Anomeric O-Alkylation of O-Acetyl-Protected Sugars

Abstract

Anomeric O-alkylation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-protected glucose, galactose, and mannose (1a-c) and of hepta-O-acetyllactose 5 with decyl triflate (2) in the presence of NaH as the base and in DME or DEE as solvents afforded directly decyl glycosides 3a-c and 5, respectively, in good yields. The anomeric diastereo control is temperature dependent, furnishing at room temperature preferentially the β-anomers. Similarly, reaction of 5 with the triflate 8 of the spacer 7 or with the triflate 10 or nonaflate 11 of 3-O-protected sphingosine 9 gave at room temperature mainly β-lactosides 12 and 13, respectively. Thus, important intermediates for the synthesis of amphiphilic carbohydrate derivatives and for glycoconjugate synthesis are readily accessible.     

The Effect of Protecting Groups on Chelation Control

Relative chelating abilities of alcohols, ethers and silyl ethers are rationalized in terms of the π accepting character of the group attached to oxygen. This in turn may be assessed by examination of the bond angle about oxygen.     

有机化学中的异头效应

与共轭效应、诱导效应和螺共轭效应一样,异头效应(anomeric effect)是有机化学中特殊的立体电子效应。在新型有机染料、医药、农药等高科技领域具有重要的理论意义。对理解有机反应的机理、预测反应产物的结构以及生理活性与结构的关系具有重要的意义,并能达到相当高的准确性。     

羰基保护基团的新进展

对2000～2006年间文献中报道的一些对羰基化合物进行缩酮(醛)类的保护、去保护的主要方法进行了简要的概述.     

有机化学中的异头效应

1955年Edward 首次发现吡喃糖C(1)位的电负性强的取代基处于a键上, 随后被Lemieux和Chü定义为异头效应. 它是有机化学中最重要的立体电子效应之一, 通常存在于有Lp-X-A-Y结构单元的分子中, 其中X是带有孤对电子的电负性强的元素, A是一般元素, Y 也是电负性强的元素, Lp是X的孤对电子, 其轨道与A—Y键反平行. 异头效应对分子的结构和反应活性有重要影响. 综述了各类化合物中存在的异头效应、广义异头效应、反异头效应及在有机化学中的应用.     

The Effect of Anomeric Head Groups, Surfactant Hydrophilicity, and Electrolytes onn-Alkyl Monoglucoside Microemulsions

The effects of the variables of head group structure and salt concentration on microemulsions formed in mixtures of water, alkyl ethylene glycol ethers (C_kOC₂OC_k), andn-alkyl β- -glucopyranosides (C_mβG₁) are explored. Phase behavior of mixtures containing an anomer of the surfactant (n-alkyl α- -glucopyranoside, C_mαG₁), or surfactants with long head groups (n-alkyl maltopyranosides, C_mG₂), or NaCl or NaClO₄as electrolyte are systematically reported as a function of temperature and composition. The substitution ofn-alkyl α- -glucopyranosides forn-alkyl β- -glucopyranosides causes precipitation under some conditions in all mixtures studied. These solubility boundaries begin in the water–surfactant binary mixture at the Krafft boundary, then extend to high concentrations of both surfactant and oil. Increasing the effective length of the surfactant head group by adding C_mG₂to water–C_kOC₂OC_k–C_mβG₁mixtures moves the phase behavior dramatically up in temperature when even small amounts of C_mG₂are used. Adding a lyotropic electrolyte, NaCl, to water–C_kOC₂OC_k–C_mβG₁mixtures moves the phase behavior down in temperature, while the hydrotropic electrolyte NaClO₄moves the phase behavior up in temperature.     

Advances in Protecting Groups for Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Carbohydrates contain numerous hydroxyl groups and sometimes amine functionalities which lead to a variety of complex structures. In order to discriminate each hydroxyl group for the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides, protecting group manipulations are essential. Although the primary role of a protecting group is to temporarily mask a particular hydroxyl/amino group, it plays a greater role in tuning the reactivity of coupling partners as well as regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of glycosylations. Several protecting groups offer anchimeric assistance in glycosylation. They also alter the solubility of substrates and thereby influence the reaction outcome. Since oligosaccharides comprise branched structures, the glycosyl donors and acceptors need to be protected with orthogonal protected groups that can be selectively removed one at a time without affecting other groups. This minireview is therefore intended to provide a discussion on new protecting groups for amino and hydroxyl groups, which have been introduced over last ten years in the field of carbohydrate synthesis. These protecting groups are also useful for synthesizing non‐carbohydrate target molecules as well.     

A General Synthesis of Diterminal Diamnodideoxyalditols and 1-Amino-1-deoxyalditols Using Trimethylmsilyl Protecting Groups

General syntheses of diterminal diaminodideoxyalditols and 1-amino-1-deoxyalditols from aldoses are described. Borane-THF reduction of O-trimethylsilylaldaramides, followed by methanolic HC1 workup, leads to diaminodideoxyalditol dihydrochlorides. Similar treatment of O-trimethylsilylaldonamides yields aminoalditol hydrochlorides. The general reaction sequence was used to synthesize six diaminoalditols and five monoaminoalditols. The method is generally applicable to both classes of title aminoalditols and is independent of the chain length and stereochemistry of the starting aldose.     

