场地土对基岩峰值加速度放大效应分析

通过实际土层地震反应结果的统计分析和强震加速度观测结果的对比, 讨论了不同场地条件对基岩峰值加速度的放大效应及其特点。该分析可为地震动参数区划图编制和地震安全性评价中场地效应的估计、由基岩地震动估算场地地面地震动提供参考。     

高层钢-混凝土混合结构地震作用下的能量反应分析

针对目前高层建筑混合结构中常用的外钢框架-内混凝土核心筒混合结构,从地震能量输入和结构能量耗散的角度对其进行了地震作用下的能量反应分析.通过选取不同的地震动参数对混合结构的总输入能及其在滞回耗能和阻尼耗能之间的分配情况进行了研究,明确了地震动各参数的变化对混合结构能量反应的影响;通过分析不同地震波作用下混合结构的滞回耗能在外钢框架和内混凝土核心筒间的分布以及在结构层间的分部情况知,底层剪力墙是整个混合结构中滞回耗能比较集中的区域,地震破坏最为严重.通过本文研究知,地震反应的能量分析方法是一种能较好反应混合结构在地震作用下的地震反应全过程及其弹塑性性能的方法.     

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LANDSLIDES SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC LOADS

In the past, the pseudo-static method used to be the most common for evaluating the stability of landslides under seismic loads, in which static forces acting on the center of gravity of a sliding body are used to consider the effects of earthquake. However, seismic loads of rock and soil differ from time and location to time and location. Obviously, it is irrational for the pseudo-static approach to be applied to solving dynamic problems. In this paper, a displacementpseudo-dynamic model is proposed to assess seismic stability of landslides, in which the sinusoidalcosinusoidal wave is applied to simulating earthquake displacement, and an "amplification factor"of peak seismic displacement is referred to as the amplification of seismic wave when it propagates from the bottom to the top of the landslide. The effects of physico-mechanical behaviors of a sliding body on seismic stability of soil slopes are taken into account as well as inertia forces and damping forces. The sensitivity analyses on the permanent displacement and the dynamic factor of safety of landslides are studied in detail. Moreover, a large-scale Tangjiashan landslide that occurred in Wenchuan earthquake is investigated to verify the robustness and precision of the present method.It is found that the results from the present method is in good agreement with those from the previous method.     

土-基础相互作用隔震体系地震随机响应分析

视地基土为各向同性的弹性半空间,用弹簧-粘性阻尼器模拟土对结构的影响,将地震激励模拟为平稳随机过程,对基础隔震体系的随机响应进行了分析。分析结果表明,地基土的性质对隔震结构有直接影响,但其影响比非隔震结构小得多。     

A new method for detecting non-linear damping and restoring forces in non-linear oscillation systems from transient data

The purpose of this study is to recover the functional form of both non-linear damping and non-linear restoring forces in the non-linear oscillatory motions of an autonomous system. Using two sets of measured motion response data of the system, an inverse problem is formulated for recovering (or identification): the differential equation of motion is transformed into an equivalent integral equation of motion. The identification, which is non-linear, is shown to be one-to-one. However, the inverse problem formulated herein is concerned with the Volterra-type of non-linear integral equation of the first kind. This leads to numerical instability: solutions of the inverse problem lack stability properties. In order to overcome the difficulty, a regularization method is applied to the identification process. In addition, an L-curve criterion, combined with regularization, is introduced to find an optimal choice for the regularization parameter (i.e., the number of iterations), in the presence of noisy data. The workability of the identification is investigated for simultaneously recovering the functional form of the non-linear damping and the non-linear restoring forces through a numerical experiment.     

基于震源机制且考虑场地土分层差异效应的多点地震动:理论与程序开发

结合前人工作,首先形成了适用于我国目标场地的基于震源机制,且考虑局部场地效应的地表多点地震动具体生成途径,包括:(1)依据随机振动理论建立能够反映包含多个土层在内的局部场地整体过滤效应的传递函数,(2)基于本文作者改进的过滤函数而得到的适用于我国目标场地的基岩谱,进而通过分区建立局部场地的整体传递函数以反映不同场地土之间的差异性,(3)在前人工作基础上考虑了场地的非平坦性因素,(4)为了程序编制方便,给出了多土层过滤后相位角变化的显示表达式;然后,依据上述理论框架成功实现了程序MEMSV2011.6(Multi-support Earthquake Motions Simulation Version 2011.6)的编制和可视化运行,该程序可直接生成界面图形并输出数据文件,具体功能包括:设置震源参数、分区输入土层参数、计算并显示土层传递函数、设定非平稳参数、调控频率、生成多点地震动时程、验证多点地震动间的相干性以及拟合规范(桥梁、建筑和电力设施)反应谱等;最后,以一桥梁土层为算例,利用该程序生成了目标场地基于震源机制的地表多点地震动,并分析了地表地震动对场地土和震中距因素的敏感性。本文内容具有坚实理论基础和实用性,可直接为工程提供参考。     

