放热型金属合金化对钒基贮氢材料性能影响的理论研究

利用电荷自洽离散变分Xα(SCC-DV-Xα)方法计算了放热型金属合金化对钒基贮氢材料性能的影响。研究结果表明:在钒氢化物V₆₃H₆₄中加入放热型金属后，钒原子的净电荷都减少，而氢原子的净电荷既有增加又有减少，加入Ti、Ca以后，H原子的净电荷减少，而加入Mg、Zr以后，H原子的净电荷增加。研究还表明放热型金属合金化以后，V4s轨道电子态密度峰发生分裂，与H1s和H2s轨道电子态密度重叠程度增大，V-H之间相互作用增强;差分电荷密度还表明M-H之间也有较强的相互作用。Mg合金化导致氢化物V₅₁M₁₂H₆₄的费米能增加，氢化物稳定性减弱;Ca、Ti、Zr合金化导致氢化物V₅₁M₁₂H₆₄的费米能减少，氢化物更稳定。     

四元镧镍系吸氢合金的结构与性质

本文通过吸氢测试和XPS等技术，研究了化学法制备的LaNi_5-x-yM_xM_y′型四元吸氢合金的结构、吸放氢性质、表面性质及其相互关系。这些合金有良好的表面性质，易活化，吸氢量较高。在La-Ni-Co-Mn系列中，氢化物稳定性与合金的晶胞体积之间存在近似的直线关系。     

Ti掺杂的MgH2和Mg2NiH4的放氢性能

以TiF₃和Ti(OBu-n)₄为催化剂, 研究了Ti离子掺杂对MgH₂和Mg₂NiH₄放氢性能的影响. 结果表明, 未掺杂的MgH₂起始放氢温度为420 ℃, 掺杂TiF₃和Ti(OBu-n)₄后分别降低到360和410 ℃; Mg₂NiH₄在掺杂TiF₃后放氢温度由230 ℃降低到220 ℃, 而掺杂Ti(OBu-n)₄后没有变化. 可见无论对MgH₂或Mg₂NiH₄, 在降低放氢温度方面TiF₃都明显优于Ti(OBu-n)₄. 另外, 研究还发现, TiF₃掺杂对MgH₂放氢动力学有显著的提高, 但对Mg₂NiH₄没有明显的提高. 结合XRD和FTIR的测试分析, 我们认为: 催化作用很大程度上取决于氢化物自身的晶体结构和催化剂的电子结构; 降低氢化物放氢温度和提高动力学性能的原因是催化剂与氢化物之间的相互作用削弱了氢化物中Mg—H或Ni—H键, 使得活泼的H…H原子对容易形成, 从而有利于H₂的释出.     

钒氢化物电子结构的量子化学研究

利用电荷自洽离散变分Xα(SCC-DV-Xα)方法计算了钒基固溶体中钒氢反应前后钒及其氢化物(VHx, x=0, 1, 2)、假定原子簇模型VHx*(x=1, 2)和VHx′(x=0, 1)的电子结构. 结果表明：钒与氢气反应生成VH时, 化学效应和结构效应都使V 3d和H 1s轨道向低能量方向移动, 氢化物VH中V 3d和H 1s轨道重叠最多, V－H之间的相互作用较强。VH再与氢气反应生成VH₂时, 结构效应使V 3d和H 1s轨道都向高能量方向移动, 氢化物VH₂中V 3d和H 1s轨道重叠最少, V和H之间的相互作用较弱。氢化物VH和VH₂中不仅存在离子性相互作用, 而且还存在共价性相互作用. 结构效应导致VH₂中V－H键的共价性减弱, 从而导致VH₂中V和H之间的相互作用减弱. 氢化物VH的费米能级比VH₂的低, 说明VH更稳定.     

水热法合成多金属氧酸盐棒状超细晶体

以SrCl₂·6H₂O、(NH₄)₆P₂Mo₁₈O₆₂·nH₂O为原料，在PEG-600/H₂O微乳体系中于80～130 ℃温度下水热反应8～12 h，从而制得一种多金属氧酸盐棒状超细晶体，组成是Sr₃P₂Mo₁₈O₆₂·nH₂O。该超细晶体具有长棒状形貌、高结晶度且分散性能较好，长度范围在10.0～20.0 μm，径度在1.0～2.0 μm。对反应体系中的PEG-600/H₂O体积比(V_PEC-600∶V_H2O)、水热温度以及(NH₄)₆P₂Mo₁₈O₆₂·nH₂O/SrCl₂·6H₂O质量比(W_POMs∶W_SrCl2·6H2O)3个影响因素进行了探讨，结果表明：V_PEC-600∶V_H2O主要对棒状超细晶体的形貌、长径比以及晶体结晶度有着重要影响，体积比在范围V_PEC-600∶V_H2O=(1.50～2.00)∶1.00有利于大长径比的棒状超细晶体的形成；水热温度则优选80～130 ℃范围，过低则不发生反应，过高则发生了多金属氧酸盐与PEG-600的氧化-还原反应；W_POMs∶W_SrCl2·6H2O基本上不影响超细晶体的形成。还初步探讨了该棒状超细晶体的形成机理。     

