超欧拉扩展有向图

A digraph D is supereulerian if D has a spanning eulerian subdigraph. BangJensen and Thomass′e conjectured that if the arc-strong connectivity λ(D) of a digraph D is not less than the independence number α(D), then D is supereulerian. In this paper, we prove that if D is an extended cycle, an extended hamiltonian digraph, an arc-locally semicomplete digraph, an extended arc-locally semicomplete digraph, an extension of two kinds of eulerian digraph, a hypo-semicomplete digraph or an extended hypo-semicomplete digraph satisfyingλ(D) ≥α(D), then D is supereulerian.     

Kernels in quasi-transitive digraphs

Let D be a digraph, V(D) and A(D) will denote the sets of vertices and arcs of D, respectively.A kernel N of D is an independent set of vertices such that for every w∈V(D)-N there exists an arc from w to N. A digraph is called quasi-transitive when (u,v)∈A(D) and (v,w)∈A(D) implies (u,w)∈A(D) or (w,u)∈A(D). This concept was introduced by Ghouilá-Houri [Caractérisation des graphes non orientés dont on peut orienter les arrêtes de maniere à obtenir le graphe d’ un relation d’ordre, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 254 (1962) 1370-1371] and has been studied by several authors. In this paper the following result is proved: Let D be a digraph. Suppose D=D₁∪D₂ where D_i is a quasi-transitive digraph which contains no asymmetrical infinite outward path (in D_i) for i∈{1,2}; and that every directed cycle of length 3 contained in D has at least two symmetrical arcs, then D has a kernel. All the conditions for the theorem are tight.     

On large vertex-symmetric digraphs

There is special interest in the design of large vertex-symmetric graphs and digraphs as models of interconnection networks for implementing parallelism. In these systems, a large number of nodes are connected with relatively few links and short paths between the nodes, and each node may execute the same communication software without modifications.In this paper, a method for obtaining new general families of large vertex-symmetric digraphs is put forward. To be more precise, from a k-reachable vertex-symmetric digraph and another (k+1)-reachable digraph related to the previous one, and using a new special composition of digraphs, new families of vertex-symmetric digraphs with small diameter are presented. With these families we obtain new vertex-symmetric digraphs that improve various values of the table of the largest known vertex-symmetric (Δ,D)-digraphs. The paper also contains the (Δ,D)-table for vertex-symmetric digraphs, for Δ≤13 and D≤12.     

Acyclically pushable bipartite permutation digraphs: An algorithm

Given a digraph D=(V,A) and an X⊆V, D^X denotes the digraph obtained from D by reversing those arcs with exactly one end in X. A digraph D is called acyclically pushable when there exists an X⊆V such that D^X is acyclic. Huang, MacGillivray and Yeo have recently characterized, in terms of two excluded induced subgraphs on 7 and 8 nodes, those bipartite permutation digraphs which are acyclically pushable. We give an algorithmic proof of their result. Our proof delivers an O(m²) time algorithm to decide whether a bipartite permutation digraph is acyclically pushable and, if yes, to find a set X such that D^X is acyclic. (Huang, MacGillivray and Yeo's result clearly implies an O(n⁸) time algorithm to decide but the polynomiality of constructing X was still open.)We define a strongly acyclic digraph as a digraph D such that D^X is acyclic for every X. We show how a result of Conforti et al [Balanced cycles and holes in bipartite graphs, Discrete Math. 199 (1-3) (1999) 27-33] can be essentially regarded as a characterization of strongly acyclic digraphs and also provides linear time algorithms to find a strongly acyclic orientation of an undirected graph, if one exists. Besides revealing this connection, we add simplicity to the structural and algorithmic results first given in Conforti et al [Balanced cycles and holes in bipartite graphs, Discrete Math. 199 (1-3) (1999) 27-33]. In particular, we avoid decomposing the graph into triconnected components.We give an alternate proof of a theorem of Huang, MacGillivray and Wood characterizing acyclically pushable bipartite tournaments. Our proof leads to a linear time algorithm which, given a bipartite tournament as input, either returns a set X such that D^X is acyclic or a proof that D is not acyclically pushable.     

On commutativity of two unary digraph operations: Subdividing and line-digraphing

For a digraph D, let L(D) and S(D) denote its line digraph and subdivision digraph, respectively. The motivation of this paper is to solve the digraph equation L(S(D))=S(L(D)). We show that L(S(D)) and S(L(D)) are cospectral if and only if D and L(D) have the same number of arcs. Further, we characterize the situation that L(S(D)) and S(L(D)) are isomorphic. Our approach introduces the new notion, the proper image D^* of a digraph D, and a new type of connectedness for digraphs. The concept D^* plays an important role in the main result of this paper. It is also useful in other aspects of the study of line digraphs. For example, L(D) is connected if and only if D^* is connected; L(D) is functional (contrafunctional) if and only if D^* is functional (contrafunctional). Some related results are also presented.     