平面波输入下海水-海床-结构动力相互作用分析

海洋工程结构的地震反应分析是保证海洋工程结构地震安全的重要环节.由于其所处的复杂环境, 该问题涉及到流固耦合和土-结相互作用.本文基于海水、饱和海床、基岩流固耦合统一计算框架,采用Davidenkov模型和修正的Masing准则考虑饱和海床的非线性,在脉冲SV波垂直入射下, 进行了海域场地和海洋工程结构的动力响应分析. 首先,对比分析了线性自由场和非线性自由场输入情形的海域场地非线性反应,结果表明线性自由场输入时反应不合理,自由场分析和场地分析应该采用相一致的本构模型. 然后,对比分析了海床分别为线性和非线性情形时,海域场地以及海水-海床-结构体系的反应特征. 与线性海床情形相比,非线性对海床反应的影响主要由如下两方面因素控制: 一方面,非线性导致饱和海床模量减小, 饱和海床与基岩间的波阻抗比减小,由基岩到饱和海床间的反射系数和透射系数增加, 导致反应增大; 另一方面,非线性导致阻尼加大, 使海床反应减小. 对于本文算例而言,阻尼对非线性海床结果的影响占主导作用.      

Damping for large-amplitude vibrations of plates and curved panels,Part 1: Modeling and experiments

Theoretical and experimental non-linear vibrations of thin rectangular plates and curved panels subjected to out-of-plane harmonic excitation are investigated. Experiments have been performed on isotropic and laminated sandwich plates and panels with supported and free boundary conditions. A sophisticated measuring technique has been developed to characterize the non-linear behavior experimentally by using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer and a stepped-sine testing procedure. The theoretical approach is based on Donnell's non-linear shell theory (since the tested plates are very thin) but retaining in-plane inertia, taking into account the effect of geometric imperfections. A unified energy approach has been utilized to obtain the discretized non-linear equations of motion by using the linear natural modes of vibration. Moreover, a pseudo arc-length continuation and collocation scheme has been used to obtain the periodic solutions and perform bifurcation analysis. Comparisons between numerical simulations and the experiments show good qualitative and quantitative agreement. It is found that, in order to simulate large-amplitude vibrations, a damping value much larger than the linear modal damping should be considered. This indicates a very large and non-linear increase of damping with the increase of the excitation and vibration amplitude for plates and curved panels with different shape, boundary conditions and materials.     

地基水平运动时高桥墩的动力屈曲

考虑大变形的影响,建立了高桥墩在地震波冲击下引起的地基水平运动时的非线性动力学基本方程式;通过位移形函数假设,采用伽辽金积分方法得到了时间变率的动力学控制方程;对时间变率的非线性微分方程进行数值求解,给出了同一地震波不同强度下高桥墩的位移响应曲线以及从产生横向振动到失稳的全过程;得到了地震波冲击时高桥墩失稳的临界地震加速度acr和失稳时刻。通过数值算例比较了地震波幅值、高桥墩柔度、桥面质量大小对位移幅值响应、临界地震加速度、失稳时刻等参数的影响。算例表明当发生7.5级以上地震时,桥墩会有较大程度的破坏。     

Thermomechanical transitions in doubly-clamped micro-oscillators

The small size and low damping of MEMS oscillators give rise to phenomena that are not observed routinely at the macroscopic scale. In this work we document and explain an experimentally observed transition in the response of a doubly clamped micromechanical oscillator with pretension. The transition from softening to hardening is repeatedly observed upon increasing the power of an incident sensing laser beam, a procedure routinely used to improve signal strength during optical detection of resonant motion of microstructures. At intermediate laser power, a novel resonant response that displays characteristics of both softening and hardening in the same sweep, is observed experimentally. Increased laser heating of a structure in tension may be expected to increase softening behavior. Using tools from non-linear dynamics and continuum mechanics, we show that the observed counter-intuitive behavior can be explained by a competition between the opposing responses of linear and non-linear stiffnesses to a change in temperature.     

