O2/CO2气氛下CO对煤焦异相还原NO影响的研究

为揭示O₂/CO₂燃烧过程中高浓度的CO对煤焦异相还原NO的影响,在1073 K温度下使用山西褐煤在卧式炉上进行了实验。分别对O₂/CO₂浓度比及CO浓度下NO的还原特性进行详细实验研究。研究结果表明:在O₂/CO₂气氛下,O₂浓度为30%时具有较高的还原率;相同O₂浓度下O₂/CO₂气氛较空气气氛NO还原率高,表明在CO存在的条件下,高浓度的CO₂会促进NO的还原;当CO浓度从1.5%逐渐升高时,NO的还原率逐渐降低,到CO浓度为5%时,NO还原率比没有加入CO时还要低,而在空气气氛下CO浓度的变化对NO的还原率影响较小。     

CO2/H2O混合气体在水平管外凝结换热与分离特性研究

本文通过实验研究了CO₂质量分数为11.39%~70.95%,壁面过冷度为5~25 K,总压力为5~15 kPa的CO₂/H₂O混合气体自然对流条件下在水平管外的凝结换热规律,结果表明CO₂/H₂O的凝结换热系数随CO₂含量和壁面过冷度的增大而降低,但随总压力的增大而增大。根据实验结果建立了新关联式,将关联式应用到凝汽器的设计计算与分析,且对凝汽器进行了分离特性和经济性分析。     

整体煤气化联合循环合成气水合物法分离CO2的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学（MD）模拟方法研究整体煤气化联合循环（IGCC）合成气（CO₂/H₂）水合物法分离CO₂的分离机理,系统研究了CO₂水合物、H₂水合物以及合成气水合物法一级分离所得CO₂/H₂混合气体水合物的微观结构及性质.模拟分析n个CO₂或H₂与水合物笼状结构的整体结合能ΔE关键词： 水合物法分离 分子动力学模拟 整体煤气化联合循环合成气 2分离')" href="#">CO₂分离     

1.39 μm附近H2O谱线参数测量及其在燃烧动力学中的应用

将可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术应用于高温气体浓度在线检测,谱线参数的准确性非常重要。为利用红外波段进行燃烧生成H₂O的浓度在线测量,需要实验校准H₂O的谱线参数,尤其是Ar加宽系数,该系数对燃烧反应速率测量和机理验证至关重要。采用半导体激光器作为光源,结合实验室搭建的谱线参数测量系统,采集了1.39 μm波段附近H₂O的4条吸收谱线信号,获得了谱线线强、自加宽系数和N₂加宽系数,与HITRAN数据库和文献结果进行了对比,均吻合较好。首次系统地获得了该波段谱线的Ar加宽系数。在谱线参数确定基础上,获得了在反射激波高温条件下H₂/O₂/Ar燃烧生成H₂O的浓度随时间的演变曲线,验证了相应燃烧动力学机理。结果为利用该波段进行含氢燃料燃烧过程H₂O浓度测量及相关高温燃烧动力学研究提供了可靠的实验依据。     

O2/CO2燃烧方式下Na元素对煤焦物化结构的影响

将低钠煤（H-煤）和高钠煤（Na-煤）分别在沉降炉中进行制焦实验,研究了钠对焦样的孔隙结构、碳微晶结构以及反应性的影响。研究表明,煤中钠含量增加后,在N₂气氛下,非灰基质失重率V^*会下降;而在CO₂气氛下,V^*却会升高。煤焦的碳化学有序度IG/I_All与V^*具有关联性,在有Na的催化时,其与反应性的关联性被破坏。焦的反应性主要由焦的孔隙结构和焦中Na的含量来确定,在动力控制区,Na的催化作用是引起焦反应性发生改变的主要因素。     

