脂质体电动色谱用于预测皮肤渗透性的定量保留活性关系的建立

脂质体电动色谱 （Liposome electrokinetic chromatography,LEKC）是一种简单快速的评价药物与生物膜相互作用的方法。本文建立了脂质体电动色谱作为高通量筛选皮肤渗透性的体外分析方法。将脂质体电动色谱中保留因子的对数值（log k）作为自变量建立了定量保留活性关系式。采用SPSS分析软件对于16种结构不同的化合物进行分析,结果表明log k与皮肤渗透性常数线性相关性良好( R²=0.886)。采用交互验证评价了该模型的预测能力。在定量保留活性关系中的一个变量和传统定量构效关系中的三个变量可解释的能力( R² =0.704)相似。文中建立的定量保留活性关系模型对于新化合物早期的筛选可提供一种有效快捷的方法。     

毛细管区带电泳分离山酮类化合物的结构-电泳迁移定量关系研究

研究了毛细管区带电泳分离中以β-环糊精(β-CD)和磺酸化β-CD为添加剂时10个山酮类化合物电泳行为的差异,并用毛细管电泳求得β-CD 和磺酸化β-CD与山酮类化合物间的结合常数。在分子动力学基础上,运用计算机技术模拟了β-CD 、磺酸化β-CD与山酮类化合物的包合过程,从而求得主客体间的相互作用能。同时,运用量子化学计算了山酮分子的物化参数,并选择相互作用能(INE)、疏水常数(log P;其中P为正辛醇-水分配系数)和山酮分子总能量(TE)作为分析结构-电泳迁移定量关系的物化参数,用以研究分离机制及     

具有油水分配系数测算功能的中药指纹图谱

建立了一种能同时测算中药中主要成分的油水分配系数Pow的功能化中药指纹图谱。采用微乳液电动色谱,以中药女贞子为例,对运行缓冲液浓度、pH值、十二烷基硫酸钠浓度等参数进行了优化。利用SPSS程序对磺胺等从女贞子中提取的6种标准化合物组分的迁移时间tm与其log Pow文献值进行非线性拟合,得到女贞子提取组分的标准方程线性关系良好（r=0.9880）。在相同的实验条件下测得化合物的log Pow与文献报道值较好的符合,证明该方法可靠。获得了能代表组分疏水化学特征的中药指纹图谱,测得女贞子的主要有效成分齐墩果酸的log Pow为3.63。该指纹图谱较为可靠地提供了女贞子中各种成分的log Pow,直观地反映出各组分油水分配性质的分布,对中药有效成分提取溶剂的选择、剂型的设计及制剂工艺的改进具有指导意义。     

微量热法比较黄连中四种生物碱的抗菌作用

采用微量热法研究和比较中药黄连中四种生物碱(BAs)的抗菌(大肠杆菌)作用。这四种生物碱分别为小檗碱、黄连碱、巴马汀和药根碱。用LKB-2277生物活性检测系统,以停留法测定了37 ℃时大肠杆菌在BAs作用下的热流功率-时间曲线,并记录生长速率常数k, 指数生长期和稳定期的最大热功率Pm, log、Pm, stat, 生长抑制率I, 传代时间tg,指数生长期的总产热量Qt, log,半数抑菌浓度IC50等热动力学参数。结果显示这四种生物碱具有相异的抗大肠杆菌生长代谢的作用,k, Pm, log和Qt, log值随BAs浓度的增加而相应的减少。综合分析k, Pm, log, Qt, log, I 和IC50值可以看出,BAs抑制大肠杆菌生长代谢强度按小檗碱、黄连碱、巴马汀、药根碱的顺序依次减弱。构效关系研究表明,母环C-2和C-3上连接的亚甲二氧基比甲氧基更能显著增强相应化合物的抗菌作用,而C-9和C-10上连接的亚甲二氧基或甲氧基对这种抗菌作用影响不大。     

胶束液相色谱法同时测定血浆中的苯巴比妥、艾司唑仑和氯硝西泮

采用胶束液相色谱法(MLC)分离测定血浆中苯巴比妥、艾司唑仑和氯硝西泮,运用三相平衡理论探讨了流动相中表面活性剂浓度(CM)、氢离子浓度(CH)、助表面活性剂浓度(Cφ)对溶质保留行为的影响,同时运用多元线性回归建立了保留因子的对数(log k)与溶质性质参数和流动相组成之间的相关模型。结果表明,溶质保留因子(k)随CM、Cφ和CH的增加而减小,与理论模型完全一致。而且log k与溶质的疏水性常数的对数(log P)和电离常数(Ka)以及CM、CH和Cφ之间呈现良好的多元线性关系。在确定的色谱条件下,血浆中的3种药物与其他组分之间有较好的分离效果。3种药物的血药浓度分别在2.5～50 mg/L、0.25～5.0 mg/L和0.05～5.0 mg/L间具有良好的线性关系。本方法简便、准确、重现性良好、灵敏度高。3种药物的最低检出限(S/N=3)分别为10.27、1.17、0.867 ng,平均加标回收率范围分别为99.80%～102.9%, 94.00%～98.20%和96.30%～98.70%。     

