Synthetic and Structural Studies of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Nickel

Transition metal complexes of stable N-heterocyclic carbenes have recently gained increasing attention as pre-catalysts for a number of important reactions primarily based on the analogy between N-heterocyclic carbenes and strong ó-donating tertiary phosphines,[1] Although a large number of transition-metal carbene complexes have been reported, very few incorporate chelating carbenes were reported.[2,3] Therefore, we have set out to prepare and study transition-metal compounds with chelating di-N-heterocyclic carbenes, and we now report new dicationic tetra(carbine)nickel(Ⅱ) complexes in this class (Scheme 1). Their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies (Figure 1).     

Synthetic and Conformational Studies of Bridged β-Cyclodextrin Dimers

Cyclodextrins (CD) have been found wide applications in the artificial enzymes^[1] due to their ability of recognizing and binding a variety of organic and inorganic substrates in aqueous solution. In some cases, however, their binding capacity and selectivity are not good enough to make them useful (K_a~10²-10⁴L/mol). Breslow et.al^[2,3] have reported that the bridged cyclodextrin dimers can complex some kinds of substrates strongly (K_a~10⁶-10¹¹L/mol) because of their more recognition sites. Recently, we synthesized a series of bridged β-CD dimers. It has been observed that the conformation of the dimers changed markedly upon the solvents.     

Scope and Limitations of 3‐Iodo‐Kdo Fluoride‐Based Glycosylation Chemistry using N‐Acetyl Glucosamine Acceptors

The ketosidic linkage of 3‐deoxy‐d‐manno‐octulosonic acid (Kdo) to lipid A constitutes a general structural feature of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide core. Glycosylation reactions of Kdo donors, however, are challenging due to the absence of a directing group at C‐3 and elimination reactions resulting in low yields and anomeric selectivities of the glycosides. While 3‐iodo‐Kdo fluoride donors showed excellent glycosyl donor properties for the assembly of Kdo oligomers, glycosylation of N‐acetyl‐glucosamine derivatives was not straightforward. Specifically, oxazoline formation of a β‐anomeric methyl glycoside, as well as iodonium ion transfer to an allylic aglycon was found. In addition, dehalogenation of the directing group by hydrogen atom transfer proved to be incompatible with free hydroxyl groups next to benzyl groups. In contrast, glycosylation of a suitably protected methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside derivative and subsequent deiodination proceeded in excellent yields and α‐specificity, and allowed for subsequent 4‐O‐phosphorylation. This way, the disaccharides α‐Kdo‐(2→6)‐α‐GlcNAcOMe and α‐Kdo‐(2→6)‐α‐GlcNAcOMe‐4‐phosphate were obtained in good overall yields.     

Improved Syntheses of N‐Desmethylcitalopram and N,N‐Didesmethylcitalopram

An improved and efficient synthesis of N‐desmethylcitalopram (2) and N,N‐didesmethylcitalopram (3) is presented. The method involved N‐demethylation of citalopram (1) using 1‐chloroethyl chloroformate to give 2 in 87% yield. Synthesis of 3 was accomplished by alkylation of 8 with 1‐(3‐bromopropyl)‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐aza‐2,5‐disilacyclopentane (9).     

Reaction of N‐Nonaflyl and N‐Cyano‐Benzotriazoles with Enamines

N‐Nonaflyl‐benzotriazole 1a reacts with enamines 2 in tetrahydrofurane (THF) at room temperature to afford o‐nonafluorobutansulfonamido‐phenylazo‐enamines 3 in 74–81% yield. Compound 1a reacts with 1‐diethylaminobutadien 2f twice, affording pyridazine derivative 3f in 20% yield. Ringopening of N‐cyano‐benzotriazole 1b with pyrrolidinocyclohexene 2a affords, under cleavage of pyrrolidine 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐dibenzo[4,5:e]imidazo[1,2‐b][1,2,4]triazine 4 in 43% yield.     

Synthesis and Radical Polymerization of N‐[4‐N′‐(Phenylamino‐carbonyl)phenyl]maleimide and its Copolymerization with Methyl Methacrylate

A novel type of imide‐amide monomer, 4‐maleimidobenzanilide (MB) i.e., N‐[4‐N′‐(phenylaminocarbonyl)phenyl]maleimide was synthesized from maleic anhydride, p‐aminobenzoic acid and aniline. Radical polymerization of MB and its copolymerization with MMA (methyl methacrylate), initiated by AIBN, were performed in THF solvent at 65°C. Nine copolymer samples were prepared using different feed ratios of comonomers. All the polymer samples have been characterized by a solubility test, intrinsic viscosity measurements, FT‐IR and ¹H‐NMR spectral analysis, and thermo‐gravimetric analysis. The values of monomer reactivity ratios of MB‐MMA system (r₁, r₂) and the Alfrey‐Price parameters Q₁ and e₁ were determined.     

