydrolysis produced superior yields of tributyltin chloride and diphenyltin dichloride in comparison with redistribution reactions. Organotin iodide redistribution reaction products were converted to their chloride analogues via the fluoride salts using an aqueous ethanolic solution of potassium fluoride. The insolubility of organotin fluoride salts was exploited to isolate and purify the isotopically enriched compounds, and to prevent losses during the purification procedure. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic study of ‘natural abundance’ and isotopically enriched organotin compounds gave proton (¹H) and carbon‐13 (¹³C) spectra for butyltins, Bu_4−nSnX_n, and phenyltins, Ph_4−nSnX_n (X = I, Cl), allowing the assignment of ­¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts, and ¹¹⁹Sn–¹³C and ¹¹⁷Sn–¹³C coupling constants. The ¹³C NMR spectroscopic analysis of ¹¹⁷Sn‐enriched organotin compounds has allowed the assignment of certain resonances and tin–carbon coupling constants which were previously unobservable. The spectral patterns show that Δ(¹H) and Δ(¹³C) values are sensitive to structural changes, and that ¹³C shielding decreases with an increase in the electronegativity of the substituent. The tin–carbon coupling constants are also sensitive to structural changes, and for alkyl and aryl compounds the couplings decrease in the order ¹J > ³J > ²J > ⁴J. The ¹³C chemical shift values and the magnitude of tin–carbon coupling constants are shown to be solvent‐dependent. The ¹³C spectra of the isotopically enriched compounds show that the degree of isotopic enrichment and the nature of the isotope used (magnetic or non‐magnetic) are reflected in the spectral pattern obtained. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palladium catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions using naphthalenomethyl-substituted imidazolidin-2-ylidene ligands in aqueous media

Naphthalenomethyl-substituted imidazolidinium salts (1a-g) were prepared and characterized by conventional spectroscopic methods, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis techniques. The in situ prepared three component systems naphthalenomethyl-substituted imidazolidinium salts, Pd(OAc)₂, and K₂CO₃ catalyzed quantitatively the Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of aryl halides under mild conditions in aqueous media.     

Synthesis,NMR characterization and ab initio 6‐31G* study of 1‐aryl‐2,3‐dialkyl‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidinium salts

We describe the synthesis of a series of 1‐aryl‐2,3‐dialkyl‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidinium salts 1 , by alkylation of the corresponding 1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidines 2 . We analyze the changes in the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of compounds 2 induced by protonation and quaternization. The results of an ab initio theoretical study on amidine 2a , and the cations resulting from its protonation ( 2aH ⁺) and quaternization ( la ⁺) are presented. A qualitative correlation was found between ¹³C NMR and theoretical data in the case of protonation. The influence of the substitution patterns in the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of compounds 1 is also discussed.     

Energetic Salts Based on Monoanions of N,N‐Bis(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)amine and 5,5′‐Bis(tetrazole)

High‐density energetic salts that contain nitrogen‐rich cations and the 5‐(tetrazol‐5‐ylamino)tetrazolate (HBTA^?) or the 5‐(tetrazol‐5‐yl)tetrazolate (HBT^?) anion were readily synthesized by the metathesis reactions of sulfate salts with barium compounds, such as bis[5‐(tetrazol‐5‐ylamino)tetrazolate] (Ba(HBTA)₂), barium iminobis(5‐tetrazolate) (BaBTA), or barium 5,5′‐bis(tetrazolate) (BaBT) in aqueous solution. All salts were fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, multinuclear (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, density, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impact sensitivity. Ba(HBTA)₂ ? 4 H₂O crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ , as determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, with a density of 2.177 g cm^?3. The densities of the other organic energetic salts range between 1.55 and 1.75 g cm^?3 as measured by a gas pycnometer. The detonation pressure (P) values calculated for these salts range from 19.4 to 33.6 GPa, and the detonation velocities (ν_D) range from 7677 to 9487 m s^?1, which make them competitive energetic materials. Solid‐state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy was used as an effective technique to determine the structure of the products that were obtained from the metathesis reactions of biguanidinium sulfate with barium iminobis(5‐tetrazolate) (BaBTA). Thus, the structure was determined as an HBTA salt by the comparison of its solid‐state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy with those of ammonium 5‐(tetrazol‐5‐ylamino)tetrazolate (AHBTA) and diammonium iminobis(5‐tetrazolate) (A₂BTA).