H2O在SrTiO3-(001)TiO2表面上吸附和解离的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了0.25单层（ML）,0.5ML,0.75ML和1ML吸附率下H₂O在SrTiO₃-（001）TiO₂表面上的吸附行为.比较了不同吸附率下分子吸附和解离吸附的稳定性,利用微动弹性带（nudged elastic band）方法计算了H₂O的解离势垒.结果表明：在低吸附率（0.25ML和0.5ML）时,H₂O表现为解离吸附;在0.75ML吸附率下,分子吸附和解离吸附同时存在;而在全吸附（吸附率为1ML）时,分子吸附更稳定.基于对H₂O分子与表面之间以及H₂O分子之间的电荷转移和相互作用的分析,讨论了吸附率对H₂O吸附和解离的影响. 关键词： 2O')" href="#">H₂O 吸附 3-（001）TiO₂表面')" href="#">SrTiO₃-（001）TiO₂表面 密度泛函理论     

Pu(100)表面吸附CO2的密度泛函研究

采用广义梯度密度泛函理论的改进Perdew-Burke-Ernzerh方法结合周期性层晶模型,研究了CO₂分子在Pu（100）面上的吸附和解离.吸附能和几何构型的计算表明,CO₂以穴位C4O4构型吸附最为有利,吸附能为1.48 eV.布居分析和态密度分析表明,CO₂与Pu表面相互作用的本质主要是CO₂分子的杂化轨道2π_μ与Pu5f,Pu6d,Pu7s轨道通过强电子转移和弱重叠杂化的方式相互作用而生成了新的化学键.计算的CO₂→CO+O解离能垒为0.66 eV,解离吸附能为2.65 eV, 表明在一定热激活条件下CO₂分子倾向于发生解离性吸附.O₂,H₂,CO和CO₂在Pu （100）面吸附的比较分析表明,较低温度下的吸附强度顺序依次为O₂,CO,CO₂,H₂;较高温度下的吸附强度顺序依次为O₂,CO₂,CO,H₂. 关键词： 密度泛函理论 Pu （100） 2')" href="#">CO₂ 吸附和解离     

H2O对钒钛催化剂快速SCR反应影响规律及机制研究

相比常规烟气气氛中的选择性催化剂还原脱硝(SCR)反应,商用钒钛(V₂O₅/TiO₂)催化剂在NO₂加入后构成的快速SCR反应气氛中具备优异的低温脱硝反应性能,快速SCR反应被认为具有良好的低温脱硝应用前景。烟气中存在的水蒸气会严重降低SCR催化剂在低温下的脱硝活性,因此本文重点研究了水蒸气对钒钛催化剂上标准及快速SCR反应的影响,发现快速SCR反应比标准SCR反应具备更优异的抗水性能。本文采用动力学实验结合密度泛函理论计算的研究方法,得到H₂O和NH₃在催化剂表面的竞争性吸附是H₂O抑制标准SCR反应的重要影响因素之一,而在快速SCR反应中,NO₂对催化剂的快速重氧化作用使得反应速率始终保持在较高水平,削弱了H₂O对NH₃的竞争性吸附影响,从而了展现良好的抗H₂O影响性能。     

SiH2体系的分子反应动力学

基于多体展式方法所导出的SiH₂（X¹A₁）分析势能函数,用准经典的Monte Carlo轨线法研究了Si（¹D_g）+H₂（0,0）和H（²S_g）+SiH（0,0）的原子与分子反应动力学过程.研究结果表明：Si（¹D_g）与H₂（0,0）的碰撞在低能时（小于209.20 kJ/mol）生成稳定的络合物SiH₂（X¹A₁）,该反应是无阈能反应;而H（²S_g）与SiH （0,0）碰撞不能生成稳定的络合物,主要发生交换反应H（²S_g）+SiH （0,0）→Si（¹D_g）+H₂（0,0）,该反应也是无阈能反应. 关键词： 2')" href="#">SiH₂ 势能函数 反应截面 轨线     