反相液相色谱中化合物100%水相保留因子影响因素的考察

化合物100%水相保留因子(k_w)常用于以反相液相色谱法(RPLC)构建定量结构-色谱保留关系(QSRR)或定量结构与毒/活性关系(QST/AR)模型,以预测化合物的油-水分配系数或其毒/活性。为考察影响k_w的因素,以中性及酸碱类代表化合物为研究对象,于RPLC体系中,分别在不同色谱柱、仪器、柱温及溶剂温度等条件下,测定化合物在不同流动相比例下的保留时间,通过Snyder-Soczewinski方程得到其log k_w。结果表明,各化合物在不同C18键合硅胶基色谱柱上log k_w的RSD为0.8%~3.4%;在20℃~60℃范围内log k_w的RSD为6.1%~13.1%,log k_w与柱温1/T_c之间具有良好的线性关系(R~20.99);各化合物在不同仪器以及不同溶剂温度下log k_w的RSD分别小于2.7%和1.7%。由此可见,在反相液相色谱中,化合物于同一类型载体色谱柱的log k_w,其影响因素主要为柱温,但可通过Van't Hoff方程进行修正。     

微乳电动毛细管色谱分离山酮类化合物的影响因素

在优化微乳系统(如pH、缓冲液浓度、表面活性剂、助乳剂、油相及添加剂)的基础上,对影响微乳电动毛细管色谱(MEEKC)分离山酮类化合物的因素进行了系统研究。以正辛醇-水分配系数(疏水常数log P)、色谱峰对称因子和理论塔板数作为参数,研究了分离条件的改变对MEEKC分离性能的影响。结果表明,色谱条件的改变对疏水性山酮和亲水性山酮分离选择性的影响存在着显著差异,当微乳体系为50 mmol/L硼酸缓冲液(pH 9.5)、10%(体积分数)正丁醇、80 mmol/L正庚烷、120 mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠和     

反相液相色谱中计量置换线性参数logI的热力学特征

依据液相色谱中溶质计量置换保留模型及线性参数 log I(与 1mol溶质对固定相的亲和势大小有关的常数 ) ,通过作图得知非极性和极性小分子溶质及生物大分子的 log I与绝对温度的倒数 1/T,以及小分子溶质的log I与其在正辛醇 -水中分配系数的对数 log Po/ w呈线性关系 ,从两方面进一步证明了 log I具有热力学平衡常数的性质。基于小分子溶质、生物大分子的 log I和分配系数大小的差别 ,对两者在反相液相色谱中的保留对柱长的依赖关系给予了定量的说明     

微乳液相色谱测定药物的油-水分配系数的新方法研究

建立快速微乳液相色谱法(MELC)测定药物的油-水分配系数(log P)的方法. 选择5种模拟生物膜的微乳流动相体系, 以7个标准药物的log P对保留因子(log k)的回归线性方程, 计算被测药物的log P值. 并以药物文献的log P值对实验测得log k值的线性相关系数为参数, 对微乳体系的表面活性剂和油相的种类进行考察, 得到测定非同类的中性、碱性药物的油-水分配系数最佳流动相体系为6.0% Brij35-6.6%正丁醇-0.8%正辛醇-86.6%磷酸缓冲液(0.05 mol• L－1, pH 7.0), 其测得值与文献的实验值平均相差0.3个对数单位. 结果显示该方法可靠、高效、重现性好, 可用于药物的油-水分配系数log P的测定.     

毛细管电色谱中组分保留因子表达式的讨论

在组分的电泳因素基本不影响其色谱行为的前提下,推导出组分保留因子表达式k*CEC=k′-μepμeo+μep(Ⅰ)及k**CEC=k′-μep-μ0epμeo+μep(Ⅱ),两者可以互相补充。同时对毛细管电色谱的相关文献中组分保留因子的两种表达式kCEC=k′+k′ μepμeo+μepμeo(Ⅲ)及kCEC=k′-μep/μeo1+μep/μeo(Ⅳ)进行了讨论,指出了表达式(Ⅲ)推导中引用组分电泳迁移距离的错误。但表达式(Ⅰ)和(Ⅳ)在某些条件下也不能有效反映组分的电泳淌度μep及k′对kCEC的影响     