Superoxide‐Mediated Synthesis of N‐Aminoaziridines from N‐Aminoheterocycles and Olefins

Oxidation of 3‐amino‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolone and N‐aminophthalimide by superoxide ion generated in situ in the presence of olefinic substrates gives rise to the formation of N‐aminoaziridine derivatives.     

Dye Binding Characteristics of N,N′‐Methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (NNMBA)‐Crosslinked Polyacrylamide‐Supported Amine and its Photooxidizing Ability

The dye binding characteristics of 8 mol% NNMBA‐crosslinked polyacrylamide‐supported amine is investigated with Rose Bengal (RB), Methyl Orange (MO), Methylene Blue (MB) and Methyl Red (MR). The influence of the concentration of dye solution on dye binding, time course of dye binding and characterization were explored. It is observed that binding is higher in the case of Rose Bengal and dye binding depends on the polarity, as well as the size of the dye molecule. The photooxidation property of polymer bound RB was investigated towards the oxidation of benzoin to benzil. RB bound polymer acts as an efficient heterogenous photooxidizing agent.     

Synthetic Studies toward C3‐C9 Segment of Soraphen A1α

The ring‐closure metathesis of the diene (2S,3R,4S)‐1‐(tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy)‐2,4‐dimethylhex‐5‐en‐3‐yl acrylate produced the dihydropyrone with the correct stereochemistry for Soraphen A_1α synthesis. The C2,C3 stereocenters were introduced by the addition of the (Z)‐crotyl‐n‐butylstannane to the β‐alkoxyaldehyde(S)‐3‐(benzyloxy)‐2‐methylpropanal in presence of TiCl₄ as a chelating catalyst to give the desired anti,syn homoallyic alcohol (2S,3R,4S)‐1‐(tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy)‐2,4‐dimethylhex‐5‐en‐3‐ol.     

Synthesis and Amphiphilic Behavior of N,N‐Bis‐glucosyl‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2,4‐dione

Abstract

Glucosyl‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2,4‐diones were synthesized in order to study the influence of the glucidic moiety on the amphiphilic behaviour. The glucosyl groups include 6‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranos‐6‐yl and 6‐deoxy‐3‐O‐R‐D‐glucopyranos‐6‐yl (R = n ? C _n H _2n+1; n = 1, 8, 10 and 12). Variation in the length of the hydrocarbon chain allowed comparison of such amphiphilic data as water solubility (Sw) and surface tension (γ) values. At 25°C, the glucopyranosyl benzodiazepines with R = H and CH₃ show a higher water solubility than the starting 1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2,4‐diones. Some other glucidic benzodiazepine derivatives with an appropriate alkyl chain at C‐3 carbon of the D‐glucopyranose present a variable hydrosolubility and surface tension γ values close to 43 to 46 mN · m^?1 at the corresponding saturation. Moreover, according to preliminary tests, these compounds seem to show a better affinity for the blood brain barrier.     

Studies of Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Sodium Branched‐Alkylbenzenesulfonates

Two sodium branched‐alkylbenzensulfonates with additional alkyl substituents were synthesized through a series of reactions. The interfacial tension of these alkylbenzenesulfonates between 1.0% NaCl solution and six n‐alkanes were measured. From the data of measurements the following values were calculated: critical micelle concentration (cmc), the interfacial tension at the cmc (γ_cmc), interfacial excess concentration at the cmc (Γ_m), area per molecule at the cmc (A_m). There were a minimum γ_cmc and a maximum Γ_m appeared for the same n‐alkane with increasing the hydrocarbon chain length of the oil. These indicated that the hydrocarbon chain length of oil have the important effect on adsorption and interfacial tension.     

Efficient Oxidation of Sulfur Mustard and Its Simulants using N‐tert‐Butyl‐N‐chlorocyanamide

N‐tert‐Butyl‐N‐chlorocyanamide reacts with sulfur mustard instantaneously to give a corresponding nontoxic sulfoxide in quantitative yield. The transformation is selective and takes place in semi‐aqueous medium (CH₃CN/H₂O, 1∶1), even at subzero temperatures.     

Practical Synthesis of N‐Alkyl‐N‐alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl Prodrug Derivatives of Acetaminophen,Theophylline, and 6‐Mercaptopurine

We report a novel synthesis of N‐alkyl‐N‐alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl (NANAOCAM) prodrugs of acetaminophen, theophylline, and 6‐mercaptopurine by alkylation of the corresponding drug molecule with N‐alkyl‐N‐alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl chlorides in good yield. Most of the alkylating agents were efficiently synthesized by chloromethylation of N‐alkyl carbamic acid alkyl esters, which in turn were made from alkyl amines and alkyl chloroformates. In cases where the alkyl chloroformates were not available, synthesis of N‐alkyl carbamic acid alkyl esters was accomplished by converting an alcohol to a chloroformate or to an activated acylating agent such as acyl imidazoles or p‐nitrophenylcarbonate esters, followed by their reaction with alkyl amines.     