[1ChCl∶2EG]/CrCl3·6H2O离子液体中Cr(Ⅲ)配合物的研究

利用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)分析,研究了CrCl₃·6H₂O 浓度为0.1～0.6 mol·L-1的水溶液和[1ChCl∶2EG]/CrCl₃·6H₂O ILs中,Cr(Ⅲ)配合物的存在形式。研究结果表明,在含有CrCl₃·6H₂O的溶液中,Cr(Ⅲ)与Cl-和H₂O形成[Cr(H₂O)_nCl_6-n]n-3配合物,其配合物的优势物种受CrCl₃·6H₂O浓度的影响。水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ) 的优势配合物为[Cr(H₂O)₆]3+与[Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]2+,并随CrCl₃·6H₂O浓度增加,水溶液的UV-Vis吸收光谱峰红移,[Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]2+的相对含量增加。而[1ChCl∶2EG]/CrCl₃·6H₂O ILs中的优势配合物为[Cr(H₂O)₂Cl₄]-和[Cr(H₂O)₃Cl₃],且随CrCl₃·6H₂O 浓度增加,溶液的颜色从浅橙红色逐渐变为深绿色,溶液的UV-Vis吸收光谱峰蓝移,[Cr(H₂O)₃Cl₃]的相对量增加。说明CrCl₃·6H₂O的浓度变化,将影响配体Cl-和H₂O与Cr(Ⅲ)配位结合的配位数,从而影响配合物优势物种的相对量。     

BaO-Li2O-B2O3三元系中BaB2O4-Li2B2O4和BaB2O4-Li2O截面相平衡关系的研究

本文用X射线和差热分析方法对BaO-Li₂O-B₂O₃三元系中的两个截面:BaB₂O₄-Li₂B₂O₄和BaB₂O₄-Li₂O作了研究。在BaB₂O₄-Li₂B₂O₄赝二元系中发现了一个新的化合物4BaB₂O₄·Li₂B₂O₄。化合物在930±3℃由包晶反应形成,并与Li₂B₂O₄形成共晶反应。共晶温度为797±3℃,共晶点组分为79mol％Li₂B₂O₄。在BaB₂O₄-Li₂O截面中也存在化合物4BaB₂O₄·Li₂B₂O₄,其包晶反应温度从930±3℃随Li₂O含量增加下降到908±3℃。在组分60mol％Li₂O处形成另一个新的化合物2BaB₂O₄·3Li₂O。该化合物在630±3℃也是由包晶反应形成,并与Li₂O和Li₂CO₃分别形成共晶反应,共晶温度分别为400±3℃和612±3℃。在BaB₂O₄-Li₂B₂O₄和BaB₂O₄-Li₂O体系中都没有观察到固溶体。用计算机程序分别对化合物4BaB₂O₄·Li₂B₂O₄和2BaB₂O₄·3Li₂O的X射线粉末衍射图案进行了指标化,其结果:4BaB₂O₄·Li₂B₂O₄的空间群为Pmma,a=13.033?,b=14.630?,c=4.247?,每个单胞包含两个化合式单位;2BaB₂O₄·3Li₂O的空间群为Pmmm,a=4.814?,b=9.897?,c=11.523?,每个单胞也含有两个化合式单位。 关键词：     

Evidence for bicarbonate formation on vacuum annealed TiO2(110) resulting from a precursor-mediated interaction between CO2 and H2O