All 2-connected in-tournaments that are cycle complementary

An in-tournament is an oriented graph such that the negative neighborhood of every vertex induces a tournament. A digraph D is cycle complementary if there exist two vertex-disjoint directed cycles spanning the vertex set of D. Let D be a 2-connected in-tournament of order at least 8. In this paper we show that D is not cycle complementary if and only if it is 2-regular and has odd order.     

Linear arboricity of regular digraphs

A linear directed forest is a directed graph in which every component is a directed path.The linear arboricity la(D) of a digraph D is the minimum number of linear directed forests in D whose union covers all arcs of D. For every d-regular digraph D, Nakayama and P′eroche conjecture that la(D) = d + 1. In this paper, we consider the linear arboricity for complete symmetric digraphs,regular digraphs with high directed girth and random regular digraphs and we improve some wellknown results. Moreover, we propose a more precise conjecture about the linear arboricity for regular digraphs.     

Openly disjoint circuits through a vertex in regular digraphs

In 1985, Thomassen [14] constructed for every positive integer r, finite digraphs D of minimum degree δ(D)=r which do not contain a vertex x lying on three openly disjoint circuits, i.e. circuits which have pairwise exactly x in common. In 2005, Seymour [11] posed the question, whether an r-regular digraph contains a vertex x such that there are r openly disjoint circuits through x. This is true for r≤3, but does not hold for r≥8. But perhaps, in contrast to the minimum degree, a high regularity degree suffices for the existence of a vertex lying on r openly disjoint circuits also for r≥4. After a survey of these problems, we will show that every r-regular digraph with r≥7 has a vertex which lies on 4 openly disjoint circuits.     

Sufficient Conditions for Super-Arc-Strongly Connected Oriented Graphs

A digraph D is called super-arc-strongly connected if the arcs of every its minimum arc-disconnected set are incident to or from some vertex in D. A digraph without any directed cycle of length 2 is called an oriented graph. Sufficient conditions for digraphs to be super-arc-strongly connected have been given by several authors. However, closely related conditions for super-arc-strongly connected oriented graphs have little attention until now. In this paper we present some minimum degree and degree sequence conditions for oriented graphs to be super-arc-strongly connected.     

Finding an induced subdivision of a digraph

We consider the following problem for oriented graphs and digraphs: Given an oriented graph (digraph) H, does it contain an induced subdivision of a prescribed digraph D? The complexity of this problem depends on D and on whether H is an oriented graph or contains 2-cycles. We announce a number of examples of polynomial instances as well as several NP-completeness results.     

Some sufficient conditions for the existence of kernels in infinite digraphs

A kernel N of a digraph D is an independent set of vertices of D such that for every w∈V(D)−N there exists an arc from w to N. If every induced subdigraph of D has a kernel, D is said to be a kernel perfect digraph. D is called a critical kernel imperfect digraph when D has no kernel but every proper induced subdigraph of D has a kernel. If F is a set of arcs of D, a semikernel modulo F of D is an independent set of vertices S of D such that for every z∈V(D)−S for which there exists an (S,z)-arc of D−F, there also exists an (z,S)-arc in D. In this work we show sufficient conditions for an infinite digraph to be a kernel perfect digraph, in terms of semikernel modulo F. As a consequence it is proved that symmetric infinite digraphs and bipartite infinite digraphs are kernel perfect digraphs. Also we give sufficient conditions for the following classes of infinite digraphs to be kernel perfect digraphs: transitive digraphs, quasi-transitive digraphs, right (or left)-pretransitive digraphs, the union of two right (or left)-pretransitive digraphs, the union of a right-pretransitive digraph with a left-pretransitive digraph, the union of two transitive digraphs, locally semicomplete digraphs and outward locally finite digraphs.     

On Moore bipartite digraphs

In the context of the degree/diameter problem for directed graphs, it is known that the number of vertices of a strongly connected bipartite digraph satisfies a Moore‐like bound in terms of its diameter k and the maximum out‐degrees (d₁, d₂) of its partite sets of vertices. It has been proved that, when d₁d₂ > 1, the digraphs attaining such a bound, called Moore bipartite digraphs, only exist when 2 ≤ k ≤ 4. This paper deals with the problem of their enumeration. In this context, using the theory of circulant matrices and the so‐called De Bruijn near‐factorizations of cyclic groups, we present some new constructions of Moore bipartite digraphs of diameter three and composite out‐degrees. By applying the iterated line digraph technique, such constructions also provide new families of dense bipartite digraphs with arbitrary diameter. Moreover, we show that the line digraph structure is inherent in any Moore bipartite digraph G of diameter k = 4, which means that G = L G′, where G′ is a Moore bipartite digraph of diameter k = 3. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 171–187, 2003     

On the number of noncritical vertices in strongly connected digraphs

By definition, a vertex w of a strongly connected (or, simply, strong) digraph D is noncritical if the subgraph D — w is also strongly connected. We prove that if the minimal out (or in) degree k of D is at least 2, then there are at least k noncritical vertices in D. In contrast to the case of undirected graphs, this bound cannot be sharpened, for a given k, even for digraphs of large order. Moreover, we show that if the valency of any vertex of a strong digraph of order n is at least 3/4n, then it contains at least two noncritical vertices. The proof makes use of the results of the theory of maximal proper strong subgraphs established by Mader and developed by the present author. We also construct a counterpart of this theory for biconnected (undirected) graphs.     