An Improved Synthetic Procedure for the Preparation of N‐Acyl (2‐aminoethyl)‐β‐d‐glycopyranoside Lipids and Characterization of Their Mesogenic Properties

Abstract

A modified synthetic procedure was used for the synthesis of N‐acyl (2‐aminoethyl) glycosides bearing lactose, maltose, and melibiose carbohydrate headgroups and different acyl chains. The lipid glycosides were prepared in gram scale and investigated for their liquid crystalline properties. It was found that the polar spacer suppresses polymorphism, and the resulting simplified phase behavior was found in the pure state upon heating, as well as for the lyotropic phases     

First Synthesis of N‐Substituted Amino and N‐Sulfonylaminated Methylthiopyrimidines: Reaction of Dimethyl N‐Cyanodithioiminocarbonate With Substituted Hydrazides

A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of a new variety of methylsulfanylpyrimidines by the reaction of dimethyl N‐cyanodithioiminocarbonate with substituted hydrazides. The synthetic potential of the method is demonstrated.     

Synthetic and Structural Studies on Novel 4,3′-Bicoumarins

Abstract

A series of directly linked 4-3′ bicoumarins have been synthesized by both Knoevenagel and Perkin reactions. This single-step transformation was accomplished by the reaction of coumarin-4-acetates with substituted salicylaldehydes in presence of piperidine using ethanol as solvent and by the reaction of coumarin-4-acetic acids with substituted salicylaldehydes in the presence of sodium hydride in acetic anhydride. Greater yields have been obtained in the sodium hydride and acetic anhydride condition. An intermediate chalcone with an ortho-hydroxyl group, which is a precursor for lactone formation, has been isolated and its structure has been confirmed by x-ray analysis. The nonplanar S-cis arrangement of two C4-C3’ double bonds has been confirmed by nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (NOE) and x-ray studies. The UV-fluorescence studies support the formation of a conjugated bicoumarin system.     

Synthesis of Fully Protected N‐Arylglycosylamines and Factors Affecting the Configuration of C1‐Substituents of N‐Arylglycosylamines

Abstract

An efficient method was reported for preparation of N‐arylglycosylamines in aqueous THF under reflux in good yields. The factors affecting the configuration of C₁‐substituents of N‐aryglycosylamines was investigated, that is, the influence of solvents, substituents of aromatic amines, and protecting groups of monosaccharides on the ratio of α‐ and β‐N‐arylglycosylamines.     

Studies of poly-L-lysine-starch nanoparticle preparation and its application as gene carrier

The gene carrier system is the key factor in genetransfection and gene therapy. Suitable gene carriercan deliver the target gene into the receptor cells safely,highly efficiently, controllably, and then the gene isexpressed, thus accomplishing the gene tr…     

Crystal Structures of β‐1‐N‐Chloroacetamido Derivatives of d‐Glucose and d‐Galactose

Crystal structures of 1‐N‐(β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)chloroacetamide (1), an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, and the corresponding galactopyranosyl amide (2) have been determined. Both crystals belong to P2₁2₁2₁ space group with 1 having the unit cell dimensions of a = 7.939(3), b = 9.547(3) and c = 14.157(2) Å, while those of 2 are, a = 7.636(10), b = 9.004(8) and c = 14.807(5) Å. The sugar ring takes a ⁴ C ₁ conformation and the amide linkage exists in Z‐anti conformation in both crystals. The torsion angle O5–C1–N1–C1′ is ? 93.9(5) for 1 and ? 111.5(3)° for 2. The conformational preference of Cl and N1 in 1 and 2 is found to be between anti and gauche. The molecular assembly in both 1 and 2 is stabilized by a finite chain of hydrogen bonds starting from N1H and ending at O1′, whereas a ten membered hydrogen‐bonded ring involving O4H and O5 is observed in 1.     

Copolymer Formation Between Two N‐Substituted Anilines—Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Studies

Abstract

Electrochemical polymerization of diphenylamine, DPA with N‐methyl aniline, NMA was performed using cyclic voltammetry in a 4?M sulfuric acid medium. The electrochemical parameters representing the polymer deposition showed a strong dependence on the molar concentration ratios of DPA or NMA in the feed. In situ spectroelectrochemical studies were performed during the electropolymerization with different molar concentration feed ratios of DPA. The results reveal the formation of intermediates together with DPA and NMA units. Derivative cyclic voltabsorptograms (DCVAs) were deduced at the wavelength of absorbance corresponding to the intermediates and explained with redox characteristics in cyclic voltammogram. Results from cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical studies favor copolymer formation between DPA and NMA. Copolymers were prepared for different molar concentrations feed ratios of DPA and the composition of the monomer units in the copolymers were determined. Reactivity ratios of DPA and NMA were deduced using Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tudos methods and correlated with the results from cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical studies.