Efficient access to azaindoles and indoles

[Structure: see text] An expedient, catalytic method for the synthesis of diverse azaindoles and indoles, starting from readily available and inexpensive starting materials, is described. Conditions were developed for effective reductive alkylation of electron-deficient o-chloroarylamines, substrates previously viewed as poor partners in this reaction. The derived N-alkylated o-chloroarylamines were elaborated to N-alkylazaindoles and N-alkylindoles via a novel one-pot process comprising copper-free Sonogashira alkynylation and a base-mediated indolization reaction.     

Amino acid catalyzed thio-Michael addition reactions

Using amino acid as a catalyst, an inexpensive, nontoxic, environmentally friendly, metal-free reaction procedure for C-S bond formation via thio-Michael addition reaction has been developed. The thio-Michael addition products were obtained in excellent yields under mild and neutral conditions. This metal-free catalytic protocol was found to be a good alternative to the existing metal catalyst methodology for the thio-Michael addition reaction.     

Iron/copper promoted oxidative homo-coupling reaction of terminal alkynes using air as the oxidant

An inexpensive catalytic system, which used a readily available Fe(acac)₃ and trace quantity of Cu(acac)₂ as the co-catalyst and air as the oxidant for the homo-coupling of terminal alkynes, has been developed. The catalytic system could also apply to the cross-coupling reaction of two different terminal alkynes.     

Selective reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives by catalytic hydrosilylation

In the last decade, an increasing number of useful catalytic reductions of carboxylic acid derivatives with hydrosilanes have been developed. Notably, the combination of an appropriate silane and catalyst enables unprecedented chemoselectivity that is not possible with traditional organometallic hydrides or hydrogenation catalysts. For example, amides and esters can be reduced preferentially in the presence of ketones or even aldehydes. We believe that catalytic hydrosilylations will be used more often in the future in challenging organic syntheses, as the reaction procedures are straightforward, and the reactivity of the silane can be fine-tuned. So far, the synthetic potential of these processes has clearly been underestimated. They even hold promise for industrial applications, as inexpensive and readily available silanes, such as polymethylhydrosiloxane, offer useful possibilities on a larger scale.     

Direct α-thiocyanation of carbonyl and β-dicarbonyl compounds using potassium peroxydisulfate-copper(II)

A convenient approach for the direct α-thiocyanation of carbonyl and β-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed using ammonium thiocyanate as the thiocyanating agent and potassium peroxydisulfate as the oxidant in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(II) sulfate in aqueous acetonitrile. The catalyst and oxidizing agent used in the reaction are inexpensive and provide good to excellent yields.     

A new, efficient, and inexpensive copper(II)/salicylic acid complex catalyzed Sonogashira-type cross-coupling of haloarenes and iodoheteroarenes with terminal alkynes

A new, efficient, and inexpensive CuCl₂/salicylic acid catalytic system has been developed to catalyze Sonogashira-type cross-coupling of haloarenes and iodoheteroarenes with terminal alkynes under mild reaction conditions to afford the corresponding coupling products in 18-95% yields. The role of salicylic acid might act as a bidentate O,O-donor ligand to activate the catalytic reactivity of copper chloride in coupling reactions was also briefly discussed.     

A green,efficient and recoverable CeO2/MWCNT nanocomposite catalyzed click synthesis of pyridine-3-carboxamides

A facile, green and environmentally-friendly protocol for the preparation of ceria doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (2.5%CeO₂/MWCNTs) composite catalysts are developed. The synthesized catalyst materials have been characterized by using P-XRD, SEM, TEM and BET analysis. Further, the composite was utilized as a highly efficient and reusable heterogeneous nano-catalyst for the synthesis of pyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives by multicomponent condensation of acetoacetanilide, ammonium acetate, substituted aromatic aldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate via one-pot reaction under ethanol solvent conditions at R.T. The remarkable advantages of this green protocol exhibits operational simplicity, easy workup procedure, inexpensive, evading of toxic solvents, shorter reaction times (≤ 15 mins), excellent yields and also avoidance of column chromatography. Furthermore, the catalyst was recyclable and reusability endured for a minimum of six consecutive cycles without significant loss in the catalytic activity.     

咪唑修饰硅胶负载乙酰丙酮钴(Ⅱ)催化分子氧氧化单萜烯研究

采用3-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷和咪唑对硅胶表面进行修饰(SiIm), 通过咪唑环中π电子与钴离子空d轨道之间的纵轴配位作用制得非均相负载催化剂Co(acac)₂/SiIm, 用IR, UV-Vis和ICP-AES对其结构进行表征. 在乙腈溶剂中, 催化剂催化分子氧氧化单萜烯得到了相应的氧化产物. 研究表明, 负载催化剂具有良好的催化氧化性能, 获得了较高的反应转化率和产物选择性, 其中柠檬烯和α-蒎烯的氧化以环氧产物为主, 而β-蒎烯的氧化则以烯丙位氧化产物为主. 另外, 对反应机理和竞争反应进行了简单的阐述.     

Iron-promoted tandem reaction of anilines with styrene oxides via C-C cleavage for the synthesis of quinolines

A novel iron-promoted tandem reaction of anilines with styrene oxides via C-C cleavage and C-H activation has been developed. The reaction utilizes an inexpensive FeCl(3) as promoter and is suitable for forming a variety of 3-arylquinolines from the simple and readily available starting materials.     