Exponents of a class of two-colored digraphs

A two-colored digraph D is primitive if there exist nonnegative integers h and k with h+k>0 such that for each pair (i, j) of vertices there exists an (h, k)-walk in D from i to j. The exponent of the primitive two-colored digraph D is the minimum value of h+k taken over all such h and k. In this article, we consider special primitive two-colored digraphs whose uncolored digraph has n+s vertices and consist of one n-cycle and one (n???2)-cycle. We give the bounds on the exponents, and the characterizations of the extremal two-colored digraphs.     

Every cycle-connected multipartite tournament has a universal arc

A digraph D is cycle-connected if for every pair of vertices u,v∈V(D) there exists a directed cycle in D containing both u and v. In 1999, Ádám [A. Ádám, On some cyclic connectivity properties of directed graphs, Acta Cybernet. 14 (1) (1999) 1-12] posed the following problem. Let D be a cycle-connected digraph. Does there exist a universal arc in D, i.e., an arc e∈A(D) such that for every vertex w∈V(D) there is a directed cycle in D containing both e and w?A c-partite or multipartite tournament is an orientation of a complete c-partite graph. Recently, Hubenko [A. Hubenko, On a cyclic connectivity property of directed graphs, Discrete Math. 308 (2008) 1018-1024] proved that each cycle-connected bipartite tournament has a universal arc. As an extension of this result, we show in this note that each cycle-connected multipartite tournament has a universal arc.     

Domination in a digraph and in its reverse

Let D be a digraph. By γ(D) we denote the domintaion number of D and by D⁻ we denote a digraph obtained by reversing all the arcs of D. In this paper we prove that for every δ≥3 and k≥1 there exists a simple strongly connected δ-regular digraph D_δ,k such that . Analogous theorem is obtained for total domination number provided that δ≥4.     

On short cycles in triangle-free oriented graphs

An orientation of a simple graph is referred to as an oriented graph. Caccetta and Häggkvist conjectured that any digraph on n vertices with minimum outdegree d contains a directed cycle of length at most ?n/d?. In this paper, we consider short cycles in oriented graphs without directed triangles. Suppose that α0 is the smallest real such that every n-vertex digraph with minimum outdegree at least α₀n contains a directed triangle. Let ε < (3 ? 2α₀)/(4 ? 2α₀) be a positive real. We show that if D is an oriented graph without directed triangles and has minimum outdegree and minimum indegree at least (1/(4 ? 2α₀)+ε)|D|, then each vertex of D is contained in a directed cycle of length l for each 4 ≤ l < (4 ? 2α₀)ε|D|/(3 ? 2α₀) + 2.     

On the structure of the adjacency matrix of the line digraph of a regular digraph

We show that the adjacency matrix M of the line digraph of a d-regular digraph D on n vertices can be written as M=AB, where the matrix A is the Kronecker product of the all-ones matrix of dimension d with the identity matrix of dimension n and the matrix B is the direct sum of the adjacency matrices of the factors in a dicycle factorization of D.     

Sufficient Conditions for a Digraph to be Supereulerian

A (di)graph is supereulerian if it contains a spanning eulerian sub(di)graph. This property is a relaxation of hamiltonicity. Inspired by this analogy with hamiltonian cycles and by similar results in supereulerian graph theory, we analyze a number of sufficient Ore type conditions for a digraph to be supereulerian. Furthermore, we study the following conjecture due to Thomassé and the first author: if the arc‐connectivity of a digraph is not smaller than its independence number, then the digraph is supereulerian. As a support for this conjecture we prove it for digraphs that are semicomplete multipartite or quasitransitive and verify the analogous statement for undirected graphs.     

Infinite families of 2-hypohamiltonian/2-hypotraceable oriented graphs

A digraph D of order n is r-hypohamiltonian (respectively r-hypotraceable) for some positive integer r < n ? 1 if D is nonhamiltonian (nontraceable) and the deletion of any r of its vertices leaves a hamiltonian (traceable) digraph. A 1-hypohamiltonian (1-traceable) digraph is simply called hypohamiltonian (hypotraceable). Although hypohamiltonian and hypotraceable digraphs are well-known and well-studied concepts, we have found no mention of r-hypohamiltonian or r-hypotraceable digraphs in the literature for any r > 1. In this paper we present infinitely many 2-hypohamiltonian oriented graphs and use these to construct infinitely many 2-hypotraceable oriented graphs. We also discuss an interesting connection between the existence of r-hypotraceable oriented graphs and the Path Partition Conjecture for oriented graphs.