Large free vibrations of a beam carrying a moving mass

The focus of this work is to develop a technique to obtain numerical solution over a long range of time for non-linear multi-body dynamic systems undergoing large amplitude motion. The system considered is an idealization of an important class of problems characterized by non-linear interaction between continuously distributed mass and stiffness and lumped mass and stiffness. This characteristic results in some distinctive features in the system response and also poses significant challenges in obtaining a solution.

In this paper, equations of motion are developed for large amplitude motion of a beam carrying a moving spring–mass. The equations of motion are solved using a new approach that uses average acceleration method to reduce non-linear ordinary differential equations to non-linear algebraic equations. The resulting non-linear algebraic equations are solved using an iterative method developed in this paper. Dynamics of the system is investigated using a time-frequency analysis technique.     

地震波倾斜入射下两相饱和土层响应数值模拟

基于Biot两相饱和多孔介质理论建立了频域内饱和土层的刚度矩阵,对从基岩倾斜入射地震波下饱和土层的波动响应进行了数值研究,入射波采取修正的Kanai-Tajimi谱。通过土层地表面处的水平以及竖直放大系数研究了在不同工况条件下土层的波动响应,研究结果表明,土层的波动响应在入射角接近临界入射角时达到峰值;土层的波动响应随着基岩埋深基以及土层阻尼比的增大显著减小;而土层与基岩的波速比对土层的波动响应的影响存在临界波速比,使土层响应达到极值。对于含有夹层的地质环境,研究了波动响应沿深度的分布,通过与均质土层下响应对比,显示非均质夹层能显著减小土层地表处的波动响应,尤其软夹层能较好地阻止入射波向上的传播。     

Usefulness of passive non-linear energy sinks in controlling galloping vibrations

The suppression of vibration amplitudes of an elastically-mounted square prism subjected to galloping oscillations by using a non-linear energy sink is investigated. The non-linear energy sink consists of a secondary system with linear damping and non-linear stiffness. A representative model that couples the transverse displacement of the square prism and the non-linear energy sink is constructed. A linear analysis is performed to determine the impacts of the non-linear energy sink parameters (mass, damping, and stiffness) on the coupled frequency and onset speed of galloping. It is demonstrated that increasing the damping of the non-linear energy sink can result in a significant increase in the onset speed of galloping. Then, the normal form of the Hopf bifurcation is derived to identify the type of instability and to determine the effects of the non-linear energy sink stiffness on the performance of the aeroelastic system near the bifurcation. The results show that the non-linear energy sink can be efficiently implemented to significantly reduce the galloping amplitude of the square prism. It is also shown that the multiple stable responses of the coupled aeroelastic system are obtained as well as the periodic responses, which are dependent on the considered non-linear energy sink parameters.     

不同场地条件下远场地震动强度指标与结构最大响应的相关性分析

为探究不同场地条件下远场地震动强度指标与结构最大响应的相关性问题，本文从K-NET和KiK-net台网强震记录中选取震级7级以上、断层距大于200 km的地震动记录1 328条，首先选用28个地震动强度指标进行了远场地震动强度指标与结构最大响应的总体相关性分析．然后，分别选取典型加速度类地震动强度指标、典型速度类地震动强度指标和典型位移类地震动强度指标进行了场地条件对结构最大响应相关性的影响分析．结果表明：(1) 加速度类地震动强度指标的相关系数随单自由度(SDOF)体系周期增大逐渐减小，与自振周期结构T≤1 s的低自振周期结构响应具有明显的相关性；速度类地震动强度指标的相关系数在T=2~5 s具有较大值，说明这一类指标与中长周期结构的响应具有明显相关性；当T>3~5 s时，典型位移类地震动强度指标的相关系数逐渐增大进入峰值区段，并保持较大的相关系数值，因此可以采用这一类指标表征长周期结构响应．(2) 对于加速度类地震动强度指标，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地的相关系数随自振周期变化曲线走势较接近，Ⅳ类场地的相关系数值总体上要大于其它三类场地的相关系数．对于速度类地震动强度指标，在短周期区域，相关系数大小呈现Ⅰ<Ⅱ<Ⅲ<Ⅳ的特点；当T>2 s后，四类场地的相关系数随自振周期变化曲线趋势逐渐接近．对于位移类地震动强度指标，当T>3 s后，Ⅰ类场地和Ⅱ类场地的相关系数随自振周期变化曲线逐渐趋于一致，而Ⅲ类场地和Ⅳ类场地的相关系数随自振周期变化曲线也逐渐趋于一致．     