聚合物保护基团在有机合成中的应用

本文论述了聚合物保护基团在对称双功能基单保护合成不对称化合物,作为助剂合成手性化合物和作为载体合成昆虫性信息素和不对称卟啉,酞菁类化合物方面的应用。     

Stereoelectronic Aspects of the Anomeric Effect in Fluoromethylamine

High-level ab initio calculations have been made for fluoromethylamine to study structural and energetic effects of the relative orientation of the N lone pair to the C? F bond. The anti-conformer (N lone pair anti-planar to the C? F bond) corresponds to the global energy minimum. It has the longest C? F distance, the shortest C? N distance, and is 7.5 kcal·mol^?1 more stable than the related perpendicular conformation (lone pair perpendicular to the C? F bond). The syn-conformation also shows hallmarks of the anomeric effect: long C? F bond, short C? N bond, and energetic stability when allowance is made for the two pairs of eclipsed hydrogens. The transition state for N inversion is close to the syn-structure; rotation about the C? N bond is strongly coupled with this inversion process. Small bond distance changes of ca. 0.02 Å between parallel and perpendicular conformations are associated with dissociation energy differences of ca. 30 kcal·mol^?1. Various criteria for assessing the strength of the anomeric effect are discussed.     

异头效应与“糖”教学中的几个问题

从异头效应这一视角,阐释了构成淀粉和纤维素的葡萄糖结构单元之间α苷键和β苷键的不同及其如何导致结构的悬殊差异。籍此分析了α异头物和β异头物的相对稳定性、淀粉和纤维素酸性水解的难易,指出大自然对食物链的划分是精妙的。     

Synthesis of Phosphorodithioate DNA via Sulfur-Linked, Base-Labile Protecting Groups(1)

Phosphorodithioate DNA, a new and potentially useful DNA analog with a deoxynucleoside-OPS(2)O-deoxynucleoside internucleotide linkage, was synthesized from deoxynucleoside 3'-phosphorothioamidites having a variety of thioesters and thiocarbonates as base-labile phosphorus protecting groups. The major challenge in the synthesis of this DNA analog was to derive a reaction pathway whereby activation of deoxynucleoside 3'-phosphorothioamidites occurred rapidly and in high yield under conditions that minimize Arbuzov rearrangements, exchange reactions, unwanted oxidation to phosphorothioates, and several other side reactions. Of the various phosphorus protecting groups examined for this purpose, a thorough evaluation of these parameters led to the conclusion that beta-(benzoylmercapto)ethyl was preferred. Synthesis of phosphorodithioate DNA began by preparing deoxynucleoside 3'-phosphorothioamidites from the appropriately protected deoxynucleoside, tris(pyrrolidino)phosphine, and ethanedithiol monobenzoate via a one-flask synthesis procedure. These synthons were activated with tetrazole and condensed with a deoxynucleoside on a polymer support to yield the deoxynucleoside thiophosphite. Subsequent steps involved oxidation with sulfur to generate the completely protected phosphorodithioate triester, acylation of unreacted deoxynucleoside, and removal of the 5'-protecting group. Yields per cycle were usually 97-98% with 2-5% phosphorothioate contamination as determined by (31)P NMR. By using deoxynucleoside 3'-phosphorothioamidites and deoxynucleoside 3'-phosphoroamidites, deoxyoligonucleotides having phosphorodithioate and the natural phosphate internucleotide linkages in any predetermined order can also be synthesized.     

The Concept of Docking/Protecting Groups in Biohydroxylation

A general principle for biohydroxylation , in which time-consuming screening and enrichment techniques are avoided, is demonstrated by the introduction of a docking/protecting group into the substrate. This facilitates acceptance by the microorganism and allows the use of a narrow range of microorganisms, for example Beauveria bassiana ATTC 7159 (B. b.), for the hydroxylation of compounds with diverse structures. After the biohydroxylation, the docking/protecting group is removed (see scheme).     

Electro-Deprotection—Electrochemical Removal of Protecting Groups

The reactions of electrochemical splitting may be successfully used for removal of protecting groups. Theoretical and preparative aspects of the method of electro-deprotection are discussed, and examples of its use are given. The removal often requires high potentials. The use of modified protecting groups (“inner activation”) or of catalysts (electron carriers) which facilitate electron transfer against the standard potential gradient (“external activation”), can greatly increase the scope of the electrochemical method.     

Synthesis of Fluorescein Phosphorotriesters Using Photolabile Protecting Groups

Fluorescein phosphorotriesters 5, each having four identical photoactivatable adducts have been synthesized to investigate their applications as intracellular fluorescence indicators.     

Quantum Dot-Catalyzed Photoreductive Removal of Sulfonyl-Based Protecting Groups

This Communication describes the use of CuInS₂/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as photocatalysts for the reductive deprotection of aryl sulfonyl-protected phenols. For a series of aryl sulfonates with electron-withdrawing substituents, the rate of deprotection for the corresponding phenyl aryl sulfonates increases with decreasing electrochemical potential for the two electron transfers within the catalytic cycle. The rate of deprotection for a substrate that contains a carboxylic acid, a known QD-binding group, is accelerated by more than a factor of ten from that expected from the electrochemical potential for the transformation, a result that suggests that formation of metastable electron donor–acceptor complexes provides a significant kinetic advantage. This deprotection method does not perturb the common NHBoc or toluenesulfonyl protecting groups and, as demonstrated with an estrone substrate, does not perturb proximate ketones, which are generally vulnerable to many chemical reduction methods used for this class of reactions.