Solvation in octanol: parametrization of the continuum MST model

This study reports the parametrization of the HF/6‐31G(d) version of the MST continuum model for n‐octanol. Following our previous studies related to the MST parametrization for water, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, a detailed exploration of the definition of the solute/solvent interface has been performed. To this end, we have exploited the results obtained from free energy calculations coupled to Monte Carlo simulations, and those derived from the QM/MM analysis of solvent‐induced dipoles for selected solutes. The atomic hardness parameters have been determined by fitting to the experimental free energies of solvation in octanol. The final MST model is able to reproduce the experimental free energy of solvation for 62 compounds and the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P_ow) for 75 compounds with a root‐mean‐square deviation of 0.6 kcal/mol and 0.4 (in units of log P), respectively. The model has been further verified by calculating the octanol/water partition coefficient for a set of 27 drugs, which were not considered in the parametrization set. A good agreement is found between predicted and experimental values of log P_o/w, as noted in a root‐mean‐square deviation of 0.75 units of log P. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1180–1193, 2001     

Comparison of two simulation methods to compute solvation free energies and partition coefficients

The thermodynamic integration (TI) and expanded ensemble (EE) methods are used here to calculate the hydration free energy in water, the solvation free energy in 1‐octanol, and the octanol‐water partition coefficient for a six compounds of varying functionality using the optimized potentials for liquid simulations (OPLS) all‐atom (AA) force field parameters and atomic charges. Both methods use the molecular dynamics algorithm as a primary component of the simulation protocol, and both have found wide applications in fields such as the calculation of activity coefficients, phase behavior, and partition coefficients. Both methods result in solvation free energies and 1‐octanol/water partition coefficients with average absolute deviations (AAD) from experimental data to within 4 kJ/mol and 0.5 log units, respectively. Here, we find that in simulations the OPLS‐AA force field parameters (with fixed charges) can reproduce solvation free energies of solutes in 1‐octanol with AAD of about half that for the solute hydration free energies using a extended simple point charge (SPC/E) model of water. The computational efficiency of the two simulation methods are compared based on the time (in nanoseconds) required to obtain similar standard deviations in the solvation free energies and 1‐octanol/water partition coefficients. By this analysis, the EE method is found to be a factor of nine more efficient than the TI algorithm. For both methods, solvation free energy calculations in 1‐octanol consume roughly an order of magnitude more CPU hours than the hydration free energy calculations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Direct calculation of 1-octanol-water partition coefficients from adaptive biasing force molecular dynamics simulations

The 1-octanol-water partition coefficient log K(ow) of a solute is a key parameter used in the prediction of a wide variety of complex phenomena such as drug availability and bioaccumulation potential of trace contaminants. In this work, adaptive biasing force molecular dynamics simulations are used to determine absolute free energies of hydration, solvation, and 1-octanol-water partition coefficients for n-alkanes from methane to octane. Two approaches are evaluated; the direct transfer of the solute from 1-octanol to water phase, and separate transfers of the solute from the water or 1-octanol phase to vacuum, with both methods yielding statistically indistinguishable results. Calculations performed with the TIP4P and SPC∕E water models and the TraPPE united-atom force field for n-alkanes show that the choice of water model has a negligible effect on predicted free energies of transfer and partition coefficients for n-alkanes. A comparison of calculations using wet and dry octanol phases shows that the predictions for log K(ow) using wet octanol are 0.2-0.4 log units lower than for dry octanol, although this is within the statistical uncertainty of the calculation.     

Transferability of fragmental contributions to the octanol/water partition coefficient: an NDDO-based MST study

This study examines the transferability of fragmental contributions to the octanol/water partition coefficient. As a previous step, we report the parameterization of the AM1 and PM3 versions of the MST model for n-octanol. The final AM1 and PM3 MST models reproduce the experimental free energy of solvation and the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P(ow)) with a root-mean-square deviation of around 0.7 kcal/mol and 0.5 (in units of log P), respectively. Based on this parameterization, an NNDO-based procedure is presented to dissect the free energy of transfer between octanol and water in contributions directly associated with specific atoms or functional groups. The application of this procedure to a set of representative molecular systems illustrates the dependence of the log P(ow) fragmental contribution due to electronic, hydrogen bonding, and steric effects, which cannot be easily accounted for in simple additive-based empirical schemes. The results point out the potential use of theoretical methods to refine the fragmental contributions in empirical methods.     

Determination of octanol/water partition coefficients by flow injection analysis

Determination of octanol/water partition coefficients by batch-extraction methods is currently the only acceptable procedure for application to structure/activity relationships. Work on the development of flow-injection systems to determine these partition coefficients is reported. It is shown that it is not necessary to know the concentration of the analytic in either phase; the partition coefficient should be equal to the differences in the octanol and water peak widths divided. by the system residence time. For a limited number of compounds, this is shown to be valid. Several systems were developed, including a flow-through dialyzer which was 5 times more efficient than the best commercial unit.