含钒多金属氧酸盐的抑菌活性

按文献方法合成了α-Na₁₀[PW₉V₃(H₂O)₃O₃₇]·16H₂O、α-Na10[PW11V(H₂O)O₃₇]·16H₂O和[H₃O]₃[NH₄]₁₈[Mo₅₇V₆O₁₈₃(NO)₆(H₂O)₄₈]·56H₂O（分别简称α-PW₉V₃、α-PW₁₁V和Mo₅₇V₆）含V多金属氧酸盐。 采用纸片法分别测试了它们对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和黑曲霉菌的抑菌活性。 3种化合物均有不同程度的抑菌作用, 其中α-PW₁₁V的抑菌效果最好。     

低温固相反应合成Li3V2(PO4)3正极材料及其性能

利用V₂O₅·nH₂O湿凝胶，LiOH·H₂O，NH₄H₂PO₄和C等作原料，通过低温固相还原反应在550 ℃焙烧12 h制备出Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃正极材料。采用XRD，SEM和电化学测试对Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃样品性能进行研究。XRD研究表明本法所合成的Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃同传统的高温固相反应法所合成的Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃一样同属于单斜晶系结构。SEM测试表明所合成的样品平均粒径大小约为0.5 μm且粒径分布较窄。电化学测试表明以0.2 C的倍率放电时，样品的首次放电容量为130 mAh·g^-1，室温下循环30次后其比容量为124 mAh·g^-1。     

聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料的制备及气敏性研究

化学氧化法制备了聚吡咯(PPy)，并进行了元素分析、TG-DTA分析、FTIR测试。讨论了氧化剂用量对PPy气敏性的影响。用机械共混法制备了含不同聚吡咯的聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料，研究其低温下对有毒气体NH₃、H₂S、NO的敏感性。结果表明，相同条件下聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料的气敏性和稳定性均优于聚吡咯、二氧化锡。60 ℃时，当聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料中聚吡咯的质量分数为5%时，其对体积分数为0.05%的H₂S的灵敏度(V_g/ V_a)达到了104.52，且响应恢复时间短。文章讨论了气体与敏感元件的相互作用机制。这一研究有助于开发低能耗、灵敏度高的气敏元件。     

以7H-苯并[c，g]卡唑-4，10-二磺酸为构筑块原位合成具有晶体学特征的二维层状锶配位聚合物

2，2′-二甲酰胺-1,1′-联二奈-5，5-二磺酸(H₂DCS)和SrCl₂·2H₂O反应生成了一个从未有过的二维层状配位聚合物{Sr₂[(DCS)₂ (H₂O)₂]·H₂O·C₂H₅OH}_n (1)(DCS=7H-苯并[c，g]卡唑-4，10-二磺酸阴离子)，其中配体DCS是通过原位合成的。另外，1在室温下显示了很强的蓝色荧光(445 nm)。晶体结构分析表明，化合物1的晶体属三斜晶系，空间群为P1(a=1.169 3(2) nm，b=1.299 1(3) nm，c=1.629 2(3) nm，α=97.606(4)°，β=107.691(4)°，γ=114.536(4)°，V=2.047 2(7) nm³，Z=2，M=1 126.19，D_c=1.827 Mg·m^-3)。     

闭式十氢十硼酸盐的制备及其固体电解质应用研究进展

全固态电池是一种具有前景的电化学储能装置,它可以克服传统有机液体电解质电池的多方面不足,包括电解质易泄漏、稳定性低、易燃和能量密度有限等问题。固态电解质是全固态电池的重要组成部分,开发具有高离子电导率和宽电化学稳定性窗口的固体电解质是研制高能量和高功率密度全固态电池的关键问题之一。硼氢化物基固态电解质作为一类新型电解质,因具有高离子电导率、高热稳定性和低密度等优势而受到了广泛关注。其中,闭式十氢十硼酸碱金属盐是代表性材料之一。自1959年B₁₀H₁₀^2-被发现以来,其合成方法、结构与应用开发都得到了广泛研究。近年来其在固态电解质方面的研究证实,M₂B₁₀H₁₀（M=Na、Li等）及其衍生物具有高离子电导率、高热稳定性和化学稳定性、高电位窗口等特性,是一类颇具前景的固态电解质材料。本文主要综述了B₁₀H₁₀^2-合成方法及其在固态电解质方面的应用研究进展,并对今后B₁₀H₁₀^2-作为固态电解质的发展方向提出了展望。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。