Seismic behaviour of isolated multi-span continuous bridge to nonstationary random seismic excitation

This paper concentrates on the results of responses of a multi-span continuous bridge isolated with double concave friction pendulum bearings subjected to non-stationary random seismic excitation characterized by the incoherence, the wave-passage, and the site-response effects. The earthquake excitation is modelled as a non-stationary random process as uniformly modulated broad-band excitation. To perform the seismic isolation procedure, the double concave friction pendulum bearings which are sliding devices that utilize two spherical concave surfaces are placed at each of the six support points of the deck. The non-stationary response of the isolated bridge is compared with the corresponding stationary response in order to study the effects of non-stationary characteristics of the earthquake input motion. Solutions obtained from the stationary and non-stationary stochastic analyses for the isolated bridge to spatially varying earthquake ground motions are compared for the special cases of the earthquake ground motion model. The spatially varying earthquake ground motions are described stochastically based on an empirical coherency loss function and a filtered power spectral density function. The site effect is considered by a transfer function derived from one dimensional wave propagation theory. It is observed that the stationary assumption is reasonable for the considered ground motion duration.     

基于新建筑抗震设计规范考虑场地土特性的人工波生成及可靠性研究

基于新《建筑抗震设计规范》对场地土特性和人工波选择的要求,将地震动作为随机过程,利用修正胡聿贤-周锡元模型以及基于Hartley正交基的地震动随机过程经双调制生成不同场地土特性的人工地震波,以6层钢筋混凝土结构非线性随机地震反应分析为例,研究了不同场地土特性人工波对结构位移可靠度的影响。结果表明,场地土因素对人工波生成以及结构的动力响应影响较大,不同场地土人工波具有明显的统计学特性,均满足建筑抗震设计规范的选波要求,为最新《建筑抗震设计规范》要求考虑大量不同场地土效应的地震波生成提供了新的解决办法。     

On the identification of non-linear mechanical systems using orthogonal functions

Real world mechanical systems present non-linear behavior and in many cases simple linearization in modeling the system would not lead to satisfactory results. Coulomb damping and cubic stiffness are typical examples of system parameters currently used in non-linear models of mechanical systems. This paper uses orthogonal functions to represent input and output signals. These functions are easily integrated by using a so-called operational matrix of integration. Consequently, it is possible to transform the non-linear differential equations of motion into algebraic equations. After mathematical manipulation the unknown linear and non-linear parameters are determined. Numerical simulations, involving single and two degree-of-freedom mechanical systems, confirm the efficiency of the above methodology.     

Non-linear normal modes,invariance, and modal dynamics approximations of non-linear systems

Non-linear systems are here tackled in a manner directly inherited from linear ones, that is, by using proper normal modes of motion. These are defined in terms of invariant manifolds in the system's phase space, on which the uncoupled system dynamics can be studied. Two different methodologies which were previously developed to derive the non-linear normal modes of continuous systems — one based on a purely continuous approach, and one based on a discretized approach to which the theory developed for discrete systems can be applied-are simultaneously applied to the same study case-an Euler-Bernoulli beam constrained by a non-linear spring-and compared as regards accuracy and reliability. Numerical simulations of pure non-linear modal motions are performed using these approaches, and compared to simulations of equations obtained by a classical projection onto the linear modes. The invariance properties of the non-linear normal modes are demonstrated, and it is also found that, for a pure non-linear modal motion, the invariant manifold approach achieves the same accuracy as that obtained using several linear normal modes, but with significantly reduced computational cost. This is mainly due to the possibility of obtaining high-order accuracy in the dynamics by solving only one non-linear ordinary differential equation.     

大连开发区场地地震设计参数

根据工作区潜在震源区划分、潜在震源区地震活动性参数和地震动衰减关系, 进行场地地震危险性分析, 得到不同概率水平下场区相应地震烈度和基岩水平加速度峰值及其反应谱。根据场地工程地震条件划分不同地质单元及相应的场地类别, 进行不同概率水平的地震反应分析计算, 确定地震动设计参数。