Synthesis of methyl ethers of methyl (methyl β-D-galactopyranosid)uronate

The oxidation of methyl -D-galactopyranoside with oxygen in the presence of platinum and carbon gave methyl (methyl -D-galactopyranosid)uronate (I) with a yield of 20%. The partial methylation of (I) with methyl iodide in the presence of silver oxide followed by preparative liquid chromatography on silica gel provided a convenient method for obtaining all the methyl ethers in the individual state.Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 37–39, January–February, 1987.     

Stereoregularity of poly(methyl acrylate)

The stereoregularity of poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(methyl acrylate-αd) was determined from the NMR spectra. A method of quantitative determination of stereoregularity of poly(methyl acrylate) proposed in this paper is based on the fact that in the 100 Mc./sec. NMR spectrum the absorption peaks due to methylene protons in syndiotactic configurations overlap absorptions due to only one of two methylene protons in isotactic configurations. The stereostructure of poly(methy1 acrylates) polymerized with anionic catalysts such as Grignard reagents, n-butyllithium, and LiAlH₄ is generally richer in isotactic diads than in syndiotactic diads. For example, poly(methyl acrylate) polymerized with phenylmagnesium bromide as catalyst at ?20°C. consists of 99% isotactic and 1% syndiotactic diads. In radical polymerization, the isotacticity of poly(methyl acrylate) is independent of polymerization temperature. Poly(methyl acrylates) polymerized with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst consisting of Al(C₂H₅)₂Cl and VCl₄ have configurations similar to those polymerized by radical initiators. The stereoregularity of poly(methyl acrylate-α-d) resembled that of poly(methyl acrylate) polymerized under the same conditions.     

Synthesis of methyl ethers of methyl (methyl α-D-mannopyranosid)-uronate

Methyl (methyl -D-mannopyranosid)uronate (I) has been obtained by the catalytic oxidation of methyl -D-mannopyranoside with oxygen in the presence of platinum carbon with a yield of 20%. The partial methylation of (I) and preparative column chromatography on silica gel has provided a convenient method of obtaining all the methyl ethers of (I) in the individual state.Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 203–205, March–April, 1987.     

Synthesis of methyl 3-amino-4-aryl(or methyl)sulfonyl-2-thiophenecarboxylates from 3-alkoxy-2-aryl(or methyl)-sulfonylacrylonitriles

The synthesis of a series of methyl 3-amino-4-aryl(or methyl)sulfonylthiophene-2-carboxylates by reaction of 3-alkoxy-2-aryI(or methyl)sulfonylacrylonitriles with methyl thioglycolate in the presence of triethylamine is described. Hydrolysis/decarboxylation of the ester at the 2-position and acylation of the resulting amine represents a convenient route to 4-arylsulfonyl-3-carboxamidothiophenes. Attempted acylation of a title aminothiophene under standard conditions was unsuccessful.     

Synthesis of methyl ethers of methyl (methyl α-D-glucopyranosid)uronate

Methyl (methyl -D-glucopyranosid)uronate (I) has been obtained by the catalytic oxidation of methyl -D-glucopyranoside with oxygen in the presence of platinum on carbon with a yield of 31%. The partial methylation of (I) followed by preparative liquid column chromatography on silica gel has provided a convenient method of obtaining all the methyl ethers of (I) in the individual state.Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 35–37, January–February, 1987.     

Photolysis of methyl(triphenylphospine)gold(I)

Methyl(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) reacts with chloroform under UV irradiation to give methyl and solvent-derived radicals in triplet pairs showing CIDNP. An S_H2 substitution by methyl radicals at the gold centre is observed.     

4-Substituted aryl(methyl)ethynylfluorosilanes

Conclusions The reaction of 4-substituted aryl magnesium bromides with methyl(ethyl)difluorosilane, as well as the reaction of ethynyl magnesium bromide with 4-substituted phenyl(methyl)difluorosilanes, led to the synthesis of 4-substituted phenyl(methyl)-ethynylfluorosilanes.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1115–1116, May, 1987.     

Hydrolysis and etherification of (o-carboranylisopropyl)dichloro(methyl)silane

The behavior of (o-carboranylisopropyl)dichloro(methyl)silane in hydrolysis and etherification reactions has been studied. (o-Carboranylisopropyl)(methyl)silanediol and (o-carboranylisopropyl)diethoxy(methyl)silane have been obtained for the first time and characterized.     

Photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate)

The vacuum photodegradation at 30°C. of poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers with acrylaldehyde, methacrylaldehyde, and methyl acrylate has been studied. The polymers were examined in the form of expanded films as produced by a freeze-drying technique. At least one molecule of carbon monoxide is evolved for each chain scission. It is concluded that chain scission in poly(methyl methacrylate) is primarily the result of photoinduced aldehyde groups.     

N‐[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (tricine)

The title compound, C₆H₁₃NO₅, adopts a zwitterionic form where the carboxylic acid H atom is transferred to the amino group. The methyl–glycine backbone is planar. The tris(hydroxy­methyl)­methyl group is rotated as a rigid group around the amino–methyl bond by 22 (1)° and the carboxylic acid plane is rotated by 19.76 (12)° from the plane of the main skeleton. Apart from their H atoms, the three hydroxy­methyl groups adopt a propeller‐like conformation around the amino–methyl bond, close to C₃ symmetry.     

Kinetic comparison of isomeric oligo(ethylene oxide) (meth)acrylates: Aqueous polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate and methyl 2-(oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether)acrylate macromonomers

The photoinduced energy/electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerizations of oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA, also known as poly[ethylene glycol] methyl ether methacrylate, PEGMA) and isomeric methyl 2-(oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether)acrylate (2OEOAM) macromonomers with OEO average degree of polymerization of 22 or 45 were conducted in aqueous media to provide insight into the effect of monomer structure on grafting-through RAFT of 1,1-disubstituted acrylic macromonomers. The polymerizations of all four monomers reached nearly quantitative conversion. The longer macromonomers polymerized faster than the shorter ones within the same monomer class. The OEO side chain at the α (i.e., 2-) position of isomeric acrylates significantly slowed RAFT polymerization in comparison with OEO ester side chain of methacrylates.     

Branching of anionic poly(methyl methacrylate)

A viscometric determination of the degree of branching γ, of poly(methyl methacrylate) obtained by anionic polymerization proved the reaction of the growing center of poly(methyl methacrylate) with the ester group of another polymer molecule, accompanied by the formation of a trifunctional branch point. This reaction occurs if the solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate is initiated: (1) with butyllithium at ?78°C only on attaining 100% conversion and after a long time or at +20°C immediately after the polymerization has set in; (2) with lithium tert-butoxide at +20°C after a long time. The degree of branching of poly(methyl methacrylates) obtained under similar conditions in the presence of tetrahydrofuran reaches higher values than for polymers prepared in toluene. The tacticity of polymers does not affect the experimentally determined γ values.     

Conversion of solid poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleimide) to poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride)

Solid poly(methyl vinyl-alt-maleimide), when subjected to heating at 100°C while being vacuum pumped at 0.1 mm Hg pressure, was converted to a copolymer in which a substantial portion of the imide groups were converted to anhydride groups. Similarly, heating at 100°C at atmospheric pressure in a circulating air oven brought about the same reaction but at a faster rate. This confirms the hypothesis that the formation of maleic anhydride comonomer units from poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-ammonium maleamate) not only proceeds directly by ring closure of amic acid formed by loss of ammonia but probably also includes, as a parallel pathway, hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture of maleimide comonomer units.     

The IR spectra and hydrogen bonding of toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis(methyl) carbamates

The IR spectroscopy has been used to study models of polyurethanes containing different hard segments. The spectra of toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis(methyl) carbamates at different temperatures were studied. The absorption curves of the free and associated carbamate molecules were compared with experimental IR spectra. The characteristic features of toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) carbamate and methyl-N-methyl carbamate clusters were revealed. The IR spectra for the two most stable toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) carbamate conformations were compared. The origin of the multiplet structure of bands in the experimental IR spectra of polyurethanes was discussed. The results obtained can be used for the analysis of the chemical and physical transformations in urethanes and polyurethanes.     