Simple and Highly Efficient Method for the Deprotection of Allyl Ethers Using Dimethylsulfoxide–Sodium Iodide

A simple and highly efficient method for deprotection of allyl ethers has been developed using dimethylsulfoxide–sodium iodide (catalytic amount). This method is inexpensive, has simple reaction conditions, has an easy workup procedure, proceduces excellent yields (60–99%), and is effective for several structurally varied allyl ethers.     

Tetrabutylammonium iodide catalyzed synthesis of allylic ester with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant

A metal-free C-H oxidation for the construction of allylic esters has been developed. The use of a commercially available and inexpensive catalyst and oxidant, and readily available starting materials, coupled with the operational simplicity of the reaction, renders the methodology a useful alternative to other approaches typically employed in the synthesis of allylic esters.     

Chemoselective Synthesis of 1,1-Diacetates from Aldehydes Using Anhydrous Cobalt(II) Bromide Under Solvent-Free Conditions

A mild and efficient method has been developed for the chemoselective preparation of 1,1-diacetates (acylals) from aldehydes catalyzed in the presence of a catalytic amount (0.1 mmol) of anhydrous cobalt(II) bromide under solvent-free conditions. The remarkable selectivity under mild and neutral conditions, excellent yields, short reaction time, and easily available and inexpensive catalyst are important features of this method.     

Practical synthetic route to functionalized rhodamine dyes

[reaction: see text] An efficient method for the synthesis of functionalized rhodamine derivatives has been developed. Multigram quantities of these water-soluble fluorophores can be prepared from inexpensive precursors and purified without the use of chromatography. A series of protein-reactive functional groups has been installed through subsequent reactions, providing materials for biomolecule modification. For multicolor applications, a solid-phase purification strategy has been developed to afford rhodamine derivatives possessing a wide range of spectral properties.     

离子液体催化甘油和尿素合成甘油碳酸酯

将一系列酸性、碱性和中性的功能化离子液体用于催化甘油和尿素合成甘油碳酸酯。结果表明,中性离子液体表现出更高的催化活性。离子液体阳离子和阴离子的协同效应促进了反应的进行,离子液体阳离子的正电性活化尿素,阴离子的负电性活化甘油,并且催化剂酸碱位点的平衡对催化反应过程也有一定的影响。此外,离子液体可以实现回收利用至少五次,且催化活性基本不变。采用功能化离子液体替代传统金属催化剂,减少了不可再生资源的利用,且所用原料为廉价易得的生物基原料,过程中也不使用有机溶剂,环境友好。     

Dabco as an inexpensive and highly efficient ligand for palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction

An inexpensive and highly efficient Pd(OAc)(2)/Dabco catalytic system has been developed for the cross-coupling of aryl halides with arylboronic acids. A combination of Pd(OAc)(2) and Dabco (triethylenediamine) was observed to form an excellent catalyst, which affords high TONs (turnover numbers; TONs up to 950 000 for the reaction of PhI and p-chlorophenylboronic acid) for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of various aryl iodides and bromides with arylboronic acids. [reaction: see text]     

Catalytic ionic hydrogenations

Catalytic ionic hydrogenation of ketones occurs by proton transfer to a ketone from a cationic metal dihydride, followed by hydride transfer from a neutral metal hydride. This contrasts with traditional catalysts for ketone hydrogenation that require binding of the ketone to the metal and subsequent insertion of the ketone into a M-H bond. Ionic hydrogenation catalysts based on the inexpensive metals molybdenum and tungsten have been developed based on mechanistic understanding of the individual steps required in the catalytic reaction.     

N-arylation of indoles with aryl halides using copper/glycerol as a mild and highly efficient recyclable catalytic system

A simple, efficient, and inexpensive copper catalyzed protocol has been developed for cross-coupling of indoles with aryl halides by using glycerol as a green recyclable solvent and DMSO as an additive. The reaction was carried out at low catalyst loading furnishing various N-aryl indoles in good to excellent yield. This copper/glycerol mixture was recycled up to four runs without any loss in its catalytic activity.     

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of benzylic C-H bonds via nondirected C(sp3)-H activation

A new strategy for generating benzylpalladium reactive species from toluenes via nondirected C(sp(3))-H activation has been developed. This led to construction of an efficient Pd-catalyzed reaction protocol for the oxidative carboxylation of benzylic C-H bonds to form substituted 2-phenylacetic acid esters and derivatives from inexpensive, commercially available starting materials.     

FeSO4 x 7H2O-catalyzed four-component synthesis of protected homoallylic amines

An efficient catalytic four-component reaction of carbonyl compounds (or acetals/ketals), benzyl chloroformate (CbzCl), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and allyltrimethylsilane has been successfully developed to produce Cbz-protected homoallylic amines in the presence of 5 mol % of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4 x 7H2O), an inexpensive and environmentally friendly catalyst, at room temperature.     

Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride (TBAF) Catalysed Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzimidazole in Water under Ultrasound Irradiation

One‐pot multistep reactions involving a new environmentally friendly catalytic procedure have been developed for the synthesis of benzimidazole. The reaction of the substituted aldehyde with o‐phenylenediamine in water under ultrasonic irradiation at ambient temperature for appropriate time using 5 mol% of TBAF furnish the desired product in good to excellent yield. The process is green, mild, inexpensive, excellent chemo selectivity, and excellent yields are the main advantages of this procedure.