The reaction of CO₂ and H₂O to form bicarbonate (HCO⁻₃) was examined on the nearly perfect and vacuum annealed surfaces of TiO₂(110) with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and high resolution electron energy loss spectrometry (HREELS). The vacuum annealed TiO₂(110) surface possesses oxygen vacancy sites that are manifested in electronic EELS by a loss feature at 0.75 V. These oxygen vacancy sites bind CO₂ only slightly more strongly (TPD peak at 166 K) than do the five-coordinated Ti⁴⁺ sites (TPD peak at 137 K) typical of the nearly perfect TiO₂(110) surface. Vibrational HREELS indicates that CO₂ is linearly bound at the latter sites with a ν_a(OCO) frequency similar to the gas phase value. In contrast, oxygen vacancies dissociate H₂O to bridging OH groups which recombine to liberate H₂O in TPD at 490 K. No evidence for a reaction between CO₂ and H₂O is detected on the nearly perfect surface. In sequentially dosed experiments on the vacuum annealed surface at 110 K, CO₂ adsorption is blocked by the presence of preadsorbed H₂O, adsorbed CO₂ is displaced by postdosed H₂O, and there is little or no evidence for bicarbonate formation in either case. However, when CO₂ and H₂O are simultaneously dosed, a new CO₂ TPD state is observed at 213 K, and the 166 K state associated with CO₂ at the vacancies is absent. SSIMS was used to tentatively assign the 213 K CO₂ TPD state to a bicarbonate species. The 213 K CO₂ TPD state is not formed if the vacancy sites are filled with OH groups prior to simultaneous CO₂+H₂O exposure. Sticking coefficient measurements suggest that CO₂ adsorption at 110 K is precursor-mediated, as is known to be the case for H₂O adsorption on TiO₂(110). A model explaining the circumstances under which the proposed bicarbonate species is formed involves the surface catalyzed conversion of a precursor-bound H₂O–CO₂ van der Waals complex to carbonic acid, which then reacts at unoccupied oxygen vacancies to generate bicarbonate, but falls apart to CO₂ and H₂O in the absence of these sites. This model is consistent with the conditions under which bicarbonate is formed on powdered TiO₂, and is similar to the mechanism by which water catalyzes carbonic acid formation in aqueous solution.     

Er3+掺杂的锗碲酸盐玻璃结构及光谱性能研究

采用熔融淬冷法制备了新型的Er³⁺/RE³⁺（RE³⁺=Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺）掺杂的GeO₂-TeO₂-Na₂O玻璃。测试了样品的差示扫描分析曲线、可见/近红外透过率、拉曼光谱、吸收光谱和1.53 μm发光光谱。研究发现适量的TeO₂对GeO₂的取代提高了玻璃的热稳定性,缩短了样品的吸收截止边。拉曼分析表明该系统玻璃有着宽广的红外透过范围。同时研究了980 nm激发下稀土离子（RE³⁺=Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺）的加入对Er³⁺掺杂的45GeO₂-45TeO₂-10Na₂O玻璃的光谱性能和能量传递的影响。发现随着Ce³⁺浓度增加大大地提高了1.53 μm的发光强度,CeO₂的最佳掺杂摩尔分数为0.1%,而Tb³⁺的共掺降低了1.53 μm的发光强度。可见Er³⁺/Ce³⁺掺杂的45GeO₂-45TeO₂-10Na₂O玻璃在C波段光纤放大器方面有潜在的应用前景。     

A new procedure for the preparation of Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8-δ characterization by neutron diffraction, electron diffraction and HREM

A new procedure for the preparation of Tl₂Ba₂CaCu₂O_8-δ is presented. In the first step stoichiometric amounts of Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, Ba(OH)₂·H₂O, CaO and Tl₂O₃ are reacted in a closed alumina crucible at 760°C to form a mixture of Tl- 2212, CuO, CaO and other oxide phases. In the second step this material is milled, pelletized and fired in a gold-sealed alumina crucible at 860–900°C for three to eight hours. Three batches of Tl-2212 prepared by this method were investigated showing less than 1% loss of thallium while T_c was close to 110 K. Rietveld refinements using time-of-flight neutron-diffraction data demonstrate that the method produces pure material in a reproducible way and that the materials are substoichiometric with respect to oxygen (δ=0.3). Investigations using electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy indicate the absence of stacking faults.     

Effect of Li2O doping on electrical properties of CoFe2O4

The solid–solid interactions between cobalt and ferric oxides to produce CoFe₂O₄ were followed up using XRD investigation. The effect of Li₂O-doping on the ferrite formation was also studied. The electrical and dielectric parameters of pure and doped mixed solids precalcined at 1273 K were measured using d.c and a.c instruments.The dopant concentration was varied between 0.5 and 6 mol% Li₂O. The results obtained revealed that Li₂O doping much enhanced the ferrite formation due to an increase in the mobility of the reacting species.