Enantioselective inclusion of methyl phenyl sulfoxides and benzyl methyl sulfoxides by (R)-phenylglycyl-(R)-phenylglycine and the crystal structures of the inclusion cavities

Crystalline (R)-phenylglycyl-(R)-phenylglycine [(R,R)-1] includes methyl phenyl sulfoxides (2 and 3) and benzyl methyl sulfoxides (4) with high enantioselectivity. The dipeptide exhibited different stereoselectivity depending on four structural isomers of methyl tolyl sulfoxide (C(8)H(10)OS): R for methyl 2-tolyl sulfoxide, S for methyl 3-tolyl sulfoxide, and racemic for methyl 4-tolyl sulfoxide. A structural isomer, benzyl methyl sulfoxide, was included in racemic form. Chlorophenyl methyl sulfoxides 3 (C(7)H(7)ClOS) with a similar volume showed the same enantioselectivity for their recognition. By single-crystal X-ray analyses of these inclusion compounds, it was elucidated that (R,R)-1 molecules self-assembled to form layer structures and included the sulfoxides between these layers and that the origin of the enantioselectivity based on chiral cavities was induced by conformation of the C-terminal phenyl group of the dipeptide. The relative position between the ammonio proton and the C-terminal phenyl group in one molecule of the dipeptide determined the stereochemistry of the methyl sulfinyl groups to be recognized. Various positional isomers of methyl xylyl sulfoxide having the formula of C(9)H(12)OS were subjected to the enantioselective inclusion by (R,R)-1 crystals and these results are also discussed.     

Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of low-molecular-weight poly(methyl methacrylate)

The kinetics of the bulk radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and the structure and properties (physicomechanical and thermomechanical, as well as diffusion and sorption) of the polymers were examined in relation to the amount of low-molecular-weight poly(methyl methacrylate) added.     

Dynamics of adsorbed poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) on silica

Deuterium NMR and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) were used to probe the behavior of ultrathin adsorbed poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA). The spectra for the bulk methyl-labeled PMA-d₃ were consistent with the motions of the polymer segments being spatially homogeneous. For the polymers adsorbed on silica, multicomponent line shapes were observed. The segmental mobility of the surface polymers increased with increased adsorbed amounts. In contrast to the behavior of the polymers in bulk, the adsorbed lower-molecular-mass PMA-d₃ was less mobile than the adsorbed high-molecular-mass polymer. The presence of a polymer overlayer was sufficient to suppress the enhanced mobility of the more-mobile segments of the adsorbed (inner) polymer. MDSC studies on adsorbed poly(methyl methacrylate) showed that the glass-transition temperature of the thin polymer films increased and broadened compared to the behavior of the polymer in bulk. The presence of a motional gradient with the less-mobile segments near the solid-polymer interface and the more-mobile segments near the polymer-air interface was consistent with the experimental observations.     

Synthesis of aromatic dicarboxyl-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) macromonomers

Hydroxyl- or amino-terminated prepolymers were prepared by radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride, respectively, as a chain transfer agent. The resulting prepolymers were subjected to react with trimellitic anhydride to form aromatic dicarboxyl-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate)s. These condensation-type macromonomers and terephthalic acid were condensed with bisphenol-A to produce polyester–poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers.     

Polycarbonate-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers: Synthesis and characterization

The interfacial copolymerization of bisphenol A polycarbonate, bisphenol A-terminated poly-(methyl methacrylate), and bisphenol A bischloroformate is described. Monofunctional hydroxy-terminated poly(methyl methacrylates) were synthesized by the chain transfer polymerization of methyl methacrylate with 2-mercaptoethanol. Further reaction with bisphenol A bischloroformate yielded monofunctional bisphenol A-terminated poly(methyl methacrylates). The structure and functionality of these polymers were proven by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR) spectroscopy. Block copolymers prepared by the interfacial copolymerization were washed with methanol and extracted with acetone to remove unreacted bisphenol A bischloroformate and bisphenol A-terminated poly(methyl methacrylates). The series of block copolymers, which contained from 0.11 to 0.86 mole fraction polycarbonate, were characterized by infrared, PNMR, and molecular weight analysis.     

阴离子聚合法合成PMMA-b-PMTFPS嵌段共聚物

以含缩醛官能团的有机锂为引发剂, 将甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)与含氟硅氧烷单体1,3,5-三甲基-1,3,5-三(3',3',3'-三氟丙基)环三硅氧烷(F3)阴离子嵌段共聚, 获得了窄分子量分布的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-b-聚[甲基(3,3,3-三氟丙基)硅氧烷](PMMA-b-PMTFPS)嵌段共聚物, 并用GPC, 1H NMR, FTIR和DSC对嵌段共聚物进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 在THF中利用PMMA-OLi对F3进行阴离子开环聚合时, 单体F3浓度的选择对提高嵌段共聚物产率至关重要.