The addition of the smallest amount of Li₂O (0.5 mol%) resulted in measurable variations in the electrical constants (ρ, E_a, ′, ″ and tan δ). Resistivity increased upon increasing the dopant concentration up to 1.5 mol% exceeding the values measured for the undoped sample. Furthermore, the presence of 6 mol% Li₂O brought about a significant decrease of electrical resistivity. Also, the activation energy decreased with increasing the dopant concentration. The dielectric constant behaves according to ε=const. 1/ρ^1/2.

The Li₂O-doping modified the values of different dielectric constants, the change in these constants was found to be strongly dependent on the amount of Li₂O added.These results have been discussed in terms of the potentiality of Li₂O in increasing the mobility of the reacting species involved in the ferrite formation.     

A quantum chemical study of ZrO2 atomic layer deposition growth reactions on the SiO2 surface

Zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) is one of the leading candidates to replace silicon oxide (SiO₂) as the gate dielectric for future generation metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) based nanoelectronic devices. Experimental studies have shown that a 1–3 monolayer SiO₂ film between the high permittivity metal oxide and the substrate silicon is needed to minimize electrical degradation. This study uses density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the initial growth reactions of ZrO₂ on hydroxylated SiO₂ by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The reactants investigated in this study are zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl₄) and water (H₂O). Exchange reaction mechanisms for the two reaction half-cycles were investigated. For the first half-reaction, reaction of gaseous ZrCl₄ with the hydroxylated SiO₂ surface was studied. Upon adsorption, ZrCl₄ forms a stable intermediate complex with the surface SiO₂–OH^* site, followed by formation of SiO₂–O–Zr–Cl^* surface sites and HCl. For the second half-reaction, reaction of H₂O on SiO₂–O–Zr–Cl^* surface sites was investigated. The reaction pathway is analogous to that of the first half-reaction; water first forms a stable intermediate complex followed by evolution of HCl through combination of a Cl atom from the surface site and an H atom from H₂O. The results reveal that the stable intermediate complexes formed in both half-reactions can lead to a slow film growth rate unless process parameters are adjusted to lower the stability of the complex. The energetics of the two half-reactions are similar to those of ZrO₂ ALD on ZrO₂ and as well as the energetics of ZrO₂ ALD on hydroxylated silicon. The energetics of the growth reactions with two surface hydroxyl sites are also described.     

冷冻干燥法制备Li2O氚增殖剂陶瓷小球

以Li₂CO₃粉末为原料,采用一种冷冻干燥湿法工艺,制备出综合性能较好的Li₂O陶瓷小球。通过研究冷冻成形、煅烧、分解和烧结等工艺过程,优化了Li₂O陶瓷小球的制备工艺,并对获得的Li₂O陶瓷小球进行了性能表征。结果表明:冷冻成形制备的凝胶小球在650 ℃煅烧后可得到纯净的Li₂CO₃小球,再于真空条件下多步程序升温至720 ℃可制得主要相为Li₂O的小球,小球尺寸分布均匀,直径约为0.8 mm,平均晶粒尺寸为9 μm,于900 ℃高温烧结后小球的密度可达理论密度的69.5%。     

Anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of single crystal Ca2Y2Cu5O10 with edge-sharing CuO2 chain

We report a successful crystal growth of Ca₂Y₂Cu₅O₁₀ and anisotropic behavior of magnetic susceptibility associated with an antiferromagnetic phase transition. Single crystals were obtained by the floating-zone method using an infrared radiation furnace. Composition and structural characterization shows that the grown crystals are qualified for physical measurements. The magnetic susceptibility along each crystallographic axis shows a typical behavior of antiferromagnetic phase transition at T_N=31 K, and the ordered magnetic moments are found to lie